IBRARY 

HVERSITY  OF 

:AU(; 
AN    • 


^x 


THE 


WESTERN  WOBLD 


GUIDE  ^-HAND-BOOK 


FIBST  EDITION. 


PUBLISHED   BY 

THE  WESTERN  WORLD, 
CHICAGO. 

PRICE,  50  CENTS. 


COPYRIGHTED. 

BT 
THE  "WESTERN  "WORLD. 


CONTENTS. 


HISTORIES  OF  EACH  OF  THE  STATES  FROM 
EARLIEST  TIMES,  descriptive  of  their  topography,  soil, 
climate,  rivers,  mountains,  natural  wonders,  population,  area, 
islands,  lakes,  mines,  products,  manufactures,  industries,  cities, 
school  systems,  collection  and  exemption  laws,  date  of  holding1 
elections,  number  of  representatives,  senators,  congressmen,  and 
presidential  electors,  number  soldiers  in  the  field,  price  of  land 
cleared  and  in  forest,  extent  of  forest,  number  of  different  call- 
ings, rate  of  intf-rest,  usury  laws,  peddlers'  or  drummers' 
license  laws,  divorce  laws,  mining  laws,  description  of 
public  lands,  list  of  lands  subject  to  the  various  forms  of 
entry,  list  land  offices,  opportunities  for  homes  or  enterprise, 
rainfall,  health,  ports  of  entry,  population  (male,  female  and 
foreign),  number  of  Indians,  mineral  resources,  nicknames  of 
states  and  for  whom  or  what  they  are  named.  Miles  of  railroad 
and  canals,  tidal  frontage,  state  land  laws,  number  of  coun- 
ties and  names. 

A  COLORED  MAP  of  each  State  and  Territory  will  be 
f  ouud  accompanying  its  history. 


Page. 

Alabama 134 

Alaska   191 

Arizona        179 

Arkansas  175 

California 184 

Colorado 183 

Connecticut 106 

Dakota    163 

Delaware 116 

District  of  Columbia 130 

Florida 131 

Georgia  129 

Idaho 189 

Illinois 153 

Indiana   151 

Indian  Territory 177 

Iowa    ...   165 

Kansas —  173 

Kentucky 147 

Louisiana 139 

Maine 96 

Maryland 118 

Massachusetts     102 

Michigan, 165 

Minnesota 161 


Page. 

Mississippi 136 

Missouri 170 

Montana 188 

Nebraska   168 

Nevada 1?2 

New  Hampshire 98 

New  Jersey Ill 

New  Mexico 178 

New  York 109 

North  Carolina  124 

Ohio 148 

Oregon 193 

Pennsylvania 114 

Rhode  Island 104 

South  Carolina 126 

Tennessee 144 

Texas 141 

Utah 181 

Vermont 100 

Virginia 121 

Washington  Territory 190 

West  Virginia  123 

Wisconsin 158 

Wyoming 186 


Page. 

THE  PUBLIC  DOMAIN— LAWS  RELATING  TO  THE  ENTRY 
OF  GOVERNMENT  LANDS 9 

AGRICULTURAL    LANDS. 


CASH   ENTRY  Page. 

Public  sale 9 

Private  sale  9 

Price 9 

Applications  to  buy 9 

Warrants     9 


Page. 
Additional  homesteads..     13 

Soldiers'  homesteads 14 

Sailors'  homesteads 14 

Soldiers'  widows  14 

Soldiers'  tiling 14 


THE  WESTERN  WORLD 


Page.                                                Page. 
Fees  for  warrant  entry..     9          Sold iers'additional home- 
Agricultural  college  scrip   10             stead 14 

Private  land  scrip 10          Partial  waver 14 

PRE-EMPTION,  right  of 10          Indians,  rights  of 14 

Price  10          Exemption  from  debt. ..  15 

Relinquishment 10          Special  surveys 15 

Final  proof 10       TIMBER  CULTURE 15 

Death  of  pre-emptor 11          Payments 15 

Grasshopper  sufferers...    11          Amount  of  timber  culti- 

Fees 11             vated 15 

HOMESTEAD,  rights  of 11          Final  proof 16 

Fees 11          Liability  for  debt 16 

Title,  how  completed 11       TIMBER  AND  STONE  LANDS.  16 

Grasshopper  sufferers...    12       SALINE  LANDS 16 

Final  proof 12       DESERT  LANDS 16 

"Where  insanity  occurs. . .    13          Title,  how  acquired 17 

Heirs  of  deceased  home-                 Final  proof 17 

steader. 12          Repayments 17 

Conversion     from     pre-             MINERAL  LANDS 17 

emption ." 13          Length  of  claim 17 

Commutation   of   home-                 Placer  claims 18 

stead 12          When  veins  intersect 18 

Sale  of  homestead 13          When  veins  unite 18 

Relinquishment  of  home-                Land  used  for  milling 18 

stead 12          Application  of  the  laws. .  18 

Abandonment 13          Removal  of  timber   —  18 

Adjoining    farm   home-                 Fees  and  charges 18 

steads 13      COAL  LANDS 20 

Page. 

POSTAL,  LAWS  OP  THE  UNITED  STATES.  RATES 

AND  RULES 36 

PATENT  LAWS  OP  THE  UNITED  STATES,  includ- 
ing right  trade  mark,  etc., 26 

PENSION  LAWS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  (who 

are  entitled,  amount,  etc 34 

COATS  OF  ARMS  OF  EACH  STATE  (see  history  of 
each  state). 

SYSTEMS  OP  LAND  MEASURE  IN  THE 21 

LOCAL  MINING  LAWS  OF  THE  STATES  AND 

TERRITORIES 22 

DIVORCE  LAWS  OF  THE  STATES  AND  TERRI- 
TORIES   23 

THE  GOVERNMENT  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES, 

How  CONSTITUTED 39 

NATIONS  OP  THE  WORLD  : 

Page.  Page. 

Argentine  Republic 58       Hawaiian  Isles 64 

Austria 58        Honduras 64 

Belgium 59       Italy 65 

Bolivia 59       Japan  fi5 

Brazil       59       Mexico &5 

Canada  60       Netherlands 65 

Chili 60       Nicaragua 65 

China 60       Paraguay 66 

Columbia 61       Persia 66 

Costa  Rica 61       Peru 66 

Cubii 61       Portugal 66 

Denmark 61       Russi  i 66 

Ecuador 62       San  Salvador 66 

Egypt 62       Switzerland 67 

France 62       Siam 67 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK. 


Page. 

Germany 63 

Great  Britain 63 

Greece 64 

Guatemala 64 

Guiana 64 

Hayti 64 


Page. 

Sweden  and  Norway 67 

Spain 67 

Santo  Domingo 67 

Turkey 67 

Uruguay .' 68 

Venezuela ...                       .  68 


CITIES  OF  THE  WOULD  CONTAINING  100,000 
POPULATION 69 

LIST  OF  COUNTIES  AND  COUNTY  SEATS  IN 
THE  UNITED  STATES 74 


Animals,  ages  reached 250 

Army  an  J  navy  officers  of 

the  U.  S.,  pay  of 40 

Air   line    distances    from 
Washington    to   various 

parts  of  the  world 54 

Average  velocity  of  vari- 
ous bodies 239 

Alcohol,  percentage  of  in 

liquors 236 

American  ministers  to  for- 
eign countries,  pay  of . . .    40 

Army  rations 40 

Army  of  U.  S 206 

Areas  of  circles 255 

Area  of  islands 230 

Bible  facts 251 

Birds,  ages  reached 230 

Biggest  things  of  their  kind  215 

Boxes,  capacity  of 233 

Boilinsr  point 227 

Bridtres,  celebrated  ones  . .  217 

Builders,  facts  for 251 

Board  and  plank  measure 

at  sight 249 

Business  laws,  etc 255 

Books,    number    of    pub- 
lished   229 

Books,  sizes  of  various —  234 

Belting,  notes  on 225 

Coal    fields,  extent   of    in 

America 

Owl  fields  of  world     

Coin,  fineness  of  U  S 

Cities,  mortality  of 

Church  membership  in  the 

U.S 56 

Comparative    yields    of 
grain,    vegetables   and 

fruit. 239 

Carrying     capacity     of    a 

freight  car 229 

Cisterns,  capacity  and  rules 

for  measuring 225 

Cities,  altitude  of 256 

Coin,  weights   and    meas- 
ures of  the  Scriptures —  236 
Corn,  how  to  measure  same 

in  all  shaped  cribs 235 

Capital  letters,  use  of 230 

Coinage  1783-1880 42 


Page. 

Distances  by  water  from 
New  York  city  to  all  for- 
eign ports 53 

Dollar,  origin  of 55 

Durability    of    various 

woods 229 

Days  of  week,  origin  of  the 

names 217 

Debt  of  the  United  States 

at  various  times  45 

Diamonds,  size  of  largest..  229 
Drug,  scientific  names  of..  239 
Divorce,  proportion  in  dif- 
ferent sections 229 

Difference  in  time 245 

Ensigns  and  flags 41 

Elections,  popular  and 
electoral  vote  for  presi- 
dent 17X9  to  1884 46 

Electric  lights,  largest  —  223 
Emergencies,  what  to  do  in  256 
Expenditures  in  U.  S.,vari- 

ous  yearly 54 

Expense  of  U.  S.  govern- 
ment    228 

Exports,greatest  from  U.S.    51 
Food   digestion,  time    re- 
quired   224 

Freezing  point 227 

Fusing  point 227 

Fences,  cost  of 232 

First  printing  press 212 

"     postoffice 212 

First  money  coined  in  U.  S..  50 

First  iron  furnace 57 

Fastest  1  mile  time  on  req- 

ord 230 

Fastest  railroad  time 255 

passenger      time 

across  the  Atlantic 247 

Facts  worth  knowing 254 

Food  for  stock  243 

Grain,     shrinkage     of    in 

keeping 249 

Gold  and  silver,  value  of  a 

ton 224 

Greatcanals 56 

H  istorical  events 210 

Handy    facts— important 

discoveries 210 

Holidays,  legal  of  the  U.  S.    43 


THE  WESTERN  WORLD 


Page. 

Heights  of  principal  mon- 
uments and  towers 222 

Highest  mountains 56 

Housewife's  tables 243 

Immigration,  total  to  U.  S.    55 
Indians  inumber  in  U.  S.).. .  51 

Iron  furnaces  in  U.  S 225 

Interest,    short    rules   for 

counting 252 

Imports  of  U.  S 51 

Internal      revenue     taxes 

(U.S.) 71 

Judges  of  U.  S.  court,  how 

appointed 39 

Language,     derivation    of 

English 226 

Limits  of  perpetual  snow 

and  tree  growth 230 

Locomotive  first  used 210 

Log  tables 248 

Liquids,  weight  of 233 

Military  Academy  (U.S.)  .  207 

Maine  law 225 

Measures,  miscellaneous. . .  235 
Money,  time  at  which   it 
doubles  at  compound  in- 
terest    246 

Money,  amount  of  in  U.  S.    42 
Money,  value  of  foreign  in 

U.  S.  currency 43 

Months,  the  derivations  of 

the  names  of  217 

Metals,  weight  of    233 

Mason  and  Dixon's  line —    45 
Mythology,  dictionary  of. .  218 

Noms  de  Plume 223 

Navies,       comparative 
strength  of  (see  Nations). 

Navy  of  U.  S 207 

Naval  Academy  (U.  S.).  ...  208 
Nationality  of  immigrants..  55 

Newspapers,  inU.  S 229 

Notes  (promissory) 239 

Nutrition  in  foods 253 

No.  of  pounds  iron  bars  to 

the  foot 231 

No.  of  nails  to  the  pound 246 

Number  brick  necessary  in 

chimney 251 

Number  miles  from  New 
York  city  to  prominent 

places 52 

Number  of  pounds  to  the 
bushel  in  different  states,  238 

Nickname-!  of  cities 51 

Names,  personal,  meaning  241 

Ocean,  depth  of  X'09 

Oils,  amount  in  seeds 244 

Occupation,  numbers   en- 
gaged in  leading 214 

Oatmeal 253 

Portraits    on    bank    notes 

and  stamps 50 

Power  necessary  to  grind 

grain 252 

Paper,  sizes  of  flat  writing.  234 


Page. 
Penny,  origin  of  the  term 

as  applied  to  nails 255 

Poison,  antidotes  for 2.~i<> 

Population  of  the  world... .243 
Prices  of  necessaries  in  Eu- 

i  ope  and  the  U.  S 247 

Products  (U.  S.)  Total 51 

Qualification  of   voters  in 

each  state 244 

Rails  for  mile  of  track 231 

Railroad  ties 231 

Revenue  of  U.  S.  (internal).  53 
Rope,  strength  and  weight  254 
Railroads,  first  in  the  U.  S.  210 

Rooster  in  politics 224 

Relative     hardness    of 

woods 251 

Religions  of  World 225 

Rivers,  largest  and  longest 

in  world 68 

Sovereigns,  present  ruling 

(see  Countries). 

Snow  equivalent  of  water.  229 
Salaries  of  U.  S.  officers. . .  40 
Shrinkage  in  timber  in  • 

seasoning 255 

Shingles  required  for  roof.  251 

Shoemakers  measure 236 

Sun-dial,  how  to  make 253 

Standard  weights  of  grain.  238 

Salt  River 225 

Seed,  bushels  of,  to  the  acre  234 

Seeds,  vitality  of 231 

Seven  hills  of  Rome,  the. . .  223 

Seven  sleepers,  the 224 

Seven  wise  men  of  Greece.  224 
Seven  wonders  of  the  world  224 

Solder 238 

Standard  time 209 

Steamboat,  first  in  the  US.  213 
Tacks,  weight  and  number  245 

Thermometers 231 

Tunnels  of  the  world 214 

Telegraph,  mileage,  etc —  217 

Telescope,  largest 222 

Trees,  California  big  —    228 
Union  and  Confederate  sol- 
diers killed 50 

Velocity  of  falling  bodies. .  228 

"         "  sound         228 

Weight,  iron,  rules  for 231 

Whitewashes   251 

Wonders  of  America  55 

Wages,  comparative  week- 
ly rates  paid   in    Europe 

and  the  United  States 246 

Wars  of  the  United  States, 

cost  of  .   . .  r  ''• 

Wedding  anniversaries —  214 
Weight  of  cu.  ft.  of  sub- 
stances  232 

Weights  and  measures  of 

all  kinds ..  235 

Weight  of  various  woods . .  232 
Weight  of  persons 228 


GOVERNMENT   LANDS, 


Government  lands  exist  in  Alabama,  Arkansas,  Arizona,  Cali- 
fornia, Colorado,  Dakota,  Florida,  Iowa,  Idaho,  Kansas,  Louisi- 
ana, Michigan,  Minnesota,  Mississippi,  Missouri,  Montana,  Ne- 
braska. Nevada.  New  Mexico.  Oregon,  Utah,  Wisconsin,  Wyo- 
ming and  Washington.  In  Indiana,  Illinois  and  Ohio,  also  a  very 
few  isolated  tracts  remain.  The  states  and  territories  are 
divided  into  districts,  in  each  of  which  is  a  land  office,  where 
land  ma}'  be  entered  and  information  relating- to  the  same  ob- 
tained. The  land  offices  for  Indiana,  Illinois  and  Ohio  are  abol- 
ished, and  their  business  is  transacted  at  the  General  Land 
Department,  Washington.  D.  C.  Alaska  lands  are  not  open  to 
any  form  of  entry— and  the  same  is  true  of  Indian  territory  and 
the  various  reservations.  A  list  of  land  offices  within  the  same 
is  given  in  the  description  of  each  state,  paxes  97  to  200.  Letters 

should  be  addressed,  "  U.  S.  Land  Office,  at ." 

Each  office  controls  all  land  in  its  district. 

THE  PUBLIC  DOMAIN  is  divided  into  agricultural,  min- 
ernl,  (1  exert,  tii»  >er  and  coal  lands,  each  governed  by  different 
laws  of  acquisition. 

TITLE  TO  AGRICULTURAL  LANDS  may  be  acquired 
by  purchase  at  puntic  -aie  <>r  private  entry,  by  pre-emption, 
homestead,  tim'»er-i:ulture  and  other  laws,  and  by  virtue  of  mili- 
tary service,  w  ir  •ants,  -cript,  etc. 

AT  PUBLIC  SALE,  lands  may  be  purchased  by  any  one 
who  shall  be  tuo  Highest  bidder  when  offered  pursuant  to  proper 
notice. 

AT  PRIVATE  ENTRY  such  lands  may  be  purchased  as 
have  been  publicly  otter  d  and  remain  unsold  unless  subse- 
quently withdrawn  or  reserved. 

THE  PRICE  cannot  be  less  than  $1.25  per  acre  in  any  case. 
La n  Is  at  this  price  are  called  minimum  lands.  Lands  lying  along 
railroads  within  the  limits  of  the  alternate  section  grant  to  said 
roads,  and  ye  ,  held  by  the  government,  are  held  at  §2.50  per  acre, 
and  an-  called  clmlii  'minimum  Ittwl*. 

APPLICATIONS  TO  PURCHASE  must  be  written,  and 
describe  the  uind  sought  and  its  area.  The  law  of  first  come 
first  served  is  rigidly  enforced,  and  if  the  land  applied  for  is  va- 
cant :\  patent  i-^ues  on  payment  in  due  course. 

WARRANTS  issued  to  soldiers  as  bounty  for  services  may 
\)e  located  upon  any  public  land  subject  to  private  entry  at  the 
time  of  such  location,  application  being  made  the  same  as  if  cash 
were  to  be  paid  as  the  consideration  for  the  land.  The  warrant 
must  be  duly  assigned.  The  amount  of  land  called  for  by  the 
warrant  must  be  located  in  a  compact  body.  Warrants  were  not 
issued  in  the  late  war,  the  bounty  then  being  paid  in  money. 
"Warrants  are  locataule  only  on  minimum  lands,  and  where  the 
holder  wishes  to  obtain  double  minimum  land  he  must  furnish  a 
warrantor  such  denomination  as  will,  at  the  value  of  $1.25  per 
acre,  cover  the  price  of  the  land,  or  he  must  pay  one  dollar  and  a 
quarter  per  acre  in  addition  to  ihe  surrendered  warrant. 

If  there  is  a  small  excels  in  the  area  of  the  tract  over  the 
quantity  called  for  in  the  warrant,  such  excess  may  be  paid  for 
in  money.  If  the  tract  contains  a  less  number  of  acres,  rated  at 
$1.25  per  acre,  the  warrant  must  be  surrendered  in  full  satisfac- 

THB  FEES  FOR  ENTRY  BY  WARRANT  payable  at 
the  time  of  location  to  the  register  aud  receiver  of  the  gov- 


10  THE  WESTERN  WORLD 

eminent  land  office  in  the  district  wherein  the  lands  lie  are  as 

follows : 

For  a  40«acre  warrant,  50  cents  each  to  the  register  and  re- 

cei  ver;  total  .  $100 

For  a  (id  acre  warrant,  75  cents  each  to  the  register  and  re- 
ceiver; total 1  50 

For  an  SO-acre  warrant,  SI  each  to  the  register  and  receiver; 

total  200 

Fora  130-acre  warrant,  8 1.50  each  to  the  register  and  re- 
ceiver; total  3  00 

For  a  169-acre  warrant,  $2  each  to  register  and  receiver;  total,    4  00 

AGRICULTURAL  COLLEG-E  SCRIP  may  be  used  to 

pay  for  minimum  land,  not  mineral,  at  private  entry,  and 
is  restricted  to  a  technical  "  quai'ter  section," — that  is,  land 
embraced  by  the  quarter-section  lines;  or  it  maybe  local  -il  on  a 
part  of  a  "quarter  section,'1  where  such  part  is  taken  as  in  full 
for  a  quarter;  hut  it  cannot  be  applied  to  different  subdivisions 
to  make  an  area  equivalent  to  a  quarter  section.  The  manner  of 
proceeding  to  acquire  title  with  this  class  of  paper  is  the  same  as 
in  cash  and  warrant  cases,  the  fees  to  be  paid  being  the  same  as 
on  warrants.  The  location  of  this  scrip  at  private  entry  is 
restricted  to  three  sections  in  each  township,  and  1,0(10,000  acres  in 
ain/ one  state.  This  scrip  may  be  used  also  to  pay  pre-emption 
claims,  in  the  same  manner  and  under  the  same  rules  and  regula- 
tions as  govern  the  application  to  pre-emption  by  military  war- 
rants, and  without,  restriction  on  entries  in  any  township  or  state. 
Commuted  homesteads  may  also  be  paid  for  with  scrip. 

PRIVATE  LAND  CLAIM  SCRIP  may  be  used  in  the 
same  way  as  the  above. 

PRE-EMPTION  rights  secure  to  residents  upon  public 
lands  the  right  to  buy  within  a  certain  time  in  preference  to 
other  purchasers.  Heads  of  families,  widows,  and  single  per- 
sons 21  years  old,  who  are  citizens  of  the  United  States,  or  have 
legally  declared  their  intention  to  become  such,  can  pre-empt  160 
acres  of  offered,  unoffered  or  unsurveyed  lands  where  the  Indian 
title  is  extinguished,  provided  the  pre-empter  has  not  moved 
from  land  belonging  to  him  in  the  same  state  or  territory  onto 
the  public  land,  and  provided  he  does  not  own  320  acres  of  land 
in  any  state  or  territory,  or  has  not  previously  exercised  the 
right  of  pre-emption. 

THE  PRICE  of  land  to  pre-emptors  on  due  filing  is  $1.25 
per  acre.  On  Offered  Lands  the  pre-emptor  must  file  in  the 
land  office  lor  the  district  his  declaration  of  settlement  within 
thirty  days  from  the  date  of  same,  and  must  make  proof  of  actual 
residence  on  and  cultivation  of  the  tract  within  one  year,  and 
secure  the  same  by  ma  king  payment  in  cash,  warrants  or  scrip.  On. 
Unoffered  Land  when  Surveyed  the  claimant  must  file  his 
declaratory  statement  within  three  months  from  date  of  settle- 
ment, and  make  proof  and  payment  within  33  months  from  date  of 
settlement.  On  Unsurveyed  lands  no  definitive  proceedings  can 
be  had  as  to  the  completion  of  the  title  until  the  surveys  are  made 
and  returned  to  the  district  land  office.  After  such  return  the  pro- 
ceedings are  the  same  as  on  unoffered  lands.  A  filing  without 
actual  settlement  is  illegal,  and  no  rights  are  acquired  thereby. 
The  existence  of  a  pre-emption  filing  on  a  tract  of  land  does  not 
prevent  another  filing  for  the  same  land,  subject  to  any  valid 
rights  acquired  by  virtue  of  any  former  filing  and  settlement. 

RELINQ.UISHMENT  of  pre-emption  filings  may  be  made 
by  claimants  in  writing  at  the  proper  district  land  office,  or  the 
relinquishment  may  lie  executed  by  the  claimant  on  the  back  of 
the  declaratory  statement  receipt.  The  second  fiLlng  of  a  declara- 
tory statement  by  any  pre-emptor  who  was  qualified  at  the  date 
of  his  first  filing  is  illegal.  Where  the  first  filing,  however,  was 
illegal  from  auy  cause  not  the  willful  act  of  the  party,  he  has  the 
right  to  make  a  second  and  legal  filing. 

FINAL  PROOF  of  compliance  with  the  law  is  made  by  filing 
a  written  notice  at  the  land  office  describing  the  land  and  naming 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK.  11 


witnesses,  accompanied  by  sufficient  money  to  pay  for  publishing1 
the  register's  notice  in  the  nearest  newspaper  once  a  week  for 
thirty  days.  To  save  exnense  several  notices  may  be  published 
together.  The  final  proof  must  be  made  in  court. 

IF  A  PRE-EMPTOR  DIE  without  establishing  his  claim 
within  the  period  limited  by  law,  the  title  may  be  perfected  by 
the  executor,  administrator,  or  one  of  the  heirs,  by  making  the 
requisite  proof  of  settlement  and  payments,  the  entry  to  be 
made  in  the  name  of  "  the  heirs  "  of  the  deceased  settler,  and  the 
patent  will  issue  accordingly.  The  legal  representatives  of  the 
deceased  pre-emptor  are  entitled  to  make  the  entry  at  anv  time 
within  the  period  during  which  the  pre-emptor  would  have  been 
entitled  to  do  so  had  he  lived.  The  rights  of  a  claimant  who  be- 
comes insane  may  be  proved  up,  and  his  claim  perfected,  by  any 
person  duly  authorized  to  not  for  him  during  his  disability. 

GRASSHOPPER  SUFFERERS  who  are  pre-emptors  may 
leave  their  pre-emptions  for  not  more  than  one  year  continuously 
and  retain  their  rights  under  certain  regulations  fixed  by  the 
Commissioner  of  the  Land  Department.  The  time  of  making 
payment  may  also  be  extended  under  such  circumstances  at  the 
discretion  of  said  Commissioner. 

FEES  for  pre-emption  are  for  declaratory  statement  $2,  ex- 
cept in  t  he  Pacific  states  and  territories,  where  it  is  83. 

THE  HOMESTEAD  laws  enable  actual  settlers  on  public 
lands  to  acquire  title  to  not  more  than  160  acres  without  charge, 
except  the  entry  and  other  fees  fixed  bylaw.  The  qualifications 
of  the  homesteader  are  that  he  be  21  years  old,  or  the  head  of  a 
family,  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  or  has  legally  declared 
his  intention  to  become  such,  and  that  the  entry  is  made  for  his 
exclusive  use  and  benefit,  and  for  actual  settlement  and  cultiva- 
tion. A  deserted  or  divorced  wife,  dependent  upon  her  own  re- 
sources, may  make  a  homestead  entry.  Att  United  State*  lands 
not  denominated  mineral  or  coal  lands,  or  reserved,  are  subject 
to  homestead  entry  except  double  minimum  lands  made  such 
since  January  1,  1861,  where  the  same  lies  in  odd  sections.  In 
Arkansas  and  Missouri  the  odd  sections  may  also  be  taken.  A 
homestead  settler  on  unsuryeyed  public  land  not  yet  open  to 
entry  must  make  entry  within  three  months  after  the  filing  of 
the  township  plat  of  survey  in  the  district  land  office.  When  two 
or  more  parties  apply  at  the  same  time  to  enter  a  tract,  prefer- 
ence is  given  to  the  one  who  has  actually  settled  on  the  same. 
When  there  is  no  settlement  it  is  awarded  to  the  highest  bidder. 
Priority  in  all  cases  governs. 

THE  FEES  for  homestead  entries,  payable  when  application 
is  made,  are  in  Alabama,  Arkansas,  Dakota,  Florida,  Iowa,  Kan- 
sas, Louisiana,  Michigan,  Minnesota,  Missouri,  Nebraska,  Indiana, 
Ohio,  Illinois,  Wisconsin  and  Mississippi :  Land  at  $2.50  per  acre : 
For  160  acres,  $18.00 ;  for  80  acres,  $9.00 ;  for  40  acres,  $7.00  :  Land 
at  SI. 35  per  acre:  For  160  acres,  $14.00;  for  80  acres,  $7.00;  for  40 
acres,  $6.00.  In  Arizona,  California,  Colorado,  Idaho,  Montana, 
Nevada  New  Mexico,  Oregon,  Utah,  Washington  and  Wyoming : 
Land  at  $2.50  per  acre :  For  ]BO  acres,  $22.01 ;  for  80  acres,  $11.00 ; 
for  40  acre,  $8.00:  Land  at  $1.25  per  acre :  For  160  acres,  $16.00 ; 
for  80  acres,  $8  00 ;  for  40  acres,  $6.50.  The  fees  for  final  proof  in 
the  first  named  states  are  $4.00,  and  in  the  last  named  states  $6.00, 
for  160  acres  of  $1.25  land,  and  double  these  for  $2.50  land,  smaller 
tracts  being  charged  proportionally.  The  fees  for  reducing  tes- 
timony to  writing  in  making  final  proof  are,  in  the  former 
states,  15  cents,  and  in  the  latter  states  and  territories  22j^  cents 
for  each  100  words.  No  other  land  office  fees  are  payable  in 
homestead  once<5. 

TO  COMPLETE  TITLE  the  homesteader  must  within  6 
months  after  entry,  begin  to  live  upon  the  land  and  must  con- 
tin' le  his  residence  there  for  five  years  without  a  break.  At  the 
end  of  five  years,  the  requirements  as  to  proof  and  fees  being 
complied  with  a  patent  issues.  During  these  five  years  the  land 
must  be  cultivated,  but  stock-raising  and  dairying  are  construed 
as  cultivation. 


12  THE   WESTERN   WORLD 


GRASSHOPPERS.— The  exceptions  in  favor  of  pre-emptors 
also  apply  to  homestead  entries.  When  a  homestead  settler  has 
been  prevented  by  climatic  reasons  from  establishing  actual  resi- 
dence within  six  months  from  entry,  the  commissioner  of  the 
General  Land  Office  may,  in  his  discretion,  allow  twelve  months 
from  that  date  in  which  to  commence  his  residence. 

FINAL  PROOF  is  made  in  the  same  manner  as  in  pre-emp- 
tions. 

RIGHTS  OF  CLAIMANTS  WHO  BECOME  INSANE 
may  be  proved  up  and  perfected  m  the  same  manner  as  in  the 
case  of  pre-emptions. 

THE  HEIRS  of  dying  homesteaders  may  complete  the  claim, 
the  title  passing'  to  the  widow  if  she  proves  up,  or  if  all  are  minors 
the  homestead  may  be  sold  for  cash,  or  the  title  completed 
as  may  be  decided  upon.  If  sold  the  purchaser  gets  title  from 
the  government.  A  homestead  right  cannot  be  devised  away 
from  a  widow  or  minor  children.  In  case  of  the  death  of  a  per- 
son after  having  entered  a  homestead,  the  failure  of  the  widow, 
children,  or  devisee  of  the  deceased  to  take  up  residence  on  the 
land  within  six  months  after  the  entry,  or  otherwise  to  fulfill  the 
demands  of  the  letter  of  the  law  as  to  residence,  will  not  neces- 
sarily subject  the  entry  to  forfeiture  on  the  ground  of  abandon- 
ment. It'  the  land  is  cultivated  in  good  faith  the  law  will  be  con- 
sidered •>•;  havinsr  been  substantial! v  complied  with. 

CONVERSION  OF  PRE-EMPTIONS  INTO  HOME- 
STEADS.—A  pei-son  who  has  made  settlement  on  a  tract  and 
tiled  his  pre-emption  declaration  therefor,  may  change  his  tiling 
into  a  homestead  if  he  continues  in  good  faith  to  comply  with 
the  pre-emption  laws  until  the  change  is  effected  ;  and  the  time 
during  which  he  has  resided  upon  and  claimed  the  land  as  a  pre- 
emptor  will  be  credited  upon  the  period  of  residence  and  culti- 
vation required  under  the  homestead  laws.  In  his  first  home- 
stead affidavit  he  must  set  forth  the  fact  of  a  previous  pre- 
emption filing,  the  time  of  actual  residence  thereunder,  and  the 
intention  to  claim  the  benefit  of  such  time,  as  provided  for  in  the 
act.  In  making  final  proof  on  his  homestead  entry  he  is  re- 
quired, in  addition  to  the  usual  affidavit  and  proof,  to  make  the 
prescribed  "  prt'-emption  homestead  affidavit." 

COMMUTATION  OF  HOMESTEAD  ENTRIES.-If  a 
homestead  settler  does  not  wish  to  remain  five  years  on  a  tract, 
he  may  pay  lor  it  with  cash,  warrants,  or  agricultural  college 
or  private  claim  scrip.  To  entitle  him  to  the  land  upon  making 
such  payment  he  must  prove  actual  settlement,  improvement  and 
cultivation  from  the  date  of  entry  to  the  time  of  offering 
proof— which  must  be  a  period  of  not  less  than  six  months;  the 
form  of  proof  to  correspond  with  the  regular  fi-  al  proof  in 
homestead  cases.  A  person  commuting  a  homestead  entry  when 
he  has  not  actually  resided  upon  the  land  and  improved  and  cul- 
tivated it  as  required  by  law,  forfeits  all  rights  to  the  land  and  to 
the  purchase  money  paid,  and  in  addition  thereto  renders  himself 
liable  to  criminal  prosecution. 

THE  SALE  OF  A  HOMESTEAD  claim  by  the  settler 
before  completion  of  title  vests  no  title  or  equities  in  the  pur- 
chaser, and  is  not  recognized  by  law.  In  making  final  proof,  the 
settler  is  by  law  required  to  swear  that  no  part  of  the  land  has 
been  alienated  except  for  church,  cemetery  or  school  purposes, 
or  the  right  of  way  of  railroad 

RELtNQTJISHMENT  OF  HOMESTEAD  may  be  made 
in  the  same  way  as  in  pre-emption  claims.  As  but  one  homestead 
is  allowed,  a  settler  relinquishing  or  abandoning  his  claim  cannot 
therenfter  make  a  second  entry;  although  where  the  entry  is 
canceled  as  invalid  for  some  reason  other  than  abandonment, 
and  not  the  willful  act  of  the  party,  he  is  not  thereby  debarred 
from  entering  again,  if  in  other  respects  entitled,  and  may  have 
the  fees  and  commissions  paid  on  the  canceled  entry  refunded  on 
proper  application.  Where  a  party  makes  a  selection  of  land  for 
a  homestead,  he  must  abide  by  his  choice  If  he  has  neglected 
to  examine  the  character  of  the  land  prior  to  entry  and  it  proves 


GUIDE  AND   HAND-BOOK.  13 


to  be  barren  or  otherwise  unsatisfactory,  he  must  suffer  the  con- 
sequences of  his  own  lu-gKvt.  In  some  cases.  However,  where 
obstacles  which  could  not  have  been  foreseen,  and  which  render 
it  impracticable  to  cultivate  the  land,  are  discovered  subsequently 
to  entry  such  as  the  impossibility  of  obtaining  water  by  digging' 
wells  ur  otherwise),  or  where,  subsequently  to  entry,  and  through 
no  fault  of  the  homesteader,  the  land  becomes  useless  for  agri- 
cultural purposes  as  where  by  the  deposit  of  "tailings"  in  the 
channel  of  a  stream  a  dam  is  formed,  causing  the  waters  to  over- 
flow), the  entry  may.  in  the  discretion  of  the  Commissioner  of 
the  General  Land  OlHce,  be  canceled  and  a  second  entry  allowed. 
But  in  the  event  of  a  new  entry,  the  party  will  be  required  to 
show  the  same  compliance  with  law  in  connection  therewith  as 
though  he  had  not  made  a  previous  entry,  and  must  pay  the 
proper  fees  and  commis^'on-!  ui»on  the  same. 

CONTEST  ON  GROUND  OF  ABANDONMENT.  — 
Where  application  is  ma  10  to  coi.uo.st  lac  v, aunty  <>l  a  uoine- 
stead  entry  on  the  ground  ot  aba  idonment,  the  party  must  tile 
his  affidavit  with  the  district  land  officers-,  accompanied  by  the 
affidavits  of  one  or  more  witnesses  in  support  of  the  allegations 
made,  setting  forth  the  facts  on  which  his  application  is  founded, 
describing  the  tract  and  giving  the  name  of  the  bettler.  Upon 
this  the  officers  will  set  apart  a  day  for  hearing,  giving  all  the 
parties  in  interest  due  notice  of  the  time  and  place  of  trial.  The 
contestant  must  pay  the  costs,  and  if  successful,  has  a  preler- 
ence  riffht  of  entry  for  thirty  days 

ADJOINING-  FARM  HOMESTEADS.-A  person  pos- 
sessing the  requisite  qualifications  under  the  homestead  law, 
owning  and  residing  on  land  not  amounting  to  a  quarter-sectio  ., 
may  enter  other  land  adjoining  his  to  an  amount  which  shall  nor. 
with  the  land  already  owned,  exceed  160  acres.  He  must  fulfill 
the  requirements  of  the  homestead  law,  except  that  he  ii--ed  not 
move  on  to  the  tract  so  catered— residence  on  his  own  adjoining 
land  heinsr  sufficient. 

ADDITIONAL  HOMESTEADS.-Under  the  old  laws  only 
minimum  lands,  or  their  equivalent,  were  subject  to  homestead, 
and  as  a  consequence,  but  eighty  acres  of  double  minimum  lan-l 
could  be  taken.  By  subsequent  enactments  a  homesteader  was 
permitted  to  take  160  acres  of  double  minimum  lands  for  a 
homestead,  with  such  exceptions  as  are  given  above,  and  in 
justice  to  parties  who  entered  such  lands  under  the  old  law,  a-  d 
were  restricted  to  80  acres,  it  is  provided  that  a  ly  such  pers  m 
may  enter  80  acres  additional,  adjoining  his  original  entry,  if 
such  adjoining  lands  are  subject  to  entry.  Such  additional 
homestead  entry  is  allowable,  even  though  the  original  homeste  id 
entry  has  been  commuted  to  a  cash  entry.  A  woman  who  h  is 
married  since  making  the  original  entry  is  not  thereby  disqu  i  i- 
fied  from  making  an  adjoining  homestead  entry.  Incase.now- 
ever,  there  should  be  no  land  subject  to  entry  adjoining  . ht 
original  homestead,  or  if  for  any  other  reason  the  homester  1 
party  does  not  desire  to  select  adjoining  land,  he  may  surreud  -i- 
his  original  entry  to  tne  Government  for  cancellation,  and  be 
entitled  to  enter  land  elsewhere,  under  the  homestead  law,  the 
same  as  if  the  surrendered  entry  had  never  been  made.  A  pers  >n 
making  additional  entry,  or  new  entry  after  surrender  and  can- 
cellation of  his  original  entry,  can  do  so  without  payment  of 
further  fees  and  commissions.  The  residence  and  cultivation  of 
such  person  upon  the  land  embraced  in  his  original  entry  shall 
be  considered  residence  and  cultivation  for  the  same  length  of 
time  upon  tne  land  embraced  in  his  new  entry,  and  will  be 
deducted  from  the  five  years'  residence  and  cultivation  required 
by  law;  provided,  that  in  no  case  shall  a  patent  issue  upon  an 
adjoining  or  new  homestead  entry  until  the  person  has  actually, 
and  in  conformity  with  the  homestead  laws,  resided  upon  and 
cultivated  the  land  embraced  therein  for  at  least  one  year.  Re- 
moval onto  the  adjoining  new  entry  is  not  necessary.  Soldiers 
and  sailors  were  not  restricted  to  80  acres  under  the  old  law,  and 
cannot  make  additional  entries  under  the  new  acts.  Odd  sections 


14  THE  WESTERN  WORLD 

of  double  minimum  lands  made  double  minimum  sine*  January 
1, 1861,  are  not  subject  to  additional  entry,  except  in  Arkansas 
and  Missom  i. 

SOLDIERS'  AND  SAILORS'  HOMESTEADS.- Any 
officer,  soldier,  seaman,  or  marine  who  terved  lor  not  less  than  90 
days  in  the  Army  or  Navy  of  the  United  States  during  the  re- 
bellion, and  who  was  honorably  discharged,  can  enter  160  acres  of 
land,  including  the  alternate  reserved  sections  along  the  line  of 
any  railroad  or  other  public  work.  The  time  of  service,  or  If 
discharged  on  account  of  wounds  or  disabilities  incurred  in  the 
line  of  duty,  the  whole  term  of  enlistment,  shall  be  deducted 
from  the  period  of  five  years  during  which  an  ordinary  claimant 
must,  to  perfect  title,  reside  upon  and  cultivate  the  entered 
tract;  but  the  party  must,  in  evei y  case,  reside  upon, improve, 
and  cultivate  his  homestead  for  a  period  of  at  least  one  year 
after  he  shall  have  commenced  his  improvements.  A  T  arty 
applying  for  the  benefit  of  this  provision  of  the  law  must  tile 
•with  the  register  and  receiver  a  certified  copy  of  certificate  of 
discharge,  showing  when  he  enlisted  and  when  he  was  discharged; 
or  the  affidavit  of  two  respectable,  disinterested  witnesses  corro- 
borative of  the  allegations  contained  in  the  prescribed  affidavit 
on  these  points,  or,  if  neither  can  be  procured,  his  own  afiidavit 
£9  that  effect.  A  soldier  is  held  to  have  exhausted  h.s  homestead 
right  by  filing  his  declaratory  statement ;  the  right  to  file  being 
a  privilege  granted  to  soldiers  in  addition  to  the  ordinal  y  privi- 
lege only  in  the  matter  of  Diving  them  power  to  hold  their 
claims  for  six  months  after  selection,  before  entry ;  but  is  not  a 
license  to  abandon  such  selection  with  the  rignt  thereafter  to 
make  a  regular  homestead  entry  independently  of  such  Ming. 

SOLDIERS'  WIDOWS,  if  unmarried,  or  their  minor  chil- 
dren, it'  the  w  idows  are  diad  or  married,  may  enter  in  the  same 
way  as  the  soldier  himself.  If  he  died  in  service,  they  are  entitled 
to  deduct  the  whole  time  of  enlistment  from  the  period  necessary 
to  complete  title.  Minors  can  act  only  by  legal  guardians. 
Neither  the  guardian  nor  the  minor  children  are  required  to 
reside  upon  the  land,  but  the  same  must  be  cultivated  and 
improved  for  the  period  of  time  during  which  the  father  would 
have  been  required  to  reside  upon  the  tract. 

SOLDIERS'  FILING.  A  soldier  may  file  a  declaratory 
statement  for  land  which  he  intends  to  enter.  The  fee  is  $2,  ex- 
cept in  the  Pacific  states  and  territories,  where  it  is  $3.  This 
statement  may  be  filed  personally  or  by  an  agent.  The  entry  can 
be  made  only  by  the  soldier  in  person  at  the  local  land  office,  and 
he  must  commence  his  settlement  on  the  land  within  six  months 
after  his  filing.  A  soldier's  homestead  declarator}-  statement 
does  not  prevent  anybody  else  from  making  an  entry  of  the  same 
land,  subject  to  such  right  as  the  soldier  may  acquire  by  virtue 
of  actual  residence  on  the  land  and  full  compliance  with  law.  If 
the  soldier  does  not  establish  his  residence  on  the  tract  as  re- 
quired, the  next  comer  may  take  the  land. 

SOLDIERS'  ADDITIONAL  HOMESTEAD  ENTRY.— 
Any  officer,  soldier,  seaman,  or  marine,  or  his  unmarried 
widow  or  minor  children  who  served  for  not  less  than  90 
days  in  the  army  or  navy  of  the  United  States  during  the 
rebellion,  who  had,  prior  to  June  22,  1874,  made  a  homestead 
entry  of  less  than  one  hundred  and  sixty  acres,  may  enter 
an  additional  quantity  of  land,  adjacent  to  his  former  entry 
or  elsewhere,  sufficient  to  make,  with  the  previous  entry,  one 
hundred  and  sixty  acres.  This  right  is  personal  and  not  subject 
to  assignment  or  lien,  and  entry  must  be  made  in  person.  The 
fees  paid  for  the  additional  entry  when  the  original  one  is  con- 
summated is  the  same  as  for  the  original  entry. 

PARTIAL  WAIVER  OF  HOMESTEAD  RIGHTS.— 
The  choice  to  take  less  than  the  law  allows,  is  construed  as  a 
waiver  of  claim  for  a  larger  quantity;  and  the  same  in  case  of 
an  adjoining  farm  entry  or  soldier  s  additional  entry. 

INDIANS  may  make  homestead  entries  but  cannot  com- 
mute the  same  to  cash  entries,  nor  can  they  incumber  or  transfer 


GUIDE   AND  HAND-BOOK.  15 


their  claims  by  their  own  act  or  through  judgment  of  court. 
The  land  is  theirs,  absolutely  and  inalienably,  for  twenty  years 
after  issue  of  parent. 

EXEMPTIONS  OF  HOMESTEADS.-Lands  acquired  by 
homestead  an;  exempt  from  liability  for  debts  contracted  prior 
to  tlio  issue  of  the  patent  therefor. 

SPECIAL  SURVEYS.— When  the  settlers  in  any  township 
(the  laud  in  which  is  not  mineral  or  reserved  to  the  Government) 
desire  a  government  survey  thereof,  and  file  an  application 
therefor,  and  deposit  in  any  government  depository  to  the  credit 
of  the  United  States  a  sum  sufficient  to  pay  for  such  survey,  if  the 
township  is  within  the  range  of  the  regular  progress  of  the  public 
surveys,  the  commissioner  of  the  general  land  office  will  instruct 
the  surveyor  general  to  survey  such  township.  The  amount  so 
deposited  by  settlors  may  be  applied  in  part  payment  for  their 
lands.  The  certificates  issued  for  such  deposits  are  assignable  by 
indorsement;  and  while  not  receivable  in  payment  for  land  at 
cash  entry,  except  from  the  settlers  who  made  the  deposit,  such 
certificates  will  be  received  in  payment  from  settlers  under  the 
pre-emption  law,  or  in  commutation  of  homestead  entries,  but 
the  act  of  August 7, 1883,  restricts  tbe  application  of  certificates 
of  deposit  issued  subsequently  to  its  passage  to  lauds  situated  in 
the  district  embracing  the  township  the  surveying  of  which  is  to 
be  puid  out  of  such  deposit. 

TIMBER  CULTURE  entries  may  be  made  by  any  person 
twenty-one  years  old  or  the  head  of  a  family  who  is  or  has  de- 
clared legally  his,  or  her,  intention  of  becoming  a  citizen  of  the 
United  States,  provided  the  ris<ht  has  not  been  before  exercised. 
The  amount  of  land  so  entered  must  not  exceed  160  acres  and  must 
be  all  prairie  land.  The  applicant  must  swear  that  his  entry  is 
made  for  the  cultivation  of  timber  and  for  his  own  exclusive  use 
and  benefit:  that  he  makes  the  application  in  good  faith  and  not 
for  the  purpose  of  speculation,  nor  directly  or  indirectly  for  the 
use  or  benefit  of  any  other  person  or  persons  whomsoever;  and 
that  he  intends  to  hold  and  cultivate  the  land  and  to  wholly  com- 
ply with  the  provisions  of  the  act. 

THE  PAYMENTS  required  by  law  on  a  timber-culture 
entry  are  as  follows:  For  eighty  acres  or  less,  fee  $5,  to  b°  paid 
at  date  of  entry;  commissions  $t;  total  $9 :  For  more  than  eighty 
acres,  fee  810  at  date  of  entry;  commissions  $4;  total  SU.  Be- 
sides, in  each  case,  $4  when  final  proof  is  made.  No  other  fee, 
charge,  gratuity,  or  reward  is  permitted  to  be  paid  or  received 
for  any  services  rendered  at  district  land  offices  in  connection 
with  such  entries. 

No  distinction  is  made,  as  to  area  or  the  amount  of  fee  and 
commissions,  between  minimum  and  double-minimum  lands.  A 
party  may  enter  160  acres  of  either  on  payment  of  the  prescribed 
fee  and  commissions. 

AMOUNT  OP  TIMBER  TO  BE  CULTIVATED.— 
The  law  requires  that  five  acres  on  a  quarter-section  shall  be 
broken  or  plowed  the  first  year,  and  five  acres  the  second  year. 
The  second  year  the  first  five  acres  must  be  cultivated  to  crop  or 
otherwise.  The  third  year  the  second  five  acres  must  be  culti- 
vated to  crop  or  otherwise,  and  the  first  five  acres  must  be 
Elanted  in  timber,  seeds  or  cuttings.  The  fourth  year  the  second 
ve  acres  must  be  planted  in  timber,  seeds  or  cuttings.  Ten 
acres  are  thus  to  be  plowed,  planted  and  cultivated  on  a  quarter- 
section,  and  the  same  proportion  when  less  than  a  quarter-sec- 
tion is  entered.  If  the  trees,  seeds,  or  cuttings  are  destroyed  by 
grasshoppers  or  by  extreme  and  unusual  droughts,  the  time  of 
planting  may  be  extended  one  year  for  every  year  of  such  de- 
struction, upon  the  filing  in  the  local  office  of  an  affidavit  by  the 
entryman,  corroborated  by  two  witnesses,  setting  forth  the  de- 
struction and  asking  the  extension  of  time  provided  for  by  the 
act.  The  foUmdng  classes  of  trees  are  recognized  as  "timber" 
within  the  meaning  of  the  law,  viz:  Ash  (including  mountain 
ash  or  service-tree),  alder,  basswood,  beech,  birch,  box-elder, 
black  walnut,  butternut  (otherwise  called  white  walnut),  cedar, 


16  THE    WESTERN    WORLD 


chestnut,  cotton woort,  elm,  fir,  hickory,  honey-locust,  larch, 
maple,  oak,  pine,  spruce,  sycamore  (otherwise  culled  bmton- 
woodor  cotton-' ree>.  white  willow,  white  wood  (ortulip-tre<  ;;md 
other  trees  recognized  in  the  neighborhood  as  of  value  lor 
timber,  for  firewood  or  domestic  use,  or  for  commercial  pur- 
poses. Fruit  trees  and  shrubbery  cannot  be  classed  as  "  timber," 
and  their  cultivation  is  not  sufficient  to  satisfy  the  demands  of 
the  i-iw. 

FINAL.  PROOF  can  be  made  at  the  expiration  of  eight 
years  from  date  of  entry.  It  must  be  shown  that  for  the  said 
eight  years  the  trees  have  been  planted,  protected  and  cultivated 
as  aforesaid;  that  not  less  than  2,700  trees  were  planted  on  each 
of  the  ten  acres,  and  ttmt  at  the  time  of  making-  proof  there  are 
growing  at  least  675  living  thrifty  trees  to  each  acre. 

Where  less  than  one  quarter  section  of  land  is  entered,  the 
same  proportionate  amount  of  plowinu-,  planting,  and  cultivation 
of  trees  must  be  done  as  required  in  entries  of  160  acres. 

If  the  trees,  seeds,  or  cuttings  are  dastroyed  in  any  one  year 
they  must  be  replanted.  A  party  will  not  be  released  from  a 
continued  attempt  to  promote  the  actual  growth  of  timber  or 
forest  trees.  A  failure  in  this  respect  will  subject  the  otitry  to 
cancellation.  In  computing  the  period  of  cultivation  wie  time 
runs  from  the  dale  of  entry,  if  the  necessary  acts  of  cultivation 
wer--  performed  within  the  proper  time. 

LIABILITY  FOR  DEBT  contracted  previous  to  the  issue 
of  tinal  certificate  does  not  attach  to  land  acquired  under  this 
law. 

Land  accpiircd  under  any  of  the  forrgmng  laws  and  rettnqutehed 
is  (it  n»cr  mini  1<>  srttlcmrnt  nr  et'trii  nnnin. 

TIMBER  AND  STONE  LANDS.  Surveyed  public  lands 
in  California.,  Oregon,  Nevada  and  Washington  territory,  not  in- 
cluded within  any  military,  Indian  or  other  rei-er  vation,  which 
are  unfit  for  cultivation,  and  consequently  for  disposal  under  the 
home-tead  or  pre-emption  laws,  non-mineral  in  character,  and 
which  have  never  been  offered  at  public  sale,  valuable  chiefly  for 
the  timber  upon  them  or  the  stone  they  contain,  may  be  pur- 
chased by  citizens  of  the  United  States,  or  persons  who  have  de- 
clared their  intention  to  become  such,  iitquantities  not  exceeding 
one  hundred  and  sixty  acres  to  any  one  person  or  association  of 
persons,  at  a  price  of  not  less  than  $2.5'>  per  acre.  But  one  pur- 
chase under  this  act  is  permitted,  and  the  land  must  be  declared, 
under  oath,  to  be  purchased  for  the  sole  use  of  the  applicant. 
Proof  of  the  character  of  the  land  must  be  made  by  applicant  be- 
fore the  receiver  of  the  land  office.  Ilie  fees  are  $10  for  the  entry 
ami  22H>  cents  per  100  words  for  testimony  reduced  to  writing  for 
claimant.  An  Axstociation  applying  to  purchase  such  lands,  each 
of  the  persons  must  prove  the  requisite  qualifications,  and  their 
names  must  appear  in  and  be  subscribed  to  the  sworn  statement, 
as  in  ca«e  of  an  individual  person.  They  must  also  unite  in  the 
resrnlar  application  for  entry,  which  will  be  made  in  their  joint 
names  as  in  other  cases  of  joint  cash  entry. 

SALINE  LANDS.—  Lands  adjudged  as  saline  after  due  in- 
quiry are  offered  for  sale,  after  public  notice,  at  the  local  land 
office  of  the  district  in  which  the  same  shall  be  situated,  and  sold 
to  the  highest  bidder  for  cash,  at  a  price  not  less  than  $1.25  per 
acre.  In  case  said  lands  are  not  sold  when  so  offered,  they  are  sub- 
ject to  private  sale  for  cash,  at  a  price  not  less  than  81-25  per  acre, 
in  the  same  manner  as  other  public  lands.  This  few  is  not  ap- 
plicable to  lands  in  the  territories,  nor  to  any  within  the  states  of 
Mississippi,  Louisiana,  Florida,  California  and  Nevada,  none  of 
which  have  had  a  s-rant  of  salines  by  act  of  Congress. 

DESERT  LANDS.— By  "desert  land  "  is  meant  land  "which 
will  not  without  irrigation,  produce  some  agricultural  crop." 
The  expression  "  tome  agricultural  crop  "  does  not  refer  solely  to 
the  amount  of  the  crop :  it  refers  also  to  the  kind.  If  the  land 
will  produce  "  some  "  crop  of  a  kind  and  in  amount  sufficient  to 
make  the  cultivation  reasonably  remunerative,  it  is  not  desert. 
Land  along  streams,  or  near  bodies  of  water,  which,  without 


GUIDE  AND   HAND-BOOK.  17 


artificial  irrigation,  will  produce  grass  sufficient  for  hay.  is  not 
"desert  laud  "  within  the  meaning  of  the  law,  and  is  nut  subject 
to  desert  entry.  Title  to  desert  lands  can  be  acquired,  under  the 
restrictions  of  the  law  only  in  California,  Oregon,  Nevada,  Wash- 
ington, Idaho,  Montana,  Utah,  Arizona,  New  Mexico,  Wyoming 
and  Dakota.  The  amount  of  land  which  may  be  entered  by  any 
one  person  under  the  desert-land  law  cannot  exceed  one  section. 
or  6W  acres,  wh  eh  must  lie  in  compact  form.  The  requirement 
of  compactness  will  be  held  to  be  complied  with  on  surveyed 
lands  when  a  section,  or  part  thereof,  is  described  by  legal  s'ub- 
divisions  as  nearly  in  the  form  of  a  technical  section  as  the  situ- 
ation of  the  land  and  its  relation  to  other  lands  will  admit, 
although  parts  of  two  or  more  sections  may  be  taken  to  make  up 
the  quantity  or  equivalent  of  one  section.  But  entries  running' 
along  the  margin  or  including  both  sides  of  streams,  or  being 
continuous  merely  in  the  sense  of  lying  in  aline  so  as  to  form 
a  narrow  strip,  or  in  any  other  way  showing  a  gross  departure 
fr. 'in  all  reasonable  requirements  of  compactness,  will  not  be  ad- 
mitted. In  no  case,  where  the  full  quantity  of  640  acres  is 
entered,  will  the  side  line  on  either  side  be  permitted  to  exceed 
one  mile  and  a  quarter;  and  less  in  proportion  in  case  the  entry 
embraces  less  than  a  whole  section  or'i  s  equivalent. 

METHOD  OF  ACQUIRING-  TITLS.-A  party  desiring 
to  avail  himself  of  tue  privileges  of  the  •:<•.->  rt-land.act  must  file, 
at  the  proper  district  land  office,  a  decluratiou  under  oath.  It 
must  be  set  forth  that  the  applicant  is  a  citizen  of  the  United 
states,  or  that  he  has  declared  his  intention  to  become  such— in 
which  e  ise  a  duly  certified  copy  of  his  declaration  of  intention  to 
become  a  citizen  must  be  presented  and  tiled.  th.<t  he  has  made 
no  other  declaration  for  desert  lands  under  tue  provisions  of  this 
act.  and  that  he  intends  to  reclaim  the  tract  of  land  applied  for 
by  conducting  water  thereon,  within  three  years  from  the  date 
of  his  declaration.  The  application  must  describe  the  land  by 
legal  subdivisions  if  surveyed,  and  as  accurately  as  possible  if 
unsurveyed.  The  land  must  be  proved  to  l>e  "desert."  Such  ap- 
Vlication,  etc.,  being  satisfactory,  twenty-five  cents  per  a<  re  must 
be  paid  the  receiver  for  the  land.  Claims  on  unsurveyed  lands 
must  lie  made  to  conform  to  the  legal  subdivisions  when  the  sur- 
ve\  shall  be  made. 

FINAL  PROOF  in  sy  be  made  at  any  time  within  three  years 
thar  enough  water  has  in  -en  conducted  on  the  land  to  reclaim 
the  same.  If  satisfactory  proof  of  this  is  made,  and  $1  more  per 
acre  is  paid,  a  patent  issues  and  title  is  complete.  Water  must 
be  conveyed  on  to  eveiy  forty  acres  of  the  tract. 

REPAYMENTS  are  made  uy  the  government  when  land  has 
lx?en  erroneously  sold  or  entered  so  that  the  sale  cannot  be 
confirmed,  but  the  same  does  not  extend  to  fraud  as  in  cases 
where  false  proof  has  been  made.  When  application  for  repay- 
ment is  made,  all  receipts,  patents,  etc.,  must  be  surrendered  and 
proper  reconveyance  made.  The  repayment  may  be  made  to 
heirs,  executors,  or  assignees  purchasing  innocently.  When 
land  has  been  paid  for  at  $2.50  per  acre,  and  is  afterward  found 
to  have  been  on  the  market  at  $1.25,  the  excess  will  be  refunded. 

MINERAL.  LANDS  are  reserved  for  sale  under  special 
laws.  Such  lands,  surveyed  or  unsurveyed,  are  open  to  explora- 
tion or  purchase  by  citizens  of  the  United  States,  or  those  declar- 
ing their  purpose  to  become  such,  under  the  laws  and  according 
to  the  local  customs  of  miners  when  consistent  with  the  laws  of 
the  United  States 

THE  LENGTH  OF  A  CLAIM  upon  a  lode  bearing  gold, 
silver,  cinnibar,  lead,  tin,  copper,  or  other  valuable  deposits, 
whether  located  by  one  or  more  persons,  is  limited  to  1,500  feet, 
and  the  cUirn  cannot  be  located  until  after  the  discovery  of  the 
vein  thereon.  Xo  claim  win  extend  more  than  300  feet  on  each 
side  of  the  middle  of  the  vein  at  the  surface,  nor  shall  it  be 
limited  by  mining  regulations  to  less  than  25  feet  on  each  side  of 
said  middle  at  the  surface.  The  end  lines  of  each  claim  must  be 
parallel.  To  such  locators  is  given  the  exclusive  right  of  posses- 


18  THE  WESTERN  WORLD 


sion  and  enjoyment  of  all  the  surface  Included  within  the  lines  of 
their  locutions,  a,.d  of  all  veins,  lodes  and  ledges  throughout 
their  entire  depth,  the  top  of  which  lies  inside  of  such  surface 
Hues  extended  downward  vertically,  although  such  veins  may 
depart  from  a  perpendicular  in  their  course  downward  afed  ex- 
tend outside  the  vertical  side-Hues  of  such  surface  locutions. 
But  their  right  of  possession  to  such  outside  parts  ol  such  veins 
or  ledges  shall  be  confined  to  such  portions  thereof  as  lie  between 
vertical  planes  drawn  downward  as  above  described, through  the 
end-lines  of  their  locations,  so  continued  in  their  own  direction 
that  such  planes  will  intersect  such  exterior  parts  of  such  veins 
or  ledges.  The  locator  or  possessor  of  a  vein  which  extends  in 
its  downward  course  beyond  the  vertical  lines  of  his  claim  is  not 
authorized  to  enter  upon  the  surface  of  a  claim  owned  or  pos- 
sessed by  another. 

Where  a  tunnel  is  run  for  the  development  of  a  vein,  or  for  the 
discovery  of  mines,  the  owners  of  such  tunnel  shall  have  the  right 
to  all  veins  within  3,1100  feet  from  the  face  of  such  tunnel  on  the 
line  thereof,  not  previously  known  to  exist,  discovered  in  such 
tunnel,  to  the  same  extent  as  if  discovered  from  the  surface;  and 
locations  on  the  line  of  such  tunnel  of  veins  or  lodes  not  appear- 
ing on  the  surface,  made  by  other  parties  after  the  commence- 
ment of  the  tunnel,  and  while  the  same  is  being  prosecuted  with 
•  reasonable  diligence,  shall  be  invalid;  but  failure  to  prosecute 
the  work  on  the  tunnel  fv>r  six  months  shall  be  considered  an 
abandonment  of  the  right  to  all  undiscovered  veins  ou  the  line  of 
the  same. 

The  miners  of  each  mining-district  mav  make  regulations  not  in 
conflict  with  the  laws  of  the  United  States  or  with  the  laws  of  the 
State  or  territory  in  which  the  district  is  situated,  governing  the 
location,  manner  of  recording,  amount  of  work  necessary  to  hold 
possession  of  a  mining-claim,  subject  to  the  following  require- 
ments: The  location  must  be  distinctly  marked  oil  the  ground  so 
that  its  boundaries  can  be  clearly  traced;  on  each  claim  located  not 
less  than  $100  w<jrth  of  work  must  he  clone  nr  trnprwement,  mi'de 
each  i/ear  until  patent  issues;  when  several  claims  are  held 
together  all  the  work  or  Improvement  may  be  upon  one  of  them. 
Where  there  is  failure  to  meet  these  requirements  the  claim  is 
again  subject  to  location,  unless  work  be  begun  on  it  by  the 
original  locator  or  his  representatives  before  the  application  1'or 
new  location  is  made.  It  a  claim  is  owned  by  several  parties,  nnd 
one  or  more  fails  to  do  his  part,  he  may  be  given  ninety  days' 
notice,  when,  it  still  delinquent,  his  interest  passes  to  those  of  the 
partners  who  have  made  the  proper  improvement.  Upon  due 
application,  after  S-^1  worth  of  work  has  been  done  on  a  claim 
and  the  payment  of  85  per  acre  therefor,  a  patent  to  the  land 
issues,  unless  there  have  been  adverse  claims,  when  the  matter 
will  be  adjudicated.  The  lines  of  a  claim  need  not  conform  with 
the  lines  of  a  congressional  survey. 

PLACER  CLAIMS  are  subject  to  entry  as  above,  but  when 
upon  surveyed  lands  must  conform  to  the  lines  thereof.  No 
placer  of  more  than  twenty  acres  for  each  individual  claimant 
can  be  entered  by  one  person  or  association,  and  the  rights  of  a 
previous  homesteader  or  pre-emptor  on  the  tract  are  respected. 
Legal  subdivisions  of  forty  acres  may  be  subdivided  into  ten-acre 
tracts,  and  holders  of  contiguous  claims  of  any  size  may  make 
joint  entry  thereof.  Where  such  person  or  association,  or  their 
grantors,  have  held  anl  worked  their  claims  for  the  period  pre- 
scribed by  the  statute  of  limitations  for  mining  claims  of  the 
state  or  territory  where  the  same  may  be  situated,  evidence  of 
such  possession  and  working  of  the  claims  for  such  period  shall 
be  sufficient  to  establish  a  right  to  a  patent  thereto  in  the  absence 
of  any  adverse  claim;  but  nothing  in  this  chapter  shall  be  deemed 
to  impair  any  lien  which  may  have  attached  in  any  way  whatever 
to  any  mining  claim  or  property  prior  to  the  issuance  of  a  patent. 
Where  the  same  person,  association  or  corporation  is  in  posses- 
sion of  a  placer  claim,  and  also  a  vein  or  lode  included  within  the 
boundaries  thereof,  application  shall  be  made  for  a  patent  for  the 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK.  19 

placer-claim,  with  the  statement  that  it  includes  such  vein  or  lode, 
and  in  such  case  a  patent  shall  issue  for  the  placer-claim,  subject 
to  the  provisions  of  this  chapter,  including  such  vein  or  lode, 
upon  the  payment  of  $5  per  acre  for  such  vein  or  lode  claim  and 
twenty-five  feet  of  surface  on  each  side  thereof.  The  remainder 
of  the  placer-claim,  or  any  placer-claim  not  embracing1  any  vein 
or  lode  claim,  shall  be  paid  for  at  the  rate  of  S2.50  per  acre, 
together  with  all  costs  of  proceedings;  and  where  a  vein  is  known  ' 
to  exist  within  the  boundaries  of  a  placer-claim,  an  application 
for  a  patent  for  such  placer-claim  which  does  not  include  an 
application  for  the  lode  chiim  shall  be  construed  as  a  conclusive 
declaration  that  the  claimant  of  the  placer-claim  has  no  right  of 
possession  of  the  vein  or  lode  claim;  but  where  the  existence  of 
a  vein  or  lode  in  a  placer-claim  is  not  known  a  patent  for 
the  placer-claim  shall  convey  all  valuable  mineral  and  other  de- 
posits within  the  boundaries  thereof. 

The  rx |>e uses  of' the  survey  of  vein  or  lode  claims,  and  the 
survey  and  subdivisions  of  placer-claims  into  smaller  quantities 
than  one  hundred  and  sixty  acres,  together  with  the  cost  of  pub- 
lication of  notices,  shall  be  paid  by  the  applicants,  and  they  shall 
be  at  liberty  to  obtain  the  same  at  the  most  reasonable  rates,  and 
they  shall  also  be  at  liberty  to  employ  any  United  States  deputy 
surveyor  to  make  the  survey.  The  Commissioner  of  the  General 
Land  Office  shall  also  have  power  to  establish  the  maximum 
charges  for  surveys  and  publication  of  notices  and  may  designate 
the  paper  for  publishing  such  notices  and  fix  the  charges  there- 
for. 

WHEN  TWO  OR  MOKE  VEINS  INTERSECT  or  cross 
each  other,  the  prior  location  is  entitled  to  all  ore  contained  in 
the  intersection,  but  the  subsequent  locations  are  given  right  of 
way  through  the  space  of  intersection  for  working  their  mine 
beyond  s:iid  sp:\ee. 

WHEN  VEINS  UNITE,  the  oldest  location  is  entitled  to 
the  vein  in-low  the  point  of  union,  including  all  space  of  inter- 
sections. 

WHEN  NON-MINERAL  LAND,  not  contiguous  to  the 
vein  is  used  by  the,  proprietor  of  the  latter  for  mining  or  milling 
purposes,  such  land  to  the  extent  of  5  acres,  may  be  embraced  in 
the  application  for  patent  on  the  vein,  and  patented  therewith  on 
the  same  conditions  and  at  the  same  price  governing  the  vein. 
The  owner  of  a  mill  or  reduction  works  not  owning  a  mine,  may 
in  the  same  way  geta  patent  for  his  mill  site.  H'ltoicvtr,  1>n  pri- 
ori/;/ of  possession,  riyhts  to  the  use  of  water  for  mining,  agricult- 
ural, manufacturing,  or  other  purposes,  have  vested  and 
accrued,  a/id  the  same  are  recognized  and  acknowledged  by  the 
local  customs,  laws,  and  the  decisions  of  courts,  the  possessors 
and  owners  of  the  same  are  maintained  and  protected  in  them; 
and  the  right  of  way  for  ditches  and  canals  for  the  purposes 
herein  specified  is  acknowledged  and  confirmed;  but  whenever 
any  person,  in  the  construction  of  any  ditch  or  canal,  injures  or 
damages  the  possession  of  any  settler  on  the  public  domain,  the 
party  committing  such  injury  or  damage  is  liable  to  the  party 

THE   LAWS  ABOVE  GIVEN   DO   NOT   APPLY   to 

mineral  lands  in  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  Minnesota,  Missouri  and 
Kansas,  which  are  declared  free  and  open  to  exploration  and  pur- 
chase in  the  same  way  as  agricultural  lands. 

THE  REMOVAL  OF  TIMBER  from  public  lands  for 
mining,  building,  agricultural  and  domestic  purposes  is  per- 
mitted in  Colorado,  Nevada,  New  Mexico,  Arizona,  Utah,  Wyo- 
ming, Dakota,  Idaho  and  Montana,  and  in  all  other  mining  dis- 
tricts of  the  Union,  where  said  lands  are  mineral  and  subject  to 
entry  only  as  such,  but  this  privilege  does  not  extend  to  rail- 
roads. 

FEES  AND  CHARGES.  The  following  rates  are  fixed  as 
the  maximum  charges  for  newspaper  publications :  in  a  daily,  $7 
for  each  ten  lines  of  space;  in  a  weekly,  $5  for  the  same  space. 

For  publication  of  citations  in  contests  involving  the  character 


so 


THE    WESTEUX   V.'OULD 


of  lands,  the  charges  shall  not  exceed  ?s  for  five  publications  in 
weekly  papers,  or  £10  for  publications  in  dailies  for  'M  days. 

The  fees  payable  to  the  register  and  receiver  for  linn?  and 
acting  upon  applications  for  mineral-land  patents  are  §5  to  each, 
to  be  pai-l  at  the  time  of  filing-,  and  the  like  sum  is  payable  to 
each  by  au  adverse  claimant  at  the  time  of  filing  his  adverse 
claim. 

COAL  LANDS.  Any  person  21  years  old,  and  a  citizen  of 
the  L  inted  States,  or  who  has  declared  his  intention  to  become 
such,  or  any  association  of  persons  severally  qualified  as  above, 
can  enter  by  legal  subdivisions,  any  quantity  of  vacant  coal 
lands  not  otherwise  appropriated  or  reserved,  not  exceeding  160 
acres  to  each  person,  or  320  acres  to  each  association,  upon  pay- 
ment to  the  receiver  of  not  less  than  §10  per  acre  for  such  lands, 
where  the  same  shall  be  situated  more  than  15  miles  from  any 
completed  railroad,  and  not  less  than  8^0  per  acre  for  such  lands 
as  shall  be  within  15  miles  of  such  road.  The  pa3'meut  to  oe 
made  within  one  year  from  the  filing  of  the  ciaim. 

Any  pei-son  or  association  of  persons  severally  qualified  as 
above,  who  have  opened  and  improved,  or  shall  hereafter  open 
and  improve,  any  coal  mine  upon  public  land,  and  are  in  Hctiml 
possession  are  entitled  to  a  preference-right  of  entry  of  the 
mines  so  opened  and  improved:  Provided,  That  when  any  associa- 
tion of  not  less  than  four  persons,  shall  have  expended  not  less 
than  $5,000  in  working  and  improving  any  such  mine,  such  asso- 
ciation may  enter  not  exceeding  six  hundred  and  forty  acres,  in- 
cluding such  mining  improvements. 

All  claims,  must  be  presented  to  the  register  of  the  proper 
land  district  within  sixty  days  after  the  date  of  actual  possession 
and  the  commencement  of  improvements  on  the  land,  by  the 
filing  of  a  declaratory  statement  therefor;  but  when  the  town- 
ship plat  is  not  on  file  at  the  date  of  such  improvement,  filing- 
must  be  made  within  sixty  days  from  the  receipt  of  such  plat  at 
the  district  office. 

The  law  authorizes  but  one  entry  by  the  same  person  or  asso- 
ciation. z\o  association,  any  member  of  which  shall  have  taken 
the  benefit  of  this  law,  either  as  an  individual  or  as  a  member  of 
any  other  association,  can  enter  or  hold  any  other  lands ;  and  no 
member  of  any  association,  which  shall  have  taken  the  benefit 
of  this  law  can  enter  or  hold  any  other  land  under  its  provisions. 

In  case  of  conflicting  claims,  priority  of  possession  and  im- 
provement, followed  by  proper  filing  and  continued  good  faith, 
determines  the  preference-right  to  purchase. 


GUIDE   AND  HAND-BOOK. 


SYSTEMS  OF  SURVEYING. 

Two  systems  of  surveying  are  practiced  in  the  United  States, 
viz:  by  metes  and  bounds,  and  the  Congressional  township  sys- 
tem. 

BY  METES  AND  BOUNDS  is  the  system  in  force  in  the 
older  status,  where  i"  was  adopted  from  the  old  world  before  the 
on<rressional  system  was  invented.  It  consists  simply  in  start- 
ing from  some  known  or  established  point  and  running  lines  by 
the  compass  to  other  e-tablished  points  or  given  distances, 
returning  eventually  to  the  point  of  starting  after  enclosing  the 
tract  surveyed. 

THE  CONGBESSIONAL  TOWNSHIP  SYSTEM  is  the 
reputed  invention  ol  Thomas  Jeffer.MMi.  and  is  acknowledged  to 
be  the  best  known.  It  is  in  force  in  all  the  regions  west  of  rhe 
Mississippi  river  and  in  Florida.  Alabama,  Mississippi,  Ohio, 
Indiana,  Illinois,  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  and  a  portion  of  Tennes- 
see. In  many  of  these,  however,  there  are  "grants,"  "loea- 
t  ons,"  etc.,  made  prior  to  the  adoption  of  the  Congressional 
system.  The  system  consists  in  first  establishing  what  is  called  a 
7»«.se  line,  running  east  and  west,  and  a  principal  meridian,  run- 
ning north  and  south,  and  both  fixed  by  passing  through  some 
determined  and  certain  point.  Parallel  with  these  lines  lit  uni- 
form distances  of  six  miles  are  run  other  lines,  those  running 
east  and  west  being  called  tcnvn  lines,  and  those  running  north 
and  south,  range  lines.  These  lines  of  course  divide  the  district 
into  sections  six  miles  square,  which  are  called  townxhii>s.  The 
location  of  a  township  is  determined  by  the  number  of  its  towns 
north  or  south,  that  is,  by  the  number  of  town  lines  it  is  north  or 
south  of  the  base  line,  which  is  always  counted  as  one  town  line, 
and  by  its  range  east  or  west,  that  is,  by  the  number  of  range 
lines  it  is  east  or  west  of  the  principal  meridian,  which  is  always 
counted  as  one  range  line.  For  instance  a  township  beginning  18 
miles  north  of  a  base  line,  and  30  miles  west  of  a  principal  merid- 
ian, would  be  described  as  town  4,  north,  range  6,  west.  The 
townships  are  divided  into  36  sections,  each  1  mile  square,  and 
containing  640  acres,  as  shown  in  the  diagram,  thus: 


6 

5 

4 

3 

2 

1 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

18 

17 

16 

15 

14 

13 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

80 

29 

28 

27 

26 

25 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

The  sections  are,  as  a  rule,  numbered  from  1  to  36,  as  shown  in 
the  diagram,  beginning  at  the  northeast  corner  of  the  township 


22 


THE  WESTERN  WORLD 


and  running  back  and  forth;  but  in  a  few  states  this  method  of 
numbering  is  departed  from  slightly.  The  sections  arc  divided 
into  quarter  sections,  each  a  half  mile  square  and  containing  100 
acres,  and  these  in  turn  are  divided  into  four  quarters,  each  of 
which  is  -fa  of  a  section,  )4  mile  square,  and  contains  40  acres. 
Both  quarter  and  sixteenths  of  a  section  are  named  by  the 
points  of  the  compass.  The  method  of  division  is  shown  in  the 
following  diagram  of  a  section: 

Thus,  the  division  marked  as  the  N. 
E.  54  represents  160  acres;  division  marked 
"VV.  H  of  the  N.  W.  1-4  represents  80  acres, 
and  the  divisions  marked  N.  E.  !4  of  the 
N.  W.  y±  represents  40  acres.  Sections 
frequently  exceed  or  fall  short  of  the 
prescribed  640  acres.  They  are  most  fre- 
quently excessive  on  the  west  border  of 
a  township.  Such  descriptions  as  the 
above  are  sufficient  in  deeds,  the  number 
of  section,  town  aiid  range  being  given. 


LOCAL  MINING  LAWS. 


The  Pacific  States,  the  Territories  and  Colorado,  have  all  local 
laws  regulating,  to  a  greater  or  less  extent,  mining  claims  and 
operations  within  their  borders.  They  make  such  laws  at  dis- 
cretion, provided  they  do  not  conflict  with  the  Federal  laws,  in 
which  C:ISP  thi-y  are  void. 

ARIZONA  has  no  importjrtt  local  laws.  Recording  claims 
is  charged  for  at  $1  for  first  100  words,  and  20  cents  for  each 
additional  100. 

CALIFORNIA.  Use  of  running  water  is  acquired  by  appro- 
priation, and  same  may  be  diverted  or  place  of  diversion  changed, 
and  ditches,  flumes,  aqueducts,  etc. .extended  if  no  injury  is  done 
others  by  the  change.  Priority  of  use  gives  priority  of  right.  No- 
tice of  appropriation  must  be  posted  at  point  of  diversion,  setting 
forth  rhe  number  of  inches  claimed  at  4  inches  pressure,  the  uses 
and  places  thereof  and  the  means  of  diversion  and  size  of  same, 
and  within  10  days  after  posting  a  copy  of  the  notice  must  be 
recorded  in  the  county  recorder's  office,  and  work  be  begun  in 
60  days,  and  prosecuted  continuously.  California  school  lands, 
•which  include  sections  16  and  33  in  each  township,  where  mineral, 
are  purchasable,  after  proper  affidavit  describing  the  land  and 
setting  forth  the  desire  to  buy,  the  occupation  of  but  40  acres  by 
the  applicant  and  the  absence  of  other  occupants,  or  that  the 
township  plat  has  been  filed  over  six  months,  and  the  adverse 
occupation  has  existed  longer  than  that  period,  at  $2.50  per  acre. 
Occupants  making  application  to  buy  within  six  months  after 
the  filing  of  the  township  plat  are  preferred. 

COLORADO.  Counties  have  power  to  fix  the  width  of  mining 
claims  within  the  limits  prescribed  by  Congress.  Where  not  so 
fixed,  the  width  is  150  feet  on  each  side  of  the  middle  of  the  vein. 
In  Gilpin,  Clear  Creek,  Boulder  and  Summit  counties  it  is  75  feet 
on  each  side  of  the  vein.  A  certificate  of  location,  containing 
names  of  locators  and  vein,  date  of  location,  number  of  feet 
claimed  and  general  course  of  the  vein,  must  be  recorded  with 
the  county  recorder  in  3  months  after  the  discovery  of  the  lode. 
The  claim  must  be  located  by  sinking  within  60  days,  a  discovery 
shaft  or  tunnel  10  or  more  feet  deep,  to  show  a  defined  crevice, 
by  posting  on  the  surface  of  the  claim  a  notice  of  the  name  and 
date  of  finding  of  the  lode,  and  name  of  locator,  and  by  mark- 
ing the  surface  boundaries  by  six.  squared  posts  at  each  corner 


GUIDE  AND   HAND-BOOK.  23 

and  in  the  middle  of  the  sides.  Lodes  dipping  beyond  the  sides 
of  a  claim  are  covered  by  the  same,  but  if  they  dip  beyond  the 
vertical  extensions  of  the  ends  they  are  not  covered.  Right  of 
way  is  given,  where  opposition  is  made  by  condemnation,  over 
othfr  claims  for  ditches,  tramways,  pack  trails,  etc.  A  defective 
location  may  be  relocated  if  no  other  rights  have  arisen.  Tnis 
requires  a  new  shaft  or  tunnel,  or  an  extension  of  the  old  one  10 
feet  deeper.  But  one  location  can  be  covered  by  a  location  cer- 
tificate. Placer  claims  must  be  recorded,  describing  same  bv 
permanent  monuments  in  same  way  as  lode  claims.  Improve- 
ments must  be  made  in  the  proportion  of  $100  to  160  acres  of 
claim.  Penalties  are  provided  for  destroying  landmarks  of 
claims,  for  buying  stolen  ore,  etc.  Where  mines  drain  in  com- 
mon, either  owner  may  drain  after  notice  to  the  other  to  share 
expense.  The  washing  of  tailings  from  a  sluice  onto  the  claim 
of  another  is  forbidden.  Title  under  United  States  law  is  not 
affected  by  state  laws. 

DAKOTA.— Discoveries  of  lodes  must  be  recorded  within  20 
days.  Provisions  and  measurements  for  location  same  as  in  Col- 
orado, except  that  8  posts  are  required,  one  in  the  middle  of 
each  end.  Discovery  shaft  must  be  dug  within  30  days. 

IDAHO.—  Liens  on  mines  for  labor  and  material,  good  if  filed 
within  BO  days,  or  where  work  is  done  under  a  sub-contractor  by 
notifying  owner  within  30  days,  and  nling  within  40  days. 

MONTANA.—  Statement  in  accordance  with  United  States 
law  mu~t  be  Hied  within  20  days  after  discovery,  at  the  office  of 
the  county  recorder,  a  vein  with  one  defined  wall  having  previ- 
ously been  discovered.  Claims  may  be  limited  to  25  feet  on  each 
side  of  the  middle  of  the  lode,  or  may  extend  300  feet  on  each 
side. 

NEVADA.— Laws  relate  principally  to  recording  and  are  un- 
importiint.  United  States  laws  govern. 

NEW  MEXICO.— Record  of  locations  must  be  made  in  3 
mouths  after  posting  notice  of  claim.  Vacant  unsurveyed  coal 
lands  may  be  taken  under  United  States  statute. 


GROUNDS  FOR  DIVORCE. 

In  addition  to  adultery  and  impotency— which  arc  comiYXn 
grounds  for  divorce  in  pretty  much  all  the  states  and  territories^ 
the  following  are  the  principal  recognized  causes,  though  othol£ 
of  a  less  general  nature  exist  including  many  discretionary  "Jib 
the  courts. 

ALABAMA.— Desertion  two  years :  imprisonment  two  years, 
the  sentence  being  seven  years  or  more;  crime  against  nature, 
drunkenness  of  husband  before  marriage,  if  concealed,  preg- 
nancy of  wife  at  marriage,  if  unknown  to  the  husband,  and  for 
cruelty  of  husband. 

ARIZONA.— Desertion  one  year,  cruelty,  conviction  of 
felony  alter  marriage,  habitual  intemperance,  fraud  or  forced 
const-lit  of  either  party  to  the  marriage. 

ARKANSAS.— Desertion  one  year,  cruelty,  habitual  drunk- 
enness for  one  year,  conviction  of  felony  or  infamous  crime. 

CALIFORNIA.— Desertion  or  neglect  one  year,  cruelty, 
drunkenness  one  year,  and  conviction  of  felony. 

COLORADO.— Desertion  one  year,  want  of  cupport  one 
year,  husband  being  in  good  health,  cruelty,  drunkenness  one 
year,  convii-tioii  of  infamous  crime. 

CONNECTICUT.  — Willful  desertion  three  years,  or  seven 
years'  absence,  drunkenness,  cruelty,  conviction  of  infamc^r 
crime. 

DAKOTA.— Cruelty,  desertion,  drunkenness  or  neglect  for 
one  year ;  conviction  for  felony. 


34  THE  WESTERN  WORLD 

DELAWARE.— Desertion  three  years,  drunkenness,  cruelty, 
and  conviction  for  felony,  neglect  to  provide  for  support  ot  wife 
for  three  years. 

DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA.— Desertion  three  years, 
crueitr. 

FLORIDA.— Desertion  one  year,  cruelty,  and  drunkenness. 
Applicant  must  have  resided  in  state  two  years  previous  to  ap- 
plication. 

GEORGIA.— Desertion  three  years,  imprisonment  two  years 
or  longer,  cruelty,  drunkenness,  pregnancy  of  wife  at  marriage 
if  unki, own  to  husband. 

IDAHO.— Desertion  one  year,  failure  TO  provide  two  years, 
husband  having- ability— cruelty  or  drunkenness,  and  conviction 
Of  felony,  when  the  sentence  is  two  years'  imprisonment  or  more. 

ILLINOIS.— Desertion  or  drunkenness  for  two  years,  cruelty, 
attempt  on  lite,  and  conviction  of  infamous  crime. 

INDIANA.— Desertion  two  years,  drunkenness,  cruelty, 
failure  to  provide  for  family  for  two  years,  and  conviction  of 
infamous  crime. 

IOWA.— Desertion  two  years,  cruelty,  drunkenness,  convic- 
tion of  felony,  pregnancy  of  wife  at  marriage  by  another  than 
husband,  unless  husband  has  illegitimate  child  unknown  to  wife. 

KANSAS.— Desertion  one  year,  cruelty,  drunkenness,  neg- 
lect, conviction  of  felony,  or  pregnancy  of  wife  by  another. 

KENTUCKY.— Desertion  one  year,  cruelty,  drunkenness, 
conviction  of  felony,  loathsome  disease,  pregnancy  of  wife  by 
another,  and  union  with  religious  society  requiring  renunciation 
of  marriage. 

LOUISIANA.— Conviction  of  felony,  and  after  one  year 
after  decree  of  separation  for  desertion,  drunkenness,  excess, 
cruelty  and  attempt  on  life. 

MAINE.— Desertion  three  years;  cruelty,  or  if  the  judge 
deems  it  reasonable  and  proper,  conducive  to  domestic  harmony 
and  consNtont  with  the  peace  and  morality  of  society. 

MARYLAND.— Desertion  three  years,  and  fornication  of 
wife  before  marriage,  separation  for  cruelty. 

IIASS-tlCHUSETTS.— Desertion  three  years:  drunkenness, 
cruelty,  neglect  to  provide  if  able;  unitinar  with  religious  society 
believing  the.  marriage  relation  unlawful,  and  sentence  to  im- 
prisonment for  five  years. 

MICHIGAN.— Desertion  two  years,  cruelty,  neglect  to  pro- 
vide it  aiile,  and  sentence  to  imprisonment  for  three  years. 

MINNESOTA.— Desertion  three  years,  cruelty,  drunken- 
ness one  year,  sentence  to  imprisonment,  separation  for  neglect 
to  provide. 

MISSISSIPPI.— Desertion  two  years,  cruelty,  drunkenness, 
and  seine-  re  TO  penitentiary. 

MISSOURI  —Desertion  one  year,  cruelty,  drunkenness, 
vagrancy  of  husband,  conviction  of  infamous  crime  before  or 
after  marriage,  pregnancy  of  wife  at  marriage  without  husband's 
knowledge. 

NEBRASKA.— Desertion  two  years,  cruelty,  drunkenness, 
sentence  to  imprisonment  for  three  years  or  more,  failure  of 
husband  to  provide. 

NEVADA.— Desertion  one  year,  cruelty,  drunkenness,  con- 
viction ot  infamous  crime,  neglect  to  provide  for  one  year  if 
not  unavoidable. 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE.— Desertion  or  absence  three  years, 
cruelty,  drunkenness  three  years,  sentence  to  imprisonment  for 
one  year  or  more,  joining  religious  society  believing  marriage 
unlawful. 

NEW  JERSEY.— Desertion  three  years;  separation  for 
cruelty. 

NEW  MEXICO.— Desertion,  cruelty. 

NEW  YORK.— Separation  for  desertion  and  cruelty;  remar- 
riage is  not  allowed  the  guilty  party  divorced  for  adultery. 

NOHTH   CAROLINA.— Pregnancy  of  wife   at    marriage 


GUIDE   AND    HAND-BOOK.  25 

without  husband's  knowledge;  separation  for  desertion,  cruelty 
ami  drunken  ness. 

OHIO.— Desertion  three  years,  cruelty,  drunkenness,  three 
years'  imprisonment  in  penitentiary. 

OREGON. -Desertion  three  years,  cruelty,  drunkenness  two 
years,  conviction  of  felony. 

PENNSYLVANIA.— Desertion  two  years,  cruelty,  sentenco 
for  felony  for  two  veal's. 

RHODE  ISLAND. -Desertion  five  years,  or  at  discretion  of 
court:  cruelty,  drunkenness,  neglect  to  provide,  and  civil 
death. 

SOUTH  CAROLINA.— All  laws  permitting  divorce  for  any 
Ciiiist-  are  repealed. 

TENNESSEE.  — Desertion  two  years,  drunkenness,  attempt 
on  life,  conviction  of  infamous  crime,  pregnancy  of  wife  at 
marriage  without  husband's  knowledge. 

TEXAS.— Desertion  three  years,  cruelty,  confinement  in 
State  prison  after  one  year. 

UTAH.— Desertion  one  year,  cruelty,  drunkenness,  neglect 
to  provide. 

VERMONT.— Desertion  three  years,  or  absence  seven  years; 
cruelty,  neglect  to  provide;  sentence  to  three  years  or  more  in 
stat»>  prison. 

VIRGINIA.— Desertion  five  years;  conviction  of  infamous 
crime  after  or  before  marriage,  if  without  knowledge  of  the 
other;  prostitution,  or  pregnancy  of  wife  before  marriage  with- 
out knowledge  of  husband;  separation  for  desertion  and 
criK'ltv. 

WEST  VIRGINIA.  -Desertion  three  years;  sentence  to 
confine-incut  in  penitentiary  before  or  after  marriage;  pregnancy 
or  prostitution  of  wife  h«'fore  marriage  without  knowledge; 
separation  tor  cruelty  and  drunkenness. 

WISCONSIN.— Desertion  one  year,  cruelty,  drunkenness, 
sent*- n.  e  to  three  years'  imprisonment  or  more. 

Desertion  must  be  willful  and  continuing  at  the  time  of  the 
petition  for  divorce.  Cruelty  must  be  extreme,  or  dangerous,  or 
barbarous,  or  inhuman.  Drunkenness'  must  sometimes  have 
been  contracted  after  the  marriage.  Its  sufficiency  is  weakened 
as  a  cause  if  not. 

A  divorce  In  one  state  is  good  in  all  others.  The  time  that 
one  must  live  in  the  state  to  be  entitled  to  a  divorce  varies,  though 
it  is  usually  one  year.  Fraud  vitiates  divorces  as  everything 
else. 


26  THE  WESTERN   WORLD 


LAW  OF  PATENTS. 

EVERY  PERSON  IS  ENTITLED  TO  A  PATENT 

•who  invents  or  discovers  any  new  and  useful  device,  art,  process, 
manufacture,  machine  or  composition  of  matter,  or  any  new  and 
useful  rearrangement  of  parts,  or  Improvement  or  application 
thereof,  or  any  new  and  original  design  for  manufacture,  for 
work  in  art,  for  printing  upon  fabrics,  for  painting,  casting  or  to 
be  worked  into  any  manufacture,  or  any  new  and  useful  shape  or 
configuration  of  any  article  of  manufacture  upon  proper  appli- 
cation and  proceeding,  and  afterpayment  of  the  fees  establisued 
by  law,  provided  the  article,  etc.,  patented  has  not  been  known 
or  used  by  others  in  this  country,  or  patented  or  described  in  any 
printed  publication  in  any  country  before  the  invention 
or  discovery  thereof  by  the  applicant,  and  provided  the 
same  has  not  been  in  public  use  or  on  sale  for  more  than  two 
years  prior  to  the  application  for  patent,  unless  proof  of  the 
abandonment  of  the  same  is  made.  Citizenship  is  not  necessary 
to  entitle  an  inventor  to  a  patent. 

THE  APPLICATION  must  be  made  in  writing  in  the 
English  language  to  the  Commissioner  of  Patents,  and  should 
comprise  petition,  specifications,  oath  and  (li'(tii'i>nj»<,  and  when  re- 
quired a  model  or  specimen  and  the  first  fee  of  $15.  Until  all  the 
parts  of  the  application,  except  tiie  model  or  specimen,  are  re- 
ceived,it  will  not  be  put  on  file,  arid  applications  signed  or  sworn 
to  in  blank,  or  without  actual  inspection  of  the  petition  and  speci- 
fications or  altered  or  partially  filled  up  after  being  signed  or 
cworn  to.  arc  stricken  from  the  files  if  the  irregularity  is  discov- 
ered before  delivery  of  the  patent.  All  applications  for  each 
year  are  numbered,  and  the  applicant  informed  of  the  serial  num- 
ber of  his  complete  application.  The  application  must  be  com- 
plete for  examination  within  two  years  after  filing  the  petition, 
or  it  will  be  considered  abandoned  unless  the  delay  be  shown  to 
be  unavoidable.  It  is  best  to  file  all  the  parts  of  an  application 
together.  Where  this  is  not  done  a  letter  should  accompany  each 
part  setting  forth  its  connection  with  the  others. 

THE  PETITION  is  a  written  request  to  the  Commissioner 
of  Patents  for  a  patent.  It  must  be  signed  by  the  applicant  and 
set  forth  his  address  and  the  name  of  his  invention,  and  refer  to 
the  specification  for  full  c'isclosures  concerning  the  same. 

THE  SPECIFICATION  is  a  written  description  of  the  in- 
vention or  discovery,  and  the  method  of  making,  constructing, 
compounding  and  using  the  same.  It  must  be  full,  clear,  con- 
cise and  exact,  so  that  any  one  with  skill  in  the  art  or  science,  to 
which  the  invention  pertains,  may  create  and  use  the  same.  It 
should  set  forth  the  name  and  residence  of  the  applicant,  the 
name,  object  and  nature  of  the  invention,  a  brief  description  of 
the  drawings,  indicating  what  each  represents,  a  description  in 
detail  of  the  invention  and  the  manner  of  constructing,  prac- 
ticing, operating  or  using  it,  the  specific  claims  of  the  inventor 
as  to  what  his  invention  is,  his  signature  and  the  signatures  of  two 
witnesses,  full  names  being  given.  All  descriptions  must  be  pre- 
cise, and  must  refer  to  the  different  drawings  when  there  are  such 
by  figures,  and  the  various  parts  thereof  by  letters  or  figures,  or 
both.  When  the  claim  is  for  improvement  only,  the  part  to 
which  the  improvement  relates  must  be  designated,  and  the  im- 
provement explicitly  distinguished  from  what  is  old.  Drawings 
in  such  cases  need  only  show  so  much  as  is  necessary  to  an  under- 
standing of  the  application,  operation,  etc.,  of  the  specific  im- 
provement. In  original  applications  the  applicant  must  state 
under  oath  whether  the  invention  has  been  patented  to  himself 
or  others  with  his  consent  or  knowledge  in  any  country,  and  if 
so,  the  countries,  date  and  number  of  each  patent,  and  that  it 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK.  27 

has  been  patented  in  no  other  country  than  those  given,  and  that 
it  has  not,  according  to  his  knowledge  and  belief,  been  in  public 
use  in  the  United  States  for  more  than  two  years  prior  to  his  ap- 
plication in  this  country.  Two  or  more  independent  inventions 
cannot  be  claimed  in  one  application,  but  when  inventions  de- 
pend upon  each  other  and  contribute  mutually  to  a  single  result, 
they  can  be  claimed  in  one  application.  When  an  inventor  claims 
several  inventions  determined  to  be  independent  of  each  other, 
he  must  limit  his  specification  of  the  pending  application  to  one 
of  them,  and  file  separate  applications  on  the  others  as  in  orig- 
inal applications.  When  two  or  more  applications  are  made  re- 
lating to  the  same  subject  matter  of  invention,  all  showing,  but 
only  one  claiming,  the  same  thing,  those  not  claiming  must  con- 
tain disclaimers  thereof,  with  reference  to  the  application  claim- 
ing it.  All  specifications  must  be  clearly  written  on  one  side  of 
paper  with  a  wide  margin  to  the  left. 

THE  OATH  must  declare  that  the  applicant  verily  believes 
himself  to  be  the  original  inventor  or  discoverer  of  the  article 
for  which  patent  is  sought;  that  he  does  not  know  or  believe 
that  the  same  has  ever  been  used  or  known,  and  of  what  country 
he  is  a  citizen  or  resident.  In  reissue  cases  the  oath  must  declare 
the  belief  of  the  applicant  that  the  original  patent  was  invalid  or 
inoperative  because  of  defective  or  insufficient  specifications,  or 
of  excessive  claim  regarding  what  is  new,  and  that  the  error  was 
the  result  of  accideru,  mistake  or  inadvertence,  and  without 
fraudulent  intent  to  deceive.  Oaths  by  administrators,  etc.,  are 
changed  to  meet  the  different  case,  but  correspond  m  tenor. 
The  oath  may  be  made  before  anybody  authorized  by  law  to 
administer  oaths.  "Where  a  claim  not  embraced  in  the  original 
application  is  sought  to  be  introduced,  a  supplemental  oath  on 
the  same  paper  as  the  proposed  amendment  is  required,  setting 
forth  that  the  said  amendment  was  part  of  his  invention,  and 
invented  before  the  filing  of  his  original  application. 

THE  DRAWINGS  are  required  when  the  nature  of  the  in- 
rentiou  admits  them.  Tney  must  be  signed  by  the  inventor  or  his 
attorney  and  by  two  witnesses,  and  must  exhibit  every  feature 
of  the  invention,  and  when  connected  with  some  previous  de- 
vice, its  connection  with  or  application  thereto.  Three  sets  of  pat- 
ent drawingsare  published,  one -ix9i4  inchest' or  ofiice  use.certified 
copies,  etc.;  one  a  quarter  the  size  for  illustrating  the  volume 
sent  to  courts,  and  a  small  one  for  the  ( Mlicial  Gazette.  All 
drawings  should  be  well  executed,  and  must  be  on  pure  white 
paper  of  the  thickness  of  three  sheet  Bristol  board,  with  smooth 
surface,  and  drawn  in  India  ink,  and  with  p;_\i  only.  The  si/.e 
of  the  sheets  must  be  exactly  10x15  inches,  and  one  inch  from 
the  edges  a  single  marginal  line  must  be  drawn,  ami  within  these 
margins  all  signatures  and  drawings  must  be  included.  A  space 
at  the  top  of  each  page  of  not  less  than  1)4  inches  must  be  left 
for  the  title,  name,  number  and  date.  This  top  must  be  one  of 
the  shorter  sides  of  the  page.  All  lines  must  be  clean,  cle;:r  Mnl 
solid,  and  not  too  fine  or  crowded.  Surface  shading  should  be 
open;  se  -tional  shading  should  l>e  by  oblique  parallel  linesabcut 
1-20  inch  apart.  As  few  lines  as  possible  s' ,  mid  be  used.  Letters 
and  figures  of  reference  must  be  carei'uhy  formed,  and  should 
avoid  mingling  with  the  lines  of  the  drawing  and  U'  of  sufficient 
size  to  bear  reduction  to  ^  their  size.  Drawings  must  be  signed 
by  the  inventor  at  the  lower  right,  and  by  witnesses  at  the 
lower  left  hand  corner  of  the  sheet.  The  title  should  be  written 
in  pencil  on  the  back,  and  is  inserted  by  the  officials  in  uniform 
style.  When  drawings  are  so  long  as  to  require  to  go  on  the 
sheet  lengthwise,  the  top  is  kept  to  the  right  with  signatures  at 
left.  All  views  on  a  sheet  must  stand  iu  ihe  same  direction. 
Drawings  should  be  rolled,  not  folded,  for  sending  to  the  office, 
and  no  stamp,  advertisement  or  address  will  be  permitted  on  the 
face  of  a  drawing.  Heis>ue  applications  must  be  accompanied 
by  new  drawings  the  same  as  in  original  applications,  and  the 
inventor's  name  must  appear  upon  them  when  granted  after 


28  THE   "\VESTEUX   WORLD 


July  8,  1870,  and  the  drawings  must  be  upon  the  same  scale  as  the 
original  ones,  or  larger,  unless  otherwise  especially  authorized 
by  fie  Commissioner.  All  lines  of  drawings  must  be  black,  and 
the  scale  must  be  large  enough  to  show  the  mechanism  wiinout 
crowding.  More  than  one  sheet  can  be  used  when  necessary,  but 
this  should  be  avoided.  Drawings  not  well  executed  and  in  con- 
lormiiy  with  the  foregoing  will  be  returned  to  the  applicant,  or 
it'  he  j i refer,  the  department  will  make  the  proper  corrections. 
The  office  will  also  make  drawings,  at  cost,  as  rapidly  as  possible 
when  so  desired,  when  the  applicant  cannot  otherwise  conven- 
iently get  them. 

MODELS  are  not  required  or  admit',  ed  unless  found  to  be 
necessary  or  useful  by  the  primary  examiner,  and  a  written 
Statement  to  that  effect  is  filed  by  him.  \\  lien  required  the 
examination  is  suspended  till  the  model  is  furnished.  Appeals 
can  be  made  from  the  decision  of  the  primary  examiner  to  tlie 
Commissioner.  The  model  should  clearly  exhibit  every  feature 
of  the  machine,  but  should  include  as  little  not  pertinent  to  the 
invention  as  possible,  unless  a  working  model  be  desirable.  It 
must  be  neatly  made,  substantial  and  durable,  metal  being  the 
material  preferred;  but  if  the  invention  has  essential  y  to  do 
•with  a  material,  it  must  be  of  that  material.  It  must  not 
exceed  a  foot  in  any  of  its  dimensions,  except  by  especial  p<-r- 
mission.  If  made  of  wood,  it  must  be  painted  or  varnished,  and 
giue  must  not  be  used,  it  being  desired  that  the  connection  of 
the  parts  be  capable  of  resisting  heat  and  moisture.  Th«?  name 
of  the  inventor  should  be  permanently  ttxeu  on  the  model.  Ap- 
plications will  not  be  examined  where  a  mod<  1  is  necessary  unt.l 
a  proper  one  is  furnished.  Unless  for  esptcial  reasons,  models 
are  subject  to  the  removal  of  the  applicant  when  the  application 
has  been  rejected  more  than  two  years,  and  upon  the  tiling  of  a 
formal  abandonment  of  an  application,  signed  by  the  applicant 
in  person,  before  two  years  have  expired,  the  model  may  be 
returned.  .Mode's  belonging  to  patented  eases  are  pe  milled  to 
leave  the  office  only  in  charge  of  a  sworn  employe  especially 
authorized  by  the  Commissioner,  with  the  written  approval  of 
the  Secretary  of  the  Interior.  Models  in  contested  cases  may  be 
returned  to  the  applicants,  and  when  not  claimed  in  a  reasonable 
time  may  be  disposed  of  at  the  discretion  of  the  claimant. 
Models  not  required  are  returned. 

SPECIMENS.— When  a  patent  is  sought  upon  some  form  or 
composition  of  matler,  specimens  of  it  and  its  ingredients  are 
required  in  sufficient  quantity  for  experiment  and  preservation 
where  not  perishable. 

EXAMINATIONS  are  made  in  regular  order,  all  applica- 
tions being  classified.  Inventions  esteemed  important  to  the 
public  service  may  be  taken  up  out  of  their  order  at  the  request 
of  any  head  of  department  of  the  government. 

REJECTIONS,  ETC.—  Applicants  are  notified  of  rejections, 
and  the  reasons  for  the  same  fully  and  exactly  given,  with  such 
information  and  references  as  may  enable  him  to  judge  of  the 
advisability  of  further  prosecuting  his  application,  or  of  chang- 
ing his  specifications.  If  he  persist  with  or  without  changing  the 
specifications  the  ease  will  be  re-examined,  and  if  again  rejected, 
the  reasons  therefor  will  be  again  fully  given.  Notice  of  ad- 
verse decisions  on  preliminary  or  intermediate  questions  without 
rejection  of  any  claim  is  also  given  to  applicant  with  reasons, 
and  if  he  dispute  tlie  propriety  of  such  decision  it  will  be  recon- 
sidered. 

AMENDMENTS  may  be  made  before  or  after  the  first  re- 
jection, wi-d  as  often  as  new  reasons  for  rejection  aie  offered. 
In  case  of  such  amendments  the  applicant  m  st  clearly  show  all 
paten  table  points  which  the  invention  presents  in. view  of  the 
references  cited  or  objections  made,  and  must  point  out  how  the 
amendments  cover  such  objections  or  references.  The  right  to 
amend  is  usually  denied  when  such  action  has  been  taken  on  all 
claims  as  entitle  the  applicant  to  an  appeal  to  the  Board  of  Ex- 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK. 


amincrs  in  Chief.  Good  reasons  for  presenting  subsequent 
amendments  must  be  shown  as  well  as  reasons  for  not  making- 
them  earlier.  Jf  consideration  of  them  is  refused,  an  appeal  to 
the  Commissioner  may  be  made,  the  error  of  the  Examiner  being- 
specifically  pointed  out.  Amendments  for  inaccuracy  and  cler- 
ical faults  may  be  made  or  required.  Nothing-  not  a  part  of  the 
original  invention  can  be  covered  by  an  amendment.  The  appli- 
cation once  complete,  the  specifications  will  not  be  returned 
under  any  conditions,  but  copies  will  be  furnished  at  a  fixed 
charge. 

DESIGNS  are  patentable  by  citizens  or  aliens,  after  proceed- 
ings as  in  inventions  and  payment  of  dues,  for  3^,  7  or  14  years,  as 
may  be  desired  by  the  applicant.  The  specification  must  exhibit 
the  name  and  residence  of  the  applicant,  name  of  design  and 
article  for  which  it  is  created,  description  of  the  design  as  it  ap- 
pears in  the  drawing,  using  letters  and  figures  to  indicate  the  parts, 
claims  and  signatures  of  inventor  and  two  witnesses.  A  model 
may  be  required  if  a  drawing  or  photograph  does  not  sufficiently 
represent  it.  The  drawings  and  photographs  must  conform  to 
the  requirements  in  the  case  of  inventions,  but  where  photographs 
are  u«e'l.  10  extra  copies  must  he  furnished. 

IF  AN  INVENTOR  DIE,  application  may  in  all  cases  be 
made  by  his  legal  representatives,  and  patent  will  issue  to  them 
for  th<-  benefit  of  his  estate. 

IF  AN  INVENTOR  BELIEVED  in  gpod  faith,  at  the  time 
of  making  application,  that  he  was  the  originator  of  the  article, 
compound,  design  or  improvement,  etc..  he  may  receive  a  patent, 
even  though,  without  his  knowledge,  the  invention  was  or  had 
been  in  use  in  foreign  countries  prior  to  his  invention,  provided 
it  had  not  been  patented  or  described  in  any  printed  publication. 

JOINT  INVENTORS  receive  joint  patents ;  neither  can  ob- 
tain a  separate  one.  Inventors  of  different  parts  of  a  device  or 
different  improvements  therein  cannot,  when  Independent  of 
each  other,  get  a  joint  patent.  If  one  party  furnish  the  capital 
and  another  make  the  invention  a  joint  application  cannot  be 
made,  but  the  patent  may  issue  to  them  jointly  or  to  either  if 
proper  assignment  bf  m>'de 

PATENTS  FROM  FOREIGN  GOVERNMENTS  are 
not  an  obstacle  to  the  acquirement  of  a  patent  by  the  inventor  in 
the  United  States,  unless  the  invention  has  been  in  public  use  in. 
this  country  for  more  than  two  years  prior  to  the  application, 
but  such  patent  will  expire  at  the  time  the  foreign  patent,  having- 
the  shortest  life,  expires.  No  patent  will  remain  in  force  more 
than  17  years. 

RE-ISSUE  is  granted  to  the  holders  of  the  origin nl  patent 
when  the  same  is  Inoperative  through  defect  of  any  kind  arising- 
from  ace  dental  or  other  causes,  free  from  fraud  or  intention  to 
deceive.  In  case  of  patents  dated  prior  to  July  8th.  1870.  the  ap- 
plication can  be  made  by  the  assignees,  but  in  patents  junior  to 
that  date  the  application  must  be  made  and  specification  sworn 
to  by  the  inventors,  if  living.  The  application  must  be  accom- 
panied by  an  abstract  showing  the  complete  chain  of  title,  mid  if 
made  by  the  inventor,  when  assigned,  by  a  written  consent  Iroin 
the  owners;  by  a  statement  of  defects  or  insufficiencies  in  the 
original  specification  which  render  the  patent  inoperative,  and 
pointing  out  such  claims  as  were  in  excess  of  the  rights  of  the-  in- 
ventor; by  a  statement  explanatory  of  how  such  errors  came  to 
be  made  and  by  an  oath  that  the  errors  were  not  made  with 
fraudulent  intent.  If  the  examiner  declare  the  statement  insuffi- 
cient, an  appeal  lies  to  the  Commissioner.  New  matter  cannot  be 
introduced  into  the  re-issue  specifications,  nor  can  the  model  or 
drawings  be  amended  except  each  b\  the  other.  When  there  is 
neither  model  or  drawing,  amendment  may  be  made  upon  satis- 
factory proof  that  the  matter  Offered  was  a  part  of  the  original 
invention  and  omitted  by  Inadvertence,  accident  or  error.  Several 
patents  may  issue  fur  separate  parts  of  the  device  patented,  if  so 
requested  by  the  patentee,  a  fee  being  charged  for  each.  Each 


30  THE   WESTERN   WORLD 


division  so  made  forms  a  subject  of  separate  specification  of  the 
part  or  parts  claimed  therein,  and  the  drawing's  or  model  should 
represent  only  such  portion.  Unless  otherwise  directed  by  the 
commissioner  all  such  divisions  of  a  re-issue  issue  at  the  same  time, 
and  delay  or  controversy  in  one  will  delay  all.  An  original  claim 
reproduced  in  the  amended  specification  is  subject  to  re-examin- 
ation, and  the  application  to  rev  sion  and  restriction  as  in  original 
cases.  The  application  for  re-issue  must  be  accompanied  by  a 
surrender  of  the  original  patent  or  an  affidavit  of  its  loss  and  a  cer- 
tilied  copy.  If  re-issue  is  denied  the  original  will  be  returned. 
Any  points  which  might  have  legitimately  been  claimed  in  the 
original  patent,  but  were  neglected  without  fraudulent  intention, 
may  be  covered  by  a  re-issue,  but  cannot  be  made  the  subject  of  a 
separate  patent. 

PRIORITY  OF  INVENTION  between  different  claimants 
to  an  invention  is  determined  bv  proceedings  termed  inter  f>  n  n<-<\ 
and  is  not  barred  by  the  issue  of  a  patent.  It  may  arise  lietween 
original  applicants,  original  applicants  and  holders  of  patent  in 
force,  original  applicants  and  applicants  for  re- issue,  two  or  more 
applicants  for  re-issue,  a  re-issue  applicant  and  unexpired  patent 
and  re-issue  applicants  of  unexpired  patents. 

THE  PATENT  issues  when  on  due  examination  it  appears 
that  the  applicant  is  entitled  to  one.  He  is  notified  of  the  allow- 
ance prior  to  the  issue,  and  must  remit  the  final  fee,  when  the 
patent  will  be  delivered  or  mailed  to  him  on  date  of  issue  or  to 
his  attorney,  as  the  latter  may  direct,  but  to  no  one  eho  unless 
especially  requested.  When  the  fee  is  paid  and  date  and  number 
given  the  case,  a  withdrawal  is  not  permitted  for  any  reason  ex- 
cept fraud,  a  mistake  on  the  part  of  the  patent  office,  interfer- 
ence or  illegality. 

DATE,  DURATION  AND  FORM  OF  PATENTS.- 
Patents  bear  date  not  later  than  fc  mom  hs  after  date  of  passing'  on 
application  and  allowance,  if  final  fee  is  paid.  On  failure  to  pay 
in  the  -.me  named  the  patent  is  withheld.  Patents  cannot  be 
antedated.  They  contain  a  recital  of  the  invention  in  brief,  in- 
dicating1 its  nature  and  purpose,  and  grant  to  the  patentee  and 
his  legal  representatives  exclusive  right  to  make,  use  and  sell  the 
invention  in  the  United  States  and  Territories  for  17  years,  or  so 
long,  if  patented  abroad,  as  the  shortest  of  the  foreign  patents 
ism  force,  not  to  exceed  17  years.  Design  patents  run  £}4,  7  and 
14  years  as  stated,  a  copy  of  specifications  and  drawings  forms 
part  of  the  patent. 

CORRECTIONS  in  patents,  of  errors  made  by  the  Patent 
<  iflice,  will  be  made  on  due  application,  and  if  sufficient  to 
warrant  a  reissue,  such  will  be  made.  No  charge  is  made  for  such 
corrections  or  re-issue,  but  mistakes  made  by  the  patentee,  or 
not  through  any  fault  of  the  office  unless  forming  grounds  for  a 
reissue,  will  not  be  corrected  after  delivery  of  patent. 

PATENTS  ABANDONED,  FORFEITED,  ETC. -Appli- 
cations not  completed  for  examination  in  :.'  years  after  filing 
petition,  or  not  prosecuted  in  proper  manner  in  2  years  after  no- 
tice of  action,  therein,  or  in  regard  to  which  a  written  declara- 
tion of  abandonment  has  been  filed,  are  held  to  be  abandoned,  and 
the  same  cannot  be  renewed  unless  the  failure  to  prosecute  be 
shown  to  have  been  unavoidable.  If  an  abandoned  application 
be  renewed,  new  specifications,  oath,  fees  and  drawings  are  re- 
quired, but  the  old  model,  if  suitable,  may  be  used.  Failure  to 
pay  the  final  fee  within  the  time  fixed  works  a  forfeiture  of 
patent.  When  so  forfeited  any  one  interested  may  file  a  new  ' 
application  any  time  within  2  years. 

DISCLAIMER  in  writing  maybe  filed  upon  payment  of  the 
prescribed  fee,  whenever  the  original  patentee  has,  by  uninten- 
tional error,  claimed  more  than  he  was  entitled  to,  disclaiming 
such  parts,  and  his  patent  is  valid  for  what  portion  is  justly  his 
if  such  part  is  a  material  portion  of  the  thing  patented.  Such 
disclaimer  may  be  filed  by  any  one  interested  in  the  patent,  such 
interest  being  duly  set  forth  therein,  but  pending  actions  are  un- 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-HOOK.  31 

affected  by  it.  One  witness  is  required,  and  the  disclaimer  must 
be  recorded  in  the  patent  office.  It  must  be  distinguished  from 
disclaimers  filed  in  original  or  reissue  applications,  or  to  avoid 
prolonged  interference  cases. 

CAVEATS  are  notices  to  the  Patent  Office  of  claims  to  in- 
vention to  prevent  the  grant  of  a  patent  to  another  for  the  same 
invention  upon  application  filed  during  the  life  of  the  caveat 
without  proper  notice  to  the  filer  of  the  same.  A  caveat  may 
be  filod  by  any  inventor  who  is  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  or 
has  been  a  resident  lor  1  year  ami  swears  to  his  intention  to 
bjcoinca  citizen,  and  wants  time  to  perfect  his  invention,  upon 
payment  of  the  pr  /per  fee.  Th<;  caveat  sets  lorth  the  principle 
and  purpose  of  the  invention,  and  asks  protection  until  the  same 
shall  be  perfected.  They  are  preserved  in  secret  and  are  valid  for 
1  year  from  date  of  filing.  It  must  cover  only  one  invention,  con- 
tain a  specification  and  oath,  and,  if  possible,  a  drawing,  but  the 
description  need  not  be  so  precise  as  in  an  application  for  patent. 
The  caveat  may  be  re  -owed.  It'  an  application  1'or  a  patent  be 
filed  by  any  other  person  during  the  life  of  the  cave.it  for  an  in- 
vention interfering  with  that  set  forth  in  the  caveat,  and  said 
application  shall  be  found  patentable  before  the  expiration  of  the 
caveat,  the  application  will  be  suspended,  notice  given  the 
caveator  and  an  interference  granted,  if  the  latter  files  a  com- 
plete application  within  the  prescribed  time.  Tlu  last  n-.uued 
application  must  be  filed  within  3  months  from  the  date  indorsed 
on  the  notice  afore-mentioned.  No  notice  is  given  the  caveator 
of  actions  pending  at  the  time  of  filing  the  caveat,  or  of  u implica- 
tions filed  after  it  has  expired.  Caveats  may  be  renewe  '  from 
time  to  time,  a  new  fee  being  paid  each  time.  It  gives  no  rights 
or  protection  except  the  notice  of  interfering  applications.  It 
is  not  assignable,  although  the  invention  covered  is  assignable, 
caveat  papers  cannot  be  removed  from  the  office,  but  copies  will 
be  issued,  for  which  a  charge  is  made.  All  new  matter  requires 
a  separate  caveat. 

ALIENATION'  of  any  patent  or  interest  therein  may  be 
made  in  writing,  and  may  cover  all  or  any  specified  part  of  the 
Union.  Tne  rights  accruing  under  a  patent  may  be  granted  in 
writing  to  any  parson  to  make  and  use  the  invention  in  the 
United  States,  or  any  specified  part  thereof,  or  to  grant  the  right 
in  turn  to  others,  and  may  exclude  the  patentee  therefrom.  A 
patent  may  be  mortgaged  in  writing.  License  to  use  the  patent 
may  also  be  granted  orally  or  in  writing.  An  assignment,  grant, 
conveyance  or  mortgage,  unless  recorded  in  the  patent  office 
within  3  months  from  date  of  execution,  is  void  against  subse- 

?uent  purchasers,  mortgagees,  eta,  for  a  valuable  consideration, 
nstruments  which  amount  to  a  license,  mortgage,  convey- 
ance, assignment,  grant  or  lien,  or  affect  the  title  to  the  patent, 
may  be  recorded,  and  no  others.  Conditional  assignments 
(recorded)  are  regarded  as  absolute  until  canceled  by  consent  of 
b<  >t  h  parties  or  the  decree  of  a  competent  court.  \Vhen  it  is  desired 
that  the  patent  shall  issue  to  an  assignee,  the  assignment  must  be 
nvorded  at  the  patent  office  not  later  than  the  date  of  payment 
of  the  final  fee. 

FEES  are,  as  a  rule,  payable  in  advance  upon  application  for 
each  action.  They  are  as  follows : 

On  filing  each  application  for  design  patent  for  3J£  years.  -SIC  00 

<  Mi  issuing  same  no  further  charge. 

On  filing  each  original  application  for  design  patent  for 

seven  years 15  00 

On  filing  each  original  application  for  design  patent  for 

f  i  mrteen  years 30  00 

On  filing  each  caveat 10  00 

On  filing  each  original  application  for  patent 15  00 

On  filing  each  original  application  for  invention  or  dis- 
covery   20  00 

On  filing  a  disclaimer 10  00 


32  THE   WESTEKX  WORLD 


On  filing  each  application  for  re-issue $30  00 

On  filing  each  application  for  division  of  a  reissue 30  00 

On  filing  every  application  for  extension  of  a  patent 50  dO 

On  the  grant  of  every  extension 50  00 

On  filing  an  appeal  from  a  primary  examiner  to  the  exam- 
iners in  chief 10  00 

On  filing  appeal  to  the  commissioners  from  examiners  in 

chief 20  00 

For  certified  copies  of  patents  or  other  instruments,  except 

copies  of  printed  patents  sold  by  the  office  for  every  100 

words 10 

Forcertifled  copies  of  printed  patents  sold  by  the  office,  10 

cents  tor  every  100  words,  less  the  price  actually  paid 

for  such  copies  without  certification. 
For  certified  copies  of  drawings,  the  reasonable  cost  of 

making  them. 

For  recording  an  assignment  of  300  words  or  less 1  00 

For  recording  an  assignment  of   more  than  300  and  not 

more  than  1,000  words 200 

For  recording  every  assignment  of  more  than  1,000  words. .     3  00 
For  uncertified  copies  of  the  specifications  and  accompan- 

ing  drawings  of  all  patents  which  are  in  print: 

Single  copies 25 

Twemy  copies  or  more,  whether  of  one  or  several  patents, 

per  copy 10 

For  uncertified  copies  of  the  specifications  and  drawings  of 

pate  ts  not  in  print,  the  reasonable  cost  of  making  the 

same. 
For  copies  of  matter  in  any  foreign  language,  per  100  words, 

or  fraction  thereof 20 

For  translations,  per  100  words,  or  fraction  thereof 50 

For  assistance  to  attorneys  and  others  in  examination  of 

records,  one  hour  or  less 50 

Each  additional  hour,  or  fraction  thereof 50 

For  assistance  to  attorneys  in  examination  of  patents  and 

other  works  in  thtr  Scientific  Library,  one  hour  or  less. .  1  00 
Each  additional  hour,  or  fraction  thereof 1  00 

MISCELLANEOUS.— All  business  must  be  done  in  writing. 

All  letters  must  be  addressed  to  the  "Commissioner  of  Patents." 

All  charges  on  matter  sent  to  the  Patent  Office  must  be  pre- 
paid or  the  same  will  not  be  received. 

The  personal  presence  of  applicants  at  the  Patent  Office  is  un- 
necessary. 

A  separate  letter  should  be  written  on  each  subject  of  inquiry 
or  application. 

Assignments  for  record,  final  fees  and  orders  for  copies  or 
abstracts  must  each  be  in  a  separate  letter. 

Letters  concerning  applications  should  give  name  of  applicant 
and  invention,  serial  number  and  date  of  the  application. 

Letters  relating  to  a  patent  should  give  name  of  patentee  and 
article  patented,  and  number  and  date  of  patent. 

After  patent  is  granted  models,  specifications  are  open  to  pub- 
lic inspection. 

Any  person  of  good  moral  character,  duly  empowered  hy  power 
of  attorney,  may  act  as  attorney,  but  a  power  of  attorney  exe- 
cuted to  a  firm  must  specify  names,  and  the  power  must  be  filed 
at  the  Patent  Office  before  the  authority  of  the  attorney  will  be 
recognized. 

( )rders  for  copies  of  assignments  must  give  book  and  page  of 
record  and  name  of  inventor,  or  an  extra  charge  will  be  made. 

Xn  one  is  permitted  to  make  copies  or  tracings  from  the  files 
or  records  of  the  Patent  Office. 

The  weekly  issue  of  patents  is  made  on  Thursday,  and  the 
patents  bear  date  on  the  3d  Tuesday  thereafter. 

All  money  sent  is  at  the  risk  of  the  sender.  Money  paid  by 
mistake,  in  excess,  when  not  required,  will  be  returned,  but  no 


GUIDE  AND   HAND-BOOK.  33 


return  will  be  mrrle  to  tho«e  changing  their  intention  and  wishing1 
to  withdraw  applications  etc. 

COPYRIGHTS  niiiy  be  obtained  by  any  citizen  or  resident 
of  the  Uniteil  States  who  is  the  author,  inventor,  designer  or 
owner  of  any  book,  map,  chart,  dramatic  or  musical  composition, 
engraving,  cut,  print  (unless  a  trade-mark  or  label),  photograph 
(or  negative  ot  same),  painting,  drawing,  chromo,  statuary, 
statue,  or  any  model  or  design  intended  to  l>e  perfected  as  a  work 
of  art.  The  title  or  description  inust  be  deposited  with  the 
Librarian  of  Congress  lief  ore  the  publication  of  the  work.  A  copy- 
right is  granted  for  twenty-eight  years,  and  may  be  renewed 
for  fourteen  years.  It  may  be  assigned,  the  assignment  to  be 
recorded  in  the  Library  of  Congress.  The  fee  to  the  government 
taSL 

TRADE-MARKS  used  in  commerce  with  any  foreign 
country,  or  with  any  Indian  tribe,  may  be  registered  by  the  owner 
in  the  Patent  OlHce  for  the  period  of  thirty  years,  and  are 
protected  by  the  act  of  Congress  of  March  3, 1881.  Trade-marks 
registered  under  prior  unconstitutional  acts  may  be  re-registered 
without  the  payment  of  any  additional  Government  fee.  Trade- 
marks may  be  assigned,  and  the  deed  should  be  recorded  in  the 
Patent  Office  within  sixty  days  after  its  execution.  The  Govern- 
ment foe  is  £-">• 

LABELS  include  any  device,  picture,  word  or  words,  figure  or 
figures  (not  a  trade-mark)  applied  to  articles  of  manufacture  to 
indicate  the  contents  of  a  package,  the  name  of  the  manufact- 
urer or  place  of  manufacture,  the  quality  of  the  goods,  direc- 
tions for  use,  etc.,  and  may  be  registered  in  the  Patent  Office. 
The  term  of  the  grant  is  for  twenty-eight  years.  The  Govern- 
ment fee  is  $fi.  If  application  is  made  for  registration  as  a  label 
when  the  application  should  be  for  a  trade-mark,  the  registration 
will  be  refused  and  the  foe  paid  lost. 

APPLICATIONS  FOR  TRADE-MARK  OR  LABEL 
should  give  names,  reside  nee  and  p'ace  of  business  ot  the  owners 
of  the  trade-mark  or  label  (if  owned  by  a  company  a  statement 
that  the  same  is  or  is  not  incorporated);  a  foe-simile  of  the  mark 
or  label ;  a,  statement  of  the  class  of  merchandise  to  which  it  has 
been  applied,  and  the  particular  description  or  kind  of  goods 
comprised  in  such  class;  a  description  of  the  particular  manner 
in  which  the  mark  or  label  has  been  applied,  whether  direct  to 
the  article,  or  to  wrappers  or  to  packages  or  oilier  vessels  con- 
taining the  article,  and  whether  applied  in  colors  or  not.  The 
owner  of  a  mark  or  label  is  not  confined  to  any  particular  man- 
ner of  applying  the  mark  or  labrl.  although  it  is  necessary  to 
state  in  what  manner  it  has  been  usually  applied  and  how  long 
the  mark  or  label  has  been  used  on  the  particular  class  of  goods, 
and  if  used  on  goods  in  commerce  with  foreign  nations  or  Indian 
tribes,  with  what  nation  or  tribe  it  has  been  so  used  should  be 
stated. 

CANADIAN  PATENTS  may  be  taken  out  at  any  time 
within  a  year  after  issued  here.  Model  is  required  and  must  not 
exceed  one  foot  by  eighteen  inches  in  size.  The  term  of  the 
patent  is  five,  ten  or  fifteen  years,  at  the  option  of  the  applicant, 
and  may  be  taken  at  first  for  a  short  term,  and  afterwards  ex- 
tended to  the  longer  term.  The  Government  fee  for  five  years  is 
$20 ;  for  ten  years,  $40 ;  and  for  fifteen  years,  860.  The  proced- 
ure and  laws  are  smell  the  same  as  in  the  United  States. 


34  THE   WESTERN  WORLD 


PENSIONS. 

PENSIONS  ARE  GRANTED  to  all  soldiers  and  sailors 
disabled  by  wounds  or  disease  incurred  in  the  line  of  duty  in  the 
military  or  naval  service  of  the  United  States.  Where  the  sol- 
dier or  sailor  has  died  of  such  wounds  or  disease  so  contracted, 
his  widow  is  entitled  to  a  pension  till  she  remarry.  If  she  be 
dead  or  remarry,  the  pension  goes  to  the  children  under  16  years 
old  of  the  soldier  or  sailor.  If  there  are  neither  widow  nor  chil- 
dren under  16  years  old  the  deceased  soldier's  or  sailor's  mother, 
if  dependent  wholly  or  m  part  upon  him  for  support,  takes  the 
pension,  and  when  there  are  neither  widow,  children,  nor  mother, 
sisters  under  16  years  old  dependent  on  the  deceased  are  entitled 
to  pension.  Injuries  or  disease  hereafter  received  in  the  service 
asst  >te'l  also  entitle  to  pension. 

THE  AMOUNT  OF  PENSION  allowed  is  for  total  disa- 
bility to  ollicers,  commissioned  or  non-commissioned,  privates, 
musicians  and  marines  as  follows: 

Lieutenant-Colonel  or  higher  rank,  per  month $30  00 

Major,  per  month 25  00 

Captain,  per  month  20  00 

First-Lieutenant,  per  month 1700 

Second  Lieutenant,  per  month 1500 

Non-commissioned  officers,  musicians  and   privates,  per 

month 800 

In  the  naval  service  the  amount  of  pension  allowed  is  as  fol- 
lows: 

Captains,  commanders,  surgeons,  paymasters  and  chief  en- 
gineers, ranking  by  law  with  commander,  lieutenants- 
commanding  and  masters-commanding,  per  month —  $30  00 
Lieutenants,  surgeons,  paymasters,  chief  engineers,  rank- 
ing with  lieutenant  by  law  and  passed  assistant  sur- 
geons, per  month 25  00 

Professors  of   mathematics,  masters,   assistant-surgeons, 

assistant-paymasters  and  chaplains,  per  month 20  00 

First  assistant-engineers  and  pilots,  per  month 1500 

Passed  midshipmen,  captains  and  paymasters,  clerks,  sec- 
ond and  third  assistant-engineers,  masters,  mates,  and 

all  wan  ant  officers,  per  month 1000 

Petty  officers,  seameu,  etc.,  per  month 8  00 

BUT  ONE  FULL  PENSION  is  allowed,  and  is  the  prop- 
erty of  the  person  having  precedent  right  in  the  order  above 
stated.  When  it  goes  to  children  or  sisters  it  must  be  equally 
divided  between  them. 

PENSIONS  BEGIN  at  the  date  of  discharge  from  service 
in  invalid  cases,  if  application  be  made  within  a  year  thereafter, 
otherwise  at  the  date  of  application.  Pensions  to  widows,  etc., 
bejrin  with  the  death  of  the  husband,  etc. 

PROOF  OF  RIGHT  TO  PENSION. -The  declaration  of 
the  right  of  the  claimant,  including  evidence  of  identity,  must 
be  sworn  to  before  a  court  of  record  or  some  officer  of  such  court 
having  authority. 

In  support  of  the  allegations  in  the  claimant's  declaration,  tes- 
timony must  be  produced  and  the  following  rules  obse.-ved: 

1.  The  claimant's  identity  must  be  proved  by  two  witnesses, 
certified  by  a  judicial  officer  to  be  respectable  and  credible,  who 
are  present  and  witness  the  signature  of  the  declarant,  and  who 
state,  upon  oath  or  affirmation,  their  belief ,  either  from  personal 
acquaintance  or  for  other  reasons  given,  that  he  or  she  is  the  iden- 
tical person  he  or  she  represents  himself  or  herself  to  be. 


GUIDE  AND   HAND-BOOK.  35 


2.  Every  applicant  for  an    invalid    pension  must,  if  in    his 
power,  produce  the  certificate  of  the  captain,  or  oi  ooiiie  other 
commissioned  officer  under  whom  he  served,  distinctly  stating 
the  time  and  place  of  the  said  applicant's  having1  been  wounded 
or  otherwise  disabled  and  the  nature  of  the  disability;  and  that 
the  said  disability  arose  while  he  was  in  the  service  of  the  United 
States  and  in  the  line  of  his  duty. 

3.  If  it  be  impracticable  to  obtain  such  certificate,  by  the  rea- 
son of  the  death  or  removal  of  said  officers,  it  must  be  so  stated 
under  oath  by  the  applicant,  and  his  averment  of  the  fact  proved 
by  persons  of  known  respectability,  who  must  state  paiticularly 
all  the  knowledge  they  may  possess  in  relation  to  such  death  or 
removal;  then  secondary  evidence  can  be  received.    In  such  case 
the  applicant  must  produce  the  testimony  of  at  least  two  cred- 
ible witnesses  (who  were  in  a  condition  to  know  the  facts  about 
which  they  testify),  whose  good  character  must  be  vouched  for 
by  a  judicial  officer,  or  by  some  one  known  to  the  department. 
The  witnesses  must  give  a  minute  narrative  of  the  facts  in  rela- 
tion to  the  matter,  and  must  show  how  they  obtained  a  knowl- 
edge of  the  facts  to  which  they  testify. 

4.  The  usual  certificate  of  disability  for  discharge  should  show 
the  origin,  character,  and  degree  9!  the  claimant's  disability; 
but  when  that  is  wanting  or  defective,  the  applicant  will  be  re- 
quired to  be  examined  l>y  some  surgeon  regularly  appointed, 
unless  clearly  impracticable. 

5.  The  habits  of  the  applicant,  and  his  occupation  since  he  left 
the  service,  should  be  shown  by  at  least  two  credible  witnesses. 

If  the  applicant  claims  a  pension  as  the  widow  of  a  deceased 
officer  or  soldier,  she  must  prove  the  legality  of  her  marriage,  the 
death  of  her  husband,  and  thatsheisstilla  widow.  She  must  also 
furnish  the  names  and  ages  of  the  decedent's  children  under  16 
years  of  age  at  her  husband's  death,  and  the  place  of  their  resi- 
dence. On  remarriage  her  pension  ceases,  and  the  child  or  children 
of  the  deceased  officer  or  soldier,  if  any  be  living,  uuder  the  age 
of  16  years,  are  entitled  to  the  same  in  her  stead,  from  the  date  of 
such  remarriage,  on  the  requisite  proof,  under  a  new  declaration. 
Proof  of  the  marriage  of  the  parent"  and  of  the  age  of  claimants 
will  be  required  in  all  applications  in  behalf  of  minor  children. 
The  legality  of  the  marriage,  in  either  case,  may  be  ascertained 
by  the  certificate  of  the  clergyman  who  performed  the  marriage 
ceremony,  or  by  the  testimony  of  respectable  persons  having 
knowldge  of  the  fact,  in  default  of  record  evidence,  which  last 
must  always  be  furnished,  or  its  absence  shown.  The  ages  and 
number  of  children  may  be  ascertained  by  the  deposition  of  the 
mother,  accompanied  by  the  testimony  of  respectable  persons 
having  knowledge  of  them,  or  by  transcripts  from  the  parish  or 
town  registers  duly  authenticated. 

A  mother,  to  be  entitled  to  a  pension,  as  haying  been  wholly  or 
partly  dependent  on  a  deceased  officer  or  soldier,  must  prove  that 
the  latter  contributed  to  her  support  for  a  certain  period,  show- 
ing specifically  in  what  manner  and  to  what  extent. 

If  the  claimant  be  a  dependent  sister,  like  proof  will  be  re- 
quired of  the  marriage  of  her  parents  and  of  her  relationship  to 
the  deceased. 

Guardians  of  minor  claimants  must,  in  all  cases,  produce  evi- 
dence of  their  authority  as  such,  under  the  seal  of  the  court  from 
which  their  appointment  is  obtained. 

Applicants  of  the  last  four  classes  enumerated  at  the  head  of  the 
chapter,  who  have  in  any  manner  aided  or  abetted  the  rebellion 
against  the  United  States  Government,  are  not  entitled  to  the 
benefits  of  this  act. 

Invalid  applicants  who  are  minors  may  apply  in  their  own  be- 
half, without  the  intervention  of  a  guardian. 

Attorneys  for  claimants  must  have  proper  authority  from 
those  in  whose  behalf  they  appear.  Powers  of  attorney  must  be 
signed  in  the  presence  of  two  witnesses  and  acknowledged  before 


36  THE     WESTERN  WORLD 


a  duly  qualified  officer,  whose  official  character  must  be  certified 
under  seal. 

In  nil  cases  the  post-office  address  of  the  claimant  must  be  dis- 
tinctly stated,  over  his  or  her  proper  signature. 

In  filing'  additional  evidence,  correspondents  should  always 
give  the  number  of  the  claim  as  well  as  the  name  of  the  claimant. 

Pensions  are  also  drawn  by  invalid  soldiers  of  the  war  of  !>!:.' 
and  the  Mexican  war,  and  their  unmarried  widows,  unless  barred 
by  acts  construed  as  against  the  government  in  the  war  of  1861- 
186.-.. 

ALL.  INFORMATION  relative  to  pensions  and  the  means 
of  procuring'  them,  together  with  a  copy  of  the  pension  laws  and 
all  necessary  blanks  and  directions  for  proceedings,  are  fur- 
nished free  on  application  to  the  Commissioner  of  Pensions,  at 
Washington,  D.  C.,  or  to  any  pension  ugent. 


POSTAL  RATES  AND  RULES. 

(XEW.) 

DIRECTIONS  FOR  MAILING.-A11  mail  matter  must  be 
directed  to  a  postoffice,  otherwise  it  will  not  be  forwarded.  Di- 
rections should  be  as  full  as  possible.  If  name  and  address  of 
sender  is  on  the  envelope  or  package,  same  will  be  returned  if  not 
delivered  without  passing  through  the  Dead  Letter  Office. 

FIRST  CLASS  MATTER  includes  letters  and  all  matter 
partly  or  wholly  in  wr.ting.  sealed  or  unsealed,  and  all  other 
matter  sealed,  or  in  any  way  fastened  against  easy  inspection. 
The  rate  on  this  class  of  matter  is  2  cents  for  each  ounce  or 
fraction  of  an  ounce,  and  there  is  no  limit  to  the  weight  of  pack- 
age which  may  be  mailed. 

SECOND  CLASS  MATTER  includes  newspapers  and 
periodicals  when  sent  by  publisher  or  news-agents,  and  are 
mailable  at  1  cent  per  pound  or  fraction  thereof .  They  may  be 
marked  except  by  written  or  printed  word  without  increase  of 
postage.  Newspapers  and  periodicals  sent  by  persons  other  than 
the  publisher  or  a  news  agent  must  be  stamped  at  the  nite  of  1 
cent  for  every  four  ounces  or  fraction  thereof.  No  limit  to 
weight. 

THIRD  CLASS  MATTER  includes  printed  matter  in  un- 
sealed envelopes  only  (it  is  not  sufficient  that  the  envelope  be 
notched,  it  must  be  unsealed),  and  is  mailable  at  the  rate  of  1 
cent  for  each  two  ounces  or  fraction  thereof.  This  class  includes 
books,  circulars,  chromos,  engravings,  music,  hand-bills,  proof 
sheets,  lithographs,  pamphlets,  magazines,  papers,  manuscript 
(accompanying  proof  sheets),  or  any  reproduction  upon  paper  by 
any  process  but  hand  or  type-writing  not  in  the  nature  of  per- 
sonal correspondence.  The  weight  cannot  exceed  4  pounds,  ex- 
cept the  article  mailed  be  a  single  book. 

FOURTH  CLASS  MATTER  includes  all  mailable  matter 
not  included  in  the  ab<">ve,  so  mailed  as  to  be  easily  examined. 
It  must  be  paid  for  at  the  rate  of  1  cent  per  ounce  or  fraction  of 
an  ounce,  and  the  weight  of  each  package  is  limited  to  four 
pounds 

POSTAL  CARDS  are  first-class  matter.  They  must  not 
have  anything  written  or  printed  on  the  address  side  except  the 
directions,  and  must  not  have  anything  pasted  or  attached  to 
them. 

PERMISSIBLE  WRITING.— On  third  and  fourth  class 
matter  the  following  writing  only  is  permitted  :  Name  and  ad- 
dress of  sender  preceded  by  the  word  "from,"  and  list  of 
articles  contained  in  the  cover,  and  a  dedication  or  inscription  on 


GUIDE  AND  HAXD-BOOK.  87 

the  fly  leaf  or  hack  of  book  or  pamphlet.  A  passage  may  also  be 
marked  in  a  book,  goods  marked  for  identification,  and  the 
name  of  the  oneaddressed  or  sender,  with  date,  written  in  circular. 
Any  other  writing  will  be  liable  at  letter  rates,  and  to  a  fine  of 
§10  for  each  offense.  Printed  matter  inclosed  with  fourth  class 
matter  is  subje'-t  to  fouith  class  rates. 

A  SPECIAL,  STAMP  of  the  value  of  10  cents  is  issued, 
•which,  when  attached  to  a  letter,  in  addition  to  the  lawful  post- 
age thereon,  entitles  the  letter  ±p  immediate  delivery  at  any 
place  containing  4,01)0  population  or  over,  according  to  the  Fed- 
eral census,  within  the  carrier  limit  of  any  free-delivery  oltice, 
or  within  one  mile  of  the  postoffice,  or  any  other  postoffice 
coming  within  the  provisions  of  this  law,  which  may.  in  like 
manner,  be  designated  as  aspecial  delivery  office.  Such  specially- 
stamped  letters  shall  be  delivered  between  7  o'clock  a.  m.  an  1 
midnight,  and  a  book  is  provided  in  which  the  person  to  whom 
the  letter  is  addressed  shall  acknowledge  its  receipt. 

RATES  TO  CANADA  are  the  same  in  all  respects  as  in  the 
United  States,  but  merchandise  is  rigidly  excluded,  except  sam- 
ples of  goods  tor  sale  to  weight  of  8  ounces  charged  for  at  10 
cents  eaoh. 

RATES  TO  FOREIGN  COUNTRIES  in  the  Universal 
Postal  Union  5  cents  for  each  half  ounce  or  fraction  thereof  for 
letters,  and  2  cents  for  postal  cards.  Registration  fee  1(  cents. 
Printed  matter  and  samples  1  cent  for  each  2  ounces  or  fraction 
thereof.  Merchandise  rigidly  excluded.  The  Postal  Union  in- 
cludes all  considerable  powers  and  many  lesser  ones,  and  others 
are  joining  constantly.  Countries  out  of  the  Union  have  especial 
rates  which  will  be  given  by  nny  postmaster. 

TJNMAILABLE  MATTER.— Obscene  books,  letters,  pa- 
pers, pictures  and  postal  cards,  lottery  circulars  and  letters, 
Iiquids,gunpowderand  otherexplosives,  live  reptiles,  ammalsand 
insects  (except  queen  Vices),  poisons,  and  any  article  liable  to  in- 
jure the  mails  or  those  handling  them,  are  unmailable. 

LETTERS  REFORWARDED.— First-class  matter  will  be 
forwarded  from  one  office  to  another  at  the  request  of  the  one  to 
whom  it  is  addressed  without  charge.  Other  classes  of  matter 
have  to  be  paid  for  afrain. 

GENERAL  INFORMATION.-Postmasters  are  not 
obliged  to  take  mutilated  money,  or  to  take  more  than  25  cents 
in  coppers  or  nickels.  They  are  forbidden  to  give  credit  for 
stamps  Packages  of  mutilated  currency  may  be  registered  to 
the  Treasurer  of  the  United  States  free.  Money  orders  must  be 
paid  lor  in  cash.  Any  other  payment  is  forbidden  under  pen- 
alty. Spoiled  postal  cards  are  not  redeemable  by  postmasters. 
Pnetoffice  employes  nv  st  not  change  an  incorrect  address,  even 
thonsrh  they  know  the  right  one. 

POSTAL  NOTES  are  issued  at  all  money-order  offices  for 
sums  less  thnn  $5,  payable  to  bearer  at  any  time  within  3  months 
from  the  last  day  of  ihe  month  of  issue.  The  fee  for  a  postal 
note  is  three  ceiita.  The  person  who  presents  a  postal  note  for 
payment  is  required  to  receipt  it.  A  postal  note  ma y  also  be  re- 
paid at  the  office  of  issue  to  the  bearer  at  any  time  within  three 
mouths  from  the  last  day  of  the  month  of  is^ue.  Lost  or  de- 
stroyed postal  notes  are  not  duplicated,  and  notes  not  paid  in  the 
time  above  specified  are  invalid,  and  a  return  of  the  money  can 
only  be  secured  b»an  application  for  a  duplicate  at  the  issuing 
office  nnd  tlin  payment  of  a  fee  of  3  cents. 

POSTAL  MONEY  ORDERS  are  issued  for  any  amount  up 
to  $100,  and  offer  security  and  convenience  in  the  transmission  of 
small  sums.  Safety  is  secured  by  leaving  out  of  the  orderthe 
name  of  the  person  for  whom  the  money  is  intended.  An  advice 
or  notification,  containing  full  particulars  of  the  order,  is  trans- 
mitted without  delay  by  the  issuing  postmaster  to  the  postmaster 
at  the  office  of  payment.  The  latter  is  thus  furnished,  before  the 
order  itself  is  presented,  with  information  which  will  enable  him 
to  prevent  its  payment  to  any  person  not  entitled  thereto,  pro- 


38  THE  WESTERN  WORLD 

Tided  the  remitter  complies  with  the  regulation  of  the  Department 
which  prohibits  him  from  sending  the  same  information  in  a  let- 
ter  inclosed  with  his  money-order.  After  once  paying  a  money- 
order,  by  whomsoever  presented,  the  post  office  department  will 
not  l)e  liable  to  any  further  claim  therefor.  Under  no  circum- 
stances can  payment  of  an  order  be  demanded  on  the  day  <if 
its  lwu«.  The  fees  or  charges  for  domestic  money-orders  is  as 
follows:— 

For  orders  not  exceeding  810  «. Scents. 

For  orders  exceeding  $10  and  not  exceeding  $15 10  cents. 

For  orders  exceeding  g!5  and  not  exceeding  $30 15  cents. 

For  orders  exceeding  $30  and  not  exceeding  £40 20  cents. 

For  orders  exceeding  $40  and  not  exceeding  yt) 25  cents. 

For  orders  exceeding  $50  and  not  exceeding  StO 30  cents. 

For  orders  exceeding  $<>0  and  not  exceeding  $70 35  cents. 

For  orders  exceeding  §70  and  not  exceeding'  £.-'0. . .  40  cents. 

For  orders  exceeding  §aO  and  not  exceeding  §100 45  cents. 

When  a  larger  sum  than  $100  is  required,  additional  orders  to 
make  it  up  must  be  obtained.  But  postmasters  are  instructed 
to  refuse  to  issue  in  one  day,  to  the  same  remitter  and  iiT  favor  of 
the  same  payee,  more  than  three  money-orders  payable  at  the 
same  post  office.  Money  orders  may  be  endorsed  directing  pay- 
ment to  any  person ;  and  it  is  the  duty  of  the  postmaster  upon 
whom  the  order  is  drawn  to  pay  the  amount  thereof  to  the  per- 
son thus  designated,  provided  the  postmaster  is  satisfied  that  such 
indorsement  is  genuine,  and  that  the  second  party  shall,  if  re- 
quired, prove  his  ide ntiti/,  and  shall  give  correct  information  as 
to  the  name  and  address  of  the  person  who  originally  obtained 
the  order.  More  than  one  indorsement  is  prohibited  by  law,  and 
will  render  and  order  invalid  and  not  payable.  The  signature  to 
the  receipt  on  the  face  of  the  order  should  be  that  of  the  person 
who  presents  and  receives  payment  of  the  same.  Orders  may  be 
repaid  by  the  issuing  office  within  a  year  after  issue.  Lost  orders 
on  proper  application  and  indemnity  are  duplicated  if  the  orig- 
inal is  unpaid  and  the  latter  then  becomes  invalid. 

FOREIGN  MONEY  ORDERS  —Money  may  be  trans- 
mitted by  postal  order  between  the  L'nited  States  and  Switzer- 
land, ijreat  liritain  and  Ireland,  Germany,  France,  Italy,  Canada 
and  Newfoundland,  Jamaica,  New  South  Wales,  Victoria.  New 
Zealand,  Queensland,  the  Cape  Colony,  the  Windward  Islands, 
Belgium,  Portugal,  Tasmania,  and  the  Hawaiian  Kingdom.  The 
fees  are: 

For  sums  not  exceeding  $10    15  cents. 

Over  SiO  and  not  exceeding  $20 30  cents. 

Over  $20  and  not  exceeding  $30 45  cents. 

Over  SW  and  not  exceeding  £40 60  cents. 

Over  $40  and  not  exceeding  $M 75  cents. 

REGISTERED  MATTER.— First,  third  and  fourth  class 
matter  m.iy  be  registered  at  all  post  offices  on  payment  of  a  fee 
of  10  cents  for  each  letter  or  parcel  in  addition  to  the  postage, 
and  the  fee  is  the  same  whether  the  matter  be  addressed  to 
domestic  or  foreign  post  offices.  Registered  letters  are  protected 
with  great  care,  and  delivered  to  the  person  to  whom  they  are 
addressed,  and  a  receipt  from  him  returned  to  the  sender.  A 
receipt  is  also  given  by  the  postmaster  at  the  time  of  reg- 
istering. • 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK.  89 


THE    GOVERNMENT   OF    THE 
UNITED  STATES. 

The  government  of  the  United  States  is  formed  of  three  dis- 
tinct branches,  the  Legislative,  Executive  and  Judicial. 

THE  LEGISLATIVE  DEPARTMENT  comp-fces  the 
Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  and  makes  all  laws.  Each 
state  has  two  representatives  in  the  Senate-, elected  for  6  years  by 
the  state  legislatures.  The  number  of  congressmen  from  each 
state  is  governed  by  its  population,  but  each  state  has  at  least 
one.  They  are  elected  for  two  years  by  the  voters  of  the  con- 
gressional districts  into  which  the  states  are  divided.  One-third 
of  the  senators  go  out  of  office  every  two  years.  Ihe  pay  of 
both  senators  and  congressmen  is  $5,000  per  year,  with  mileage 
(at  20  cents  per  miles)  and  other  extras.  The  Speaker  of  the 
House  gets  $8,000.  The  Vice-President  of  the  United  States  is 
President  of  the  Senate,  and  receives  $10,000  per  year.  Senators 
must  be  33  years  old,  nine  years  citizens  of  the  United  States 
and  live  in  the  states  they  represent.  A  congressman  must  be  25 
years  old,  seven  years  a  citizen  of  the  United  States  and  live  in 
the  district  he  represents.  Congress  now  comprises  7ft  senators 
and  .'££>  representatives. 

THE  EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT  enforces  the  laws 
made.  The  executive  power  is  vested  in  the  President  of 
the  United  States,  who  is  elected  for  four  years  by  electors 
chosen  in  each  state  by  the  voters  thereof.  The  number  of 
electors  for  each  state  is  equal  to  the  number  of  its  con- 
gressmen, and  United  States  senators,  or  two  more  than  the 
number  of  its  congressmen.  The  electors  (now  numbering 
in  all  401)  cast  their  ballots,  the  same  are  sealed,  and  opened 
by  the  President  of  the  Senate  in  the  presence  of  the  two 
Houses  of  Congress.  When  two  candidates  receive  the  same 
number  of  electoral  votes  the  election  is  thrown  into  the 
House  of  Representatives,  which  elects  a  president.  The  Presi- 
dent must  be  born  in  the  United  States,  have  lived  in  the  same  for 
14  years  and  be  35  years  old.  His  pay  is  $50,000  per  year.  He  is 
commander  in  chief  of  the  army  and  navy,  and  appoints  cabinet, 
judicial  and  executive  officers,  the  appointments  being  confirmed 
by  the  Senate.  The  qualifications  for  Vice-President  are  the 
same  as  for  President.  The  Cabinet  comprises  the  Secretaries  of 
State,  Treasury,  War,  Navy  and  Interior,  and  the  Postmaster  and 
Attorney  Generals,  each  of  whom  receives  $8,000  per  year. 

THE  JUDICIARY  comprises,  1st.  A  Supreme  C'ourt  sitting 
at  Washington  composed  of  a  chief  justice  (salary  $10,500  per 
year)  and  eight  associate  judges  at  $10.000  per  year.  They  are 
appointed  by  the  President,  and  hold  office  for  life,  unless  re- 
moved for  malfeasance.  2nd.  Nine  Circuit  Courts,  having 
jurisdiction  over  one  or  more  states.  3d.  Fifty-eight  district 
courts.  Appeals  he  from  the  district  to  the  circuit  courts,  and 
from  the  latter  to  the  Supreme  Court.  4th.  Court  of  Claims, 
where  suits  against  the  United  States  must  be  brought. 

THE  STATES  are  governments  within  a  government,  and 
all  powers  not  expressly  granted  to  the  general  government 
remain  in  the  states 

THE  TERRITORIES  are  governed  by  officers  appointed 
by  the  Presid'-nt  of  the  United  Suites. 

THE  REVENUE  of  the  United  States  is  derived  from 
custom  and  internal  revenue  taxes  on  liquors  and  tobacco,  and 
the  sale  of  land. 


40  THE   WESTERN  WORLD 

PAY  OF  UNITED  STATES 
OFFICERS. 

ARMY  AND  NAVY  OFFICERS  rank  in  the  order  given 
below  and  receive  the  salaries  opposite  each  rank  : 

ARMY.  NAVY. 

General $13,500  Admiral  $:.1,nv> 

Lieutenant  General 11,000  Vice  Admiral 9,000 

Major  General 7,500  Hear  Admiral 6,000 

Brigadier  General 5,500  Commodore 5,000 

Colonel 3,500  Captain. 4.500 

Lietenant  Colonel 3,000  Commander 3,500 

Major 2,500  Lieutenant  Commander.  2.  NX) 

Captain 2,000  Lieutenant  2,400 

Regimental  Adjutant...  1,800  Master 1,800 

First  lieutenant 1,6^0  Ensign 1,200 

Second  Lieutenant l,iOO  Midshipman 1,000 

MINISTERS  ABROAD  receive  pay  as  follows : 

To  England $17,500       To  Hawaiian  Isles $7,500 

Germany 17,500         "  Belgium 7,500 

France 17,500         "  Hayti 7,500 

Russia 17,500         "  Columbia 7,500 

Austria 12,000         "  Turkey 7,500 

China 12,000         "  Venezuela   7,500 

Brazil 12,000         "  Sweden 7,500 

Mexico 12,000         "  Netherlands 7.5TO 

Italy 12,000         "  Switzerland ...   5,000 

Japan 12,000         "  Portugal 5,000 

Spain 12,0.0         "   Bolivia 5,000 

r-hili 10,000         "  Denmark 5,000 

Peru 10,OfO         "  Paraguay 5,000 

Central  America 10,000         "  Liberia 4,000 

"  Argentine  Confed...     7,500 

HEADS  OF  DEPARTMENTS  are  compensated  as  below: 

Director  Geolog.  Surv'ys .  $6,000  Supt.  Signal  Service $4.000 

Supt.  Coast  Surveys 6,OTO  Commr.  Land  Office 4,000 

Treasurer 6,000  Commr.  Customs 4,000 

Supt.  Census 5,000  Commr.  Pensions 3,* 00 

Supt.  Naval  Observatory.  5,000  Commdr.  Marine  Corps...  3,500 

Supt.  Bureau  Engraver.     4,500  Commr.  Agriculture 3,000 

Public  Printer 4,500  Commr.  Indian  Affairs...   3,000 

Director  Mint 4.500  Commr.  Education 3,000 

Register  Treasury 4,000 

POSTAL  DEPARTMENT.— Three  Assistant  Postmaster 
Generals,  $3,500  each  :  Chief  <  lerlc,  $2.200.  Postmasters  are  paid 
as  follows,  except  at  New  York,  where  salary  is  §8,000  : 

First  Class $3,000  to  $4,000       Third  Class Sl.OO '  to  $2,000 

Second  Class.. . .  $2,OOU  to  fc3,OCO       Fourth  Class. .  .less  than  *!,000 

Postmasters  of  the  first,  second  and  third  classes  are  appointed 
by  the  President,  all  others  by  the  Postmaster  General. 


TT.  S.  ARMY  RATION.— The  following  is  a  list  of  the  Com- 
ponents of  the  Arn\y  Ration  as  established  by  existing  law,  the 
General  Regulations,  and  the  orders  of  the  War  Department,  viz : 

12  oz.  of  pork  or  bacon,  or  20  oz.  of  fresh  beef,  or  22  oz.  of  salt 
beef. 


GUIDE  AKD   EAND-BOOK  41 

18  oz.  of  soft  bread  or  flour,  or  16  oz.  of  hard-bread,  or  20  oz. 
of  corn-meal. 

And, 

f  15  Ibs.  of  beans  or  peas,  or  10  Ibs.  of  rice  or  hominy. 
og    10  Ibs.  of  green  coffee,  or  8  Ibs.  of  roasted  (or  roasted  and 

ground)  coffee,  or  2  Ibs.  of  tea. 
:g    15  Ibs.  of  sugar. 
£    4  quarts  of  vinegar. 
•  -1 1^  Ibs.  of  adamantine  or  star  candles. 
g    4  I  hs.  of  soap. 
"  I  4  Ibs.  of  salt. 
£    4  oz.  of  pepper. 
&,  I  And  to  troops  in  the  field,  when  necessary,  4  Ibs.  of  yeast- 

l       powder  to  100  rations  of  flour. 

SUBSTITUTIVE  ISSUES.— Fresh  mutton  may  be  issued 
in  lieu  of  and  at  the  same  rate  as  fresh  beef,  when  the  cost  of  the 
former  does  not  exceed  that  of  the  latter. 

14  oz.  of  dried  fish,  or  18  oz.  of  pickled  or  fresh  fish  may  be 
issued  in  lieu  of  the  meat  component  of  a  ration. 

.Molasses  or  syrup  may  be  issued  in  lieu  of  sugar  at  the  rate  of 
2  gallons  of  molasses  or  syrup  in  lieu  of  15  Ibs.  of  sugar. 

Three  pints  of  liquid  coffee  to  each  man  may  be  issued  daily 
in  lieu  of  sugar  and  coffee  components  to  the  ration  to  troops 
travel  :ng  upon  cars  or  having  no  facilities  for  cooking  coffee,  the 
cost  thereof  not  to  exceed  21  cents  per  day. 

The  following  issues  may  be  made  to  troops  traveling  or  in 
the  field  when  it  is  impracticable  to  cook  rations. 

(  In  lieu  of  the  usual  meat  j  75  Ibs.  canned  fresh  beef,  or 
oc  I  portion  of  the  ration.  J  75  Ibs.  canned  corned  beef. 

f  33    one-pound     cans    baked 
beHiis;  or 


I 


In  lieu  of  the  dry  vegetable 
portion  of  the  ration. 


beans ;  or 
5     one-gallon     cans    baked 

beans f  or 
25  pounds  cheese. 

Similar  issues  may  be  made  when  in  the  interest  of  economy 
or  a  supply  of  the  articles  is  on  hand  in  excess  of  the  probable 
wants  of  troops  traveling-  or  in  the  Held. 


20    two-pound    cans    baked 

beans ;  or 
15  three-pound  cans  backed 


TJ.  S.  ENSIGNS  AND  FLAGS.— ENSIGN.— Head  or  IT> >;,«!  — 
ten-nineteenths  of  its  length.  Field.  Thirteen  horizontal  strips 
of  equal  breadth,  alternately  red  and  white,  beginning  with  red. 
1'nimi.  A  blue  field  in  the  upper  quarter,  next  the  head.  4ofthe 
length  of  the  ensign  and  seven  stripes  in  depth,  with  white  stars, 
ranged  in  equidistant  horizontal  and  vertical  lines,  equal  in  num- 
ber to  the  number  of  states  of  the  Union.  JACK.  Like  the 
Union  of  an  Ensien. 

CUSTOMS  OK  REVENUE  FLAG-.— Head  or  Hoist— ten- 
sixteenths  of  its  length.  Field.  Sixteen  perpendicular  stripes, 
alternately  red  and  white,  beginning  with  red  at  the  head. 
Union.  Composed  of  the  Coat  of  Arms  of  the  United  States  in 
dark  blue  on  a  white  field,  in  the  upper  quarter  next  the  head. 
eight-sixteenths  of  the  length  of  the  flag,  or  to  the  first  edge  of 
the  fifth  red  stripe  from  the  head,  and  extending  down  the  uead 
half  way. 


42 


THE     WESTERN  WORLD 


COINS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


WEIGHT. 


WEIOHT. 


Double  Eagle=$20,gold  510  grs.    HalfDollar silver..  192.!)  grs. 


258 

129  " 
64.5" 
77.4" 
25.b" 


Quarter  Doll....        '     ..  9  .45 
Twenty  Cents..      "    ..  17.10 

Dime "     ..  38.58 

Five  Cents  .cop'r-nick'l  77.16 
Three  Cents  "  30 

One  Cent bronze   48 


Eagle  =    10, 

Half  Eagle     =      5, 
Quart'r  Eagle=     2}4 

Three  Dollars 

One  Dollar 

Trade  Dollar silver  420 

One  Dollar "    412Jij" 

TJ.  S.  gold  and  silver  coins  are  9-10  fine.  The  coinage  of  the 
silver  dollar  of  412^  grains,  the  tiTe  and  three-cent  silver  pieces, 
and  the  bronze  two-cent  pieces  was  discontinued  under  the  Coin- 
age Act  of  1873.  The  act  of  February  28,  1878,  again  authorized 
the  Coinage  of  the  silver  dollar  of  412^j  grains,  and  restored  its 
legal  tender  character. 


THE  TOTAL  AMOUNT  OF  MONEY  circulating  or  other- 
wise held  in  the  United  Status  is  estimated  at  81.545,588,140,  of 
•whic'i  $446,68 ',016  is  Legal  Tender  notes;  $332,473,693  National 
Bank  Notes,  S»K 2,732,487  gold  ami  gold  certificates,  and  $193,821,110 
silver  aud  silver  certificates,  fractional  currency,  etc. 

COINAGE  OF  GOLD  AND  SILVEB.-1793-1880. 


Years. 


Gold. 


Prior  to  1835  
1835  to  "1852,  incl  
18i3to  1873,  incl  
1874        

$15,780,160.00 
221,011,41*1.00 
5*0,114,258.50 
50,442,690.00 
33,5-j3,965.00 
38,178,962.50 
44,078,199.00 
52,798,980.00 
40.986.912.27 
56,157,735.00 

$39,690,079.90  ) 
39,5-^,292.00  }• 
6>,928,512,70i 
5,983,601.30 
10,070,368.00 
19,126,502.50 
*28,549,935.00 
+28,290.825.50 
27.227,88'J.rO 
27,942,437.50 

$11,919,888.55 

411,925.00 
230,375.00 
260.350.00 
62.125.00 
80,604.00 
97,79.H.iH) 
269,971.50 

Io75  

1876  

1877  
1878  

1879  

1880  

Total  

81,133,103,322.00 

$292,333,43S.90 

$13,283,107.05 

Silver. 


Minor. 


GUIDE  AND   HAND-BOOK. 


43 


VALTTE  OF  FOREIGN  COIN  IN  TJ.  S.  MONEY.  -The 
first  section  of  the  act  of  March  3, 1873,  provides  "  that  the  value 
of  foreign  coin,  as  expressed  in  the  money  of  account  of  the 
United  States,  shall  be  that  of  the  pure  metal  of  such  coin  of 
standard  value,"  and  that  "  the  values  of  the  standard  coins  in 
circulation  of  the  various  nations  of  the  world  shall  be  estimated 
annually  by  the  Director  of  the  Mint,  and  be  proclaimed  on  the 
first  day  of  January  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury.  The  esti- 
mates of  values  contained  in  the  following'  table  are  those  made 
by  the  Director  of  the  Mint,  Jan.  1, 1885. 


Country. 

Monetary  Unit. 

Standard. 

Value. 

D.  C.  M. 

Argen.  Rep  
Austria  

Peso  fuerte  
Florin  

Hold  
Silver  

1    00 

0  39  3 

Belgium  

Franc  
Dollar 

Gold  and  Silver.. 
Gold  and  Silver. 

0  19  3 

0  79  5 

Brazil     

Milreis  of  ],000  reis. 

Gold  

0  54  6 

Dollar  

Gold         

100 

Bogota           .   .  . 

Peso  

Gold  

0  98  5 

Dollar  

Silver 

0  91  8 

t  hili    

Peso  

Gold  

0  91  2 

Cuba  

Peso  

Gold  

0  a3  2 

Denmark   .... 

Crown  

Gold    

0  26  8 

Ecuador  

Dollar  

Silver  

0  19  5 

Egypt      

Pound  of  100  piast's 

Gold      . 

4  97  4 

France  

Franc  

Gold  and  Silver.  . 

0  19  3 

Gt.  Britain 

Pouii'l  sterling  .  .  . 

<iold  . 

4  86  GJ 

Greece  

Drachma  

Gold  and  Silver.  . 

0  19  3 

German  E. 

Mark        

Gold       .     . 

0  23  « 

India  

Knp.,  16  an  

Silver  

0  :-7  8 

Italy 

Lira   

G  old  and  Silver.  . 

0  19  3 

Japan  

Yo  i  

Gold  

0  85  8 

Liberia  .  . 

Dollar  

Gold    .     ... 

100 

Mexico  .      

Dollar  

Silver  

0  KS  4 

Netherlands 

Fiori'i    

Silver   

0  4:>  2 

Norway  
Paraguay.   . 

Crown  
Peso  

Gold  
Gold  

0  :.J  8 
100 

Peru    

Sol  

Silver   .. 

0  79  5 

Porto  Rico. 

Peso..         ... 

Gold  .... 

C  "  '  5 

Portugal  

Mil.,  1,000  r's  

Gold  

108 

Russia...  . 

R'bl.,  100  co  . 

Silver  

0  CO  6 

Sandwich  Islands. 

Dollar   

Gold  

100 

Spain  

Peseta  of  lOOc'ntim 

Gold  and  Silver. 

0  19  3 

Sweden  . 

Gold  . 

0  26  8 

0  19  3 

Tripoli  

Mah.,20pi's  

Silver  

0  71  7 

Tunis  

Pi's.,  16  car  

Silver  

OILS 

Turkey     

Piaster  

Gold  

044 

Columbia  

Peso  

Silver  

0  91  8 

Uruguay  

Patacon  

Gold  

0  94  9 

The  above  rates  are  the  true  or  commercial  values,  proclaimed 
by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  and  are  taken  at  the  custom 
houses  in  estimating  the  values  of  all  foreign  merchandise  m:ido 
out  in  any  of  said  currencies.  They  should  not  be  confounded 
with  the  Mint  values. 


LEGAL  HOI.IDAYS.~Tn  all  the  states  and  territories  of  the 
United  States  the  following  are  legal  holidays :  Chritttnias  (Dec. 
25th),  Uth  Jill)/,  and  Tliniili^t/irniy  (usually  last  Thursday  in  Nov.); 
Fear's  is  a  legal  holiday  in  all  the  states  and  territories  ex- 


44 


THE  WESTERN  WORLD 


cept  Arkansas,  Delaware,  Georgia,  Kentucky,  Maine,  Massachu- 
setts, New  Hampshire.  North  Carolina,  South  Carolina  and  Rhode 
Island.  Decoration  Day  (May  30),  is  a  legal  holiday  in  Colorado, 
Maine,  Vermont,  Connecticut,  Mi  higan.  New  Hampshire,  New 
Jersey,  lihode  Island,  New  York,  Pennsylvania  and  District  01 
Columbia.  Washington's  Birthday  (Feb.  22)  is  a  legal  holiday  in 
Alabama,  Arkansas,  Flerida,  Illinois,  Iowa,  Indiana,  Kansas, 
Maine,  Missouri,  North  Carolina,  Ohio,  Texas,  Oregon  and  Ten- 
nessee. In  Louisiana  Shrove  Tuesday,  Anniversary  of  Battle  of 
J\'ew  Orleans  (Jan.  8),  Lincoln'*  Birthday  (Feb.  12),  Firemen's  Anni- 
versary (March  4.)  and  Good  Friday  are  1.  gal  holidays.  In  Texas 
the  Anniversary  of  Texan  Independence  (March  2,)  and  Battle  of 
San  Jacinto  (April  21.)  are  legal  holidays.  In  Georgia  Memorial 
Day  (April  2');  in  Mobile,  Montgomery  and  Selma,  Ala.,  Shrove 
Tuesday,  and  in  Florida,  Minnesota  and  Pennsylvania  Good  Friday 
are  legal  holidays.  General  Election  days  are  ordered  as  holidays 
in  California,  Maine,  Missouri,  New  Jersey,  New  York,  Oregon, 
South  Carolina  and  Wisconsin. 


SLLVKJA  SPRINGS,  FLORIDA. 


GUIDE   AND   HAND-BOOK. 


45 


PUBLIC  DEBT   OF  THE  UNITED  STATES,  in  each 
year  since  1790.    (.Official.) 


$75,463,476  52 

1839 

Jan.  1    $11,983,737  53 

77  227  924  06 

1840 

.     .  .  .    "               5  125  077  63 

80,352,634:  04 

1841 

"              6,737,398  00 

78,427,404  77 

1842 

.  .     .  .    "             15,028,486  37 

80,747,587  38 

1843 

July  1      27,203,450  69 

.      83.762,172  07 

1844 

.    .   ..    "             24,748,188  23 

82,064,479  33 

1845 

"             17,093,794  80 

.     .      79,228,529  12 

1846 

"             16,750,926  33 

78,408,669  77 

1847 

"             38,956.f  23  38 

.      82,976,294  P5 

1848 

...     "             48,526,3~9  37 

83,038,050  80 

1849 

Dec.  1      64,704,693  71 

..      80,712,632  25 

1850 

"             64.228,'-'38  37 

77,054,686  '  0 

1851 

No  V-.30    62,560,395  26 

.      86,427,120  88 

1852 

.   .   ..Dec.  20    65,131.692  13 

82,312,150  50 

1853 

July  1     67,340,628  78 

.      75,723.2  0  68 

185t 

"             47,242,206  05 

69,218,398  1-4 
.      65,196,317  97 

1855 
1856 

Nov.  17   39.969,731  05 
"      15     30,963,9(19  64 

57  0°3  1!'2  09 

1857 

..     ..Julyl      29,'  60,386  90 

.  .      53,173,217  52 

1858 

"            44,9  '0,777  66 

.      48,005,587  76 

1859 

"             58,754,699  33 

.      45,209,737  90 

1860 

"             64,769,703  08 

55  962  827  57 

1861 

.  .    "             90  867  828  68 

81,487,84624 
99,833.660  15 

1862 
1863 

"           514,211,371  92 
"        1,098,793,181  37 

..     .    127.334,903  74 

1864 

"         1,740690,48949 

125,491,965  16 

1865 

"         2,682,593,026  53 

.     103,466  (33  83 

1866 

"        2,783,425.879  21 

95,r29,648  28 
.      94,015,566  15 

1867 

1868 

"         2,692,199.215  13 
"        2,636,320,964  67 

89,987,427  1  6 

1869 

"         2,489,002.480  58 

.      93,546,67li  98 

1870 

"         2,386,a58.599  74 

90,875,87727 
90,269,777  77 
Jan.  1      83.788,43271 
81,064,059  '.!) 

1871 
1872 
1873 
1874 

Jan.  1  2,332,067,793  75 
"         2,243,81-58.4)1  14 
"         X,l(i2.252.:?38  12 
"        2,159,315.336  17 

73,987,357  20 

1875 

"         2,142,598,:;02  02 

67,4~5,04'>  87 

1876 

"        2,1  19,8152,  i9.">  27 

58  4?1  4i3  07 

1877 

..     ..    "         2,092921.241  81 

48,5«5,406  50 

1878 

"        2,045,955,442  79 

39,1?3,191  f8 
24,322,23518 
7,001.032  ^8 

187!) 
1880 
1881 

"         2,028,648,111  09 
"        2,011,798.504  87 
Julyl  I,ei9,850;130  00 

4,760,081  08 
351,28't  C5 
2!»1,d8!t  (i5 
1.878.2:.'::  ;'5 
4,857,660  46 

1882 
1883 
1881 
1885 

"        1,675,023,474  00 
"         1,538,78  1.8;.-5  00 
"         1.4:58.542,99500 
Jan.  1  1,418,548,371  00 

In  the  last  nineteen  amounts  the  cash  in  the  Treasury  is  de- 
ducted f  ro_m  the  aggregate  debt,  and  bonds  issued  in  aid  of  the 
Pacific  Railroads  are  not  included  ;  these  amounted,  on  the  first 
day  of  January,  1885,  to  $107,870,475,  including  interest  paid  by 
the  United  States. 


MASON  AND  DIXON'S  LINE  is  a  popular  term  used  to 
signify  the  dividing  line  between  the  free  and  slave  states.  It 
originated  from  the  fact  that  the  line  between  Pennsylvania 
and  Maryland  and  Virginia  was  surveyed  by  Charles  Mason 
and  Jeremiah  Dixon.  Its  more  general  application  is  due  to  John 
Kandolph,  of  Koanoke. 


46 


THE  WESTERN  WORLD 


POPULAR  AND  ELECTORAL  VOTE  at  all  Presi- 
dential Elections  since  the  Revolution  are  given  in  the 
following  tables.  Until  1804  each  elector  voted  for  two  candi- 
dates for  President ;  the  one  receiving  the  highest  number  of 
votes  was  elected  President;  and  the  next  highest,  Vice-Presi- 
dent, provided  he  received  a  major'ty  of  the  votes.  New  York, 
North  Carolina  and  Khode  Island  did  not  vote  at  the  first  election: 


i 
£ 

PARTY. 

ANDIDATES. 

VOTE. 

Popular. 

Elecotral. 

1789 

1792 

1796 

1800 
1804 

George  Washington  

69 
34 
9 
6 
6 
4 
3 
2 
2 
1 
1 
1 
4 

132 

77 
50 
4 
1 
3 

71 
68 
59 
30 
15 
11 
7 
5 
3 
2 
2 
2 
1 

73 
73 
65 
64 

1 

162 
14 

John  Adams    

R    H   Harrison 

John  Rutledge    

George  Clinton  

John  Milton  

[Jen  jamin  Lincoln  

Edward  Telf  air 

Federalist  

Vacancies  

George  Washington  

Federalist  

John  Adams  

rtepublican  

George  Clinton  

Thomas  Jefferson  

Aaron  Burr  

Federalist  

Vacancies  

John  Adams  

Federalist. 

Thomas  Pinckney           .... 

Republican  

Aaron  Burr  

Samuel   Adams  

Oliver  Ellsworth  
George  Clinton      

John  Jay    . 

George  Washington    .. 

John  Henry  

S   Johnson  .           

Charles  C.  Pinckney 

Republican  
Republican  
Federalist  
Federalist  

Republican  

Thomas  Jefferson  

Aaron  Burr  

Charles  C.  Pinckney  
John  Jay....  

The  election  being  a  tie,  tros 
thrown    into    Congtess,   and 
Jeff  erson  chosen,  with  Burr  as 
Vice. 

(  Thomas  Jefferson  for  P.   1 
1  George  Clinton  for  V.P.  f 
j  Chas.  C.  Pinckney  for  P.  I 
(  Ruf  us  King  for  V.P.        ) 

GUIDE   AND    HAND-BOOK. 


47 


i 
t» 

PARTY. 

CANDIDATES. 

VOTE. 

Popular. 

o 

01 

W 

1808 
1812 
1816 

1820 
1824 

1828 
1832 

1836 

Republican  

j  James  Madison  for  P.        i 
1  George  Clinton  for  V.  P.  )" 
j  Chas.  C.  Pinckney  for  P   I 
*(  Ruf  us  King  for  V.  P.        J 

j  James  Madison  for  P.        I 
j  Elbridge  Gerry  for  V.P.  f 
t  De  Witt  Clinton  f  or  P        1 
'(  Jared  Ingersoll  for  V.  P.  f 

j  James  Monroe  for  P.         I 
1  D.  D.  Tompkins  for  V.P.  f 
I  Ruf  us  King  for  P. 
•{  John  E.  Howard  for  V.P.  - 
(     and  Scattering. 

(  James  Monroe  for  P.         ) 
1  D.  D.  Tompkins  for  V.P.  f 
I  John  Q.  Adams  for  P. 
-<  Richard     Stockton      for  > 
(    V.  P.  and  Scattering.      \ 

(  Andrew  Jackson  for  P.     ) 
<  Wm.  H.  Crawford  for  P.   - 
(  Henry  Clay  for  P. 
John  C.  Calhoun  for  V.P.  ' 
Nathaniel  Macon  for    '• 
•  Andrew  Jackson  for    " 
Martin  Van  Buren  for  " 
Henry  Clay  lor 
j  John  Q    Adams  for  P.       I 
(  Nathan  Sanford  for  V.P.  f 

Election  thrown  into  House, 
and  Adams  chosen,  with  CaL- 
hmm  as  Vice. 

j  Andrew  Jackson  for  P.     ) 
(JohnC.  Calhoun  for  V.P.  f 
j.  J.  Q.  Adams  for  P.              | 
'I  Richard  Rush  for  V.  P.      f 

j  Andrew  Jackson  for  P.     1 
")  MartinVan  Buren  forV.P  J 
j  Henry  Clay  for  P. 
I  John  Sargent  for  V.  P. 
)  John  Floyd  for  P. 
»  Henry  Lee  for  V.  P. 
(  William  Wirt  for  P. 
"(  Amostllmaker  for  V.  P. 

j  Martin  Van  Buren  for  P.  I 
(  R.  M.  Johnson  for  V.  P.  j 

f  Wm  .  H.  Harrison  for  P. 
1  Hugh  L.  White  for  P. 
1  Daniel  Webster  for  P  . 
-{  W   P.  Mangum  for  P. 
1  Francis  Granger  for  V.P. 
John  Tyler  for  V.  P. 
1  William  Smith  for  V.  P. 

122 

47 

131 

89 

183 

34 

231 

8 

99 
41 

37 
182 
24 
13 
9 
2 
84 
30 

178 

83 

219 

49 
11 

7 

170 
147 

73 

26 
14 
11 

77 
47 
28 

Republican  

Republican  
Federalist 

Republican  
Opposition  

Republican  

Republican  
Coalition  

155,872 
44,282 
46,58', 

105,321 

Democratic  
Nat.  Republic.. 

Democratic  
Nat.  Rep  

647,231 
509,097 

687,502 
530,189 

Independent  .  .  . 
Anti-Mason  

Democratic  
Whig... 

761,549 

736,656 

48 


THE  WESTERN  WORLD 


1 

r-l 

PARTY. 

CANDIDATES. 

VOTE. 

Popular. 

Elcct'l. 

1840 

1844 

1848 

1852 
1856 
1860 

1864 

Whig        

Election  of   Vice-President 
tlirairti    into     Congress    and 
JolDivon  chosen. 

f  Wm.  H.  Harrison  for  P.  > 
"/  John  Tyler  for  V.  P.         ( 
(  Martin  Van  Buren  for  P.  ] 
j  R.  M   Johnson  for  V.  P    i 
S.  \V.  Tazewell  for  V.  P.  | 
I.  James  K.  Polk  for  V.  P.  j 
James  G.  Birney  for  P  

\  James  K.  Polk  for  P.         ) 
i  George  M.  Dallas  forV.P.  f 
i  Henry  Clay  for  P. 
i  T.  Frelinghuysen  f  orV.  P  j 
James  G.  Birney  for  P  

(  Zachary  Taylor  for  P.         I 
i  MillardFillmorofor  V.P.  f 
i  Lewis  Cass  for  P. 
/  Wm.  O.  Butler  for  V.  P.  f 
i  Martin  Van  Buren  for  P.  i 
i  Charles  F.  Adams  for  V.  P  f 

(  Franklin  Pierce  for  P  —  ) 
/  \Vm.  H.  King  for  V.P....  J 
i  Winfleld  Scott  f  or  P  ....  i 
~t  Win.  A.  Graham  for  V.P.  f 
\  John  P.  Hale  for  P    | 
"l  Geo.  W.  Julian  for  V.  P.  .  j 

(  James  Buchanan  for  P.  .  | 
"i  J.C.Breckenridge  "  V.P.  j 
(  John  C  Fremont  for  P.  .  1 
't  Wm.  L.  Dayton  for  V.  P.  f 
«  Millard  Fillmore  for  P.  .  .  1 
"I  A.  J.  Donelson  for  V.  P.  ) 

1,275,017 
1,123,',02 

234 

60 

48 
11 

1 

170 
105 

163 
127 

254 
42 

174 

114 

8 

180 

39 
233 

213 
21 

Democratic  — 
Liberty   

7,059 

1,337,243 

1,299,068 
62,300 

1,360,101 
1,220,544 
291,203 

1,601,474 
1,386,578 
J  56,149 

1,838,1C9 
l,34U't:4 
874,534 

1,866,352 
845,763 
589,581 
1,375,157 

2,216,067 
1,808,725 

Democratic  
Whig         

Liberty  

Whig  

Democratic.  ... 
Free  Soil 

Democratic  .... 
Whig  

Free  Democ  — 

Democratic  .  .  . 
Republican  
American  

Republican.   . 
Democratic  
Cons.  Union  
Ind.  Democrat. 

Republican  
Democratic  

't  Hanibal  Hamlin  for  V.  P.  | 
J.C.Breckenridge  for  P.  .  ) 
Joseph  Lane  for  V.  P  .  .    f 
John  Bell  for  P    ) 

Edward  Everett  for  V.P.  f 
Stephen  A.  Douglas  for  P.  1 
H.  V.  Johnson  for  V.  P.  .  f 

(A   Lincoln  for  P  ) 

"(  A.  Johnson  for  V.P.  ...  \ 
t  Geo.  B.  McClellan  for  P.  .  I 
1  G.  H.  Pendleton  for  V.P.  \ 

Alabama,  Arkansas,  Florida. 
Georyia*  Louisiana,  Mi**i.--- 
sippi,  North  Carolina,  Ten- 
nessee, Texas  ami  Virginia, 
did  not  vote. 

GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK. 


49 


t>1 

PARTY. 

CANDIDATES. 

VOTE. 

Popular. 

1 

3 

214 

80 

286 
47 

5 
5 

18» 
184 

214 
155 

219 
182 

1868 
1872 

1876 

1880 
1884 

Republican  
Democratic...   . 

Republican  
Dem.  and  Liber. 

Democratic  
Temperance  — 

Republican  
Democratic  
Greenback  

JUS    Grant  for  P  1 

3,015,071 
2,709,613 

3,597,070 
2,834,079 

29,408 
6,608 

4,033,950 
4,284,885 
81,740 
9,522 

4,449,053 
4,442,035 
307,306 

4,838,319 
4,844.061 
208,553 
150,335 

J  S.  Coif  ax  for  V.  P.           .  f 
j  Horatio  Seymour  for  P.  .  1 
1  F.  P.  Blair,  Jr.,  for  V.  P.  <j 

Mississippi,   Texas  and   Vir- 
ginia did  not  vote. 

(US.  Grant  for  P  .  .      .  .  f 

|H   Wilson  for  V   P    .  ..  j 

1  Horace  Greeley  for  P  —  i 
1  B.  G.  Brown  for  V.  P...  j 

Vote  of  Georgia  for  Greeley, 
and  of  Arkansas  and  Louis- 
iana for  Grant  rejected. 

j  Charles  O'Connor  for  P.  .  ) 
I  G.  W.  Julian  for  V.  P.     j 
t  J.  Black  for  P.  .       ..         1 

1  A.  H.  Colquitt  for  V.  P..  f 

Votes  opposed  to  Grant  scat- 
tered in  Electoral  College. 

j  R    B.  Hayes  for  P  I 

i  Win.  A.  Wheeler  for  V.P.  j 
J  S   J   Tilden  for  P    .  .         I 

1  T.  A.  Hendricks  for  V.P.  f 
j  Peter  Cooper  for  P  I 

Prohibition  

Republican  
Democratic  — 
Greenback  

i  Green  Clay  Smith  for  P.  .  I 

(  James  A.  Garfield  for  P.  ) 
'iC.  A.  Arthur  for  V.  P...  f 
j  W.  S.  Hancock  for  P  —  1 
t  W.  H    English  for  V.  P.  f 
(  J.  B.  Weaver  for  P  1 
(  B.  J.  Chambers  for  V.  P.  f 

(S.  G.  Cleveland  for  P....  1 
1  T.  A.  HendrickP  for  V.  P.  j 
t  J    G    Blaine  for  P         .  .  I 

Democratic  
Republican  
Greenback  
Prohibition  

'\  J.  A.Log-anforV.  P....  f 
*  B.  F.  Butler  for  P    i 

•)                                                (• 

^  J.  P.  St.  John  f  or  P  J. 

50 


THE  WESTEUN  WORLD 


PORTRAITS  ON  UNITED  STATES  CURRENCY 
AND  POSTAGE  STAMPS,  and  on  legal  tender  (United  States 
notes):  $1,  Washing-ton;  $2,  Jefferson;  $5,  Jackson;  §10,  Webster; 
$20,  Hamilton;  $50,  Franklin;  $100,  Lincoln;  $500,  Gen.  Mansfield; 
81,000,  De  Witt  Clinton;  $5,000,  Madison;  $10,000,  Jackson.  On 
silver  certificates:  $10,  Robert  Morris;  $20,  Commodore  Decatur; 
$50,  Edward  Everett;  $100,  James  Monroe;  8500,  Charles  Sumncr, 
and  $1,000,  W.  L.  Marcy.  On  gold  notes:  $20,  Garflelcl;  $50,  Silas 
Wright;  $100,  Thomas  H.  Benton;  $500,  A.  Lincoln;  $1,000,  Alex- 
ander Hamilton,  $5,000,  James  Madison;  810,000,  Andrew  Jackson. 
On  postage  stamps:  10  cent,  Jefferson;  6  cent,  Lincoln;  5  cent, 
Garlield;  4  cent,  Jackson;  2  cent,  Washington;  1  cent,  Franklin. 


WARS    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES -COST    AND 
NUMBER  TROOPS: 

No.  Troops. 

Revolution ' 395,364 

War  of  1812 449,071 

Mexican  War lol,2S2 

Civil  War  (Number  Federal  Troops).  . . .  2,859,132 


Cost. 

$   135,205,i;04 

J09,15!i,:{o:j 

101,235,000 

6,189,929,908 


UNION  SOLDIERS  LOST  IN  CIVIL  WAR. -The  fol- 
lowing table  shows  the  number  of  soldiers  who  lost  their  lives 

in  the  Union  armies  during  the  rebellion,  and  the  general  causes 
of  their  death.    The  figures  are  official: 

Officers.  Men.   Aggregate. 

Killed  or  died  of  wounds 6,365  103,673           1 10,038 

Died  of  disease 2,795  221,79!           224,586 

Drowned     106  4,838              4,944 

Other  accidental  deaths 142  3,972             4,114 

Murdered 37  587                 024 

Killed  after  capture 14  86                100 

Committed  suicide 26  365                391 

Executed 367                267 

Executed  by  enemy 4  60                 64 

Died  from  sunstroke 5  308                313 

Other  known  causes 60  1,962              2,022 

Causes  not  stated 28  12,093           12,121 

Total 9,584  349,912          359,496 

Number  of  deserters,  199,105;  number  taken  prisoner,  212,842; 
number  died  in  prison,  28,258. 


NUMBER  OF  CONFEDERATES  LOST.-Died  of  wounds 
or  disease,  131,643;  deserted,  94,362;  killed  in  action,  49,482;  taken 
prisoner  (including  final  surrender  of  all  armies  at  end  of  war), 
476,169 ;  died  in  prison,  26,774. 


THE  FIRST  MONEY  COINED  by  authority  of  the 
United  States  consisted  of  copper  cents,  which  were  issued  in 
1793.  In  1794  silver  dollars  were  coined,  and  in  1795  gold  eagles. 
In  1835  branch  mints  were  established  at  New  Orleans,  Charlotte, 
N.  C.,  and  at  Dahlonega,  Ga.  Another  was  established  at  San 
Francisco  in  1854,  and  another  at  Carson  City,  Nev.,  in  1870. 


COAL  FIELDS  OF  THE  WORLD: 

United  States 200,266  square  miles. 

Europe 34,000 

Great  Britain 6,195 

British  America 2,200 


GUIDE   AND   HAND-BOOK. 


51 


PRODUCTS,  EXPORTS  AND  IMPORTS.— The  value  of 

products,  etc.,  of  the  United  States  are  estimated  as  below: 

Total  value  of  products  of  industry §10,000,000,000 

Average  annual  coal  production  78,161,744 

Average  annual  value  exports  merchandise 791,633,259 

Average  annual  value  imports  merchandise 622,589,714 

Average  annual  value  exports  of  cotton  12,322,428 

Average  annual  value  imports  cotton  ma'f actures .  31,949,892 

Total  imports  year  ending  June  30. 1885 577,476,085 

"     exports     "         "            "      "      "   741,893,683 

Exports  of  gold  "         " 8,477,892 

silvo-   "                                   "   33,753,633 

AREA  AMERICAN  COAL  FIELDS: 

Sq.  miles. 

Massachusetts    I                             Anthracite  <m 

Rhode  Island     f Anthracite  300 

Pennsylvania 470 

Oregon 100 

Pennsylvania Bituminous 12,656 

Maryland 550 

West  Virginia 15,000 

Virginia 225 

North  Carolina 45 

Tennessee 3,700 

Georgia 170 

Alabama 4,300 

Kentucky 13,700 

Ohio " 7,100 

Indiana 6,700 

Illinois 30,000 

Michigan 13.000 

Iowa 24,000 

Missouri " 2I,0»KI 

Nebraska 4,0i)0 

Kansas 12.00 

Arkansas "           12,OfsO 

Indian  Territory ..          "           10,000 

Texas 3,000 

Oregon .     '            500 

Washington  Territory 750 

West  of  Rocky  Mountains —                      5,100 

Total 200,266 

To  which  may  be  added  as  recent  formations  Tertiary 

Coals,  Lignites,  etc.,  mostly  near  Rocky  Mountains 200,000 


THE  NUMBER  OF  INDIANS  in  the  United  States  is 
estimated  at  360,000.  

NICKNAMES  OF  CITIES  of  the  United  States  are  as 
follows:  Baltimore;  "Monumental  City";  Boston,  "Hub  of  the 
Universe,"  or  "  Modern  Athens  ";  Brooklyn,  "  City  of  Churches  "; 
Buffalo,  "Queen  City  of  the  Lakes";  Chicago,  "Garden  City"; 
Cincinnati,  "Queen  City";  Cleveland,  "Forest  City";  Detroit, 
"  City  of  the  Straits  ";  Indianapolis,  "  Railroad  City  ";  Kansas 
City,  "City  of  Bluffs";  Keokuk,  la.,  "Gate  City";  Louisville, 
"Falls  City";  Lowell,  "City  of  Spindles";  Milwaukee,  "(,'reain 
City  ";  Nashville,  "City  of  Rocks  ";  Now  Haven,  "  City  of  Elms  "; 
New  Orleans,  "Crescent  City";  New  York,  "Empire  City,"  or 
"  Gotham  ";  Philadelphia,  "  City  of  Brotherly  Love,"  or  "  Quaker 
City  ";  Pittsburgh,  "  Iron  City  ";  Portland,  Me.,  "  Forest  City  "; 
Rochester,  "Flour  City";  Springfield,  111..  "Flower  City";  St. 
Louis,  "Mound  City";  Washington,  "City  of  Magnificent  Dis- 
tances," 


53 


THE  WESTERN  "WORLD 


DISTANCES  FROM  NEW  YORK  to  various  cities  of  the 
Union  and  other  parts  of  the  world,  with  the  latest  corrections, 
will  !>e  found  below: 


Adrian,  Mich  775 

Akron,  Ohio 610 

Albany,  X.  Y 143 

Alexandria,  Va 238 

Algiers,  La 1,556 

Allegheny,  Pa 434 

Allentown,  Pa 93 

Alton,  111 1,068 

Annapolis,  Md 222 

Ann  Arbor,  Mich 716 

Atchison,  Kan 1,368 

Atlanta,  Ga 1,018 

Auburn,  N.Y 328 

Augusta,  Me 407 

Augusta,  Ga 887 

Aurora,  111 951 

Baltimore,  Md 188 

Bangor,  Me 482 

Bath,  Me 382 

Baton  Rouge,  La 1,320 

Belfast,  Me...  424 

Belief ontaine,  Ohio 6f>8 

Binghamton,  N.  Y 215 

Blackstone,  Mass 272 

Bloomington,  111 1,037 

Boston,  Mass 236 

Bristol,  R.  I  215 

Bucyrus,  Ohio 632 

Buffalo,  N.Y 4:3 

Burlington,  N.  J 74 

Burlington,  Iowa 1,122 

Burlington,  Vt 280 

Cambridge,  Mass 239 

Camden,  N.  J 91 

Canandaigua,  N.  Y 377 

Carson  City,  Nevada 2,800 

Chambersburg.  Pa 246 

Charleston,  S.  C 874 

Charlestown,  Mass 235 

Chattanooga,  Tenn 982 

Chicago,   111 911 

Chillicothe,  Ohio .  645 

Cincinnati,  Ohio 754 

Circleville,  Ohio  640 

Cleveland,  Ohio 581 

Columbia,  S.  C 744 

Columbus,  Ohio 624 

Concord,  N.  H 308 

Covington,  Ky 755 

Cumberland,  Md.. 364 

Davenport,  Iowa 1,093 

Dayton,  Ohio 804 

Denver  City,  Col 1,998 

Des  Moines,  Iowa 1,251 

Detroit,  Mich 679 

Dover,  N.  H    304 

Dubuque,  Iowa 1,100 

Dunkirk.  N.  Y 460 

Elmira,  N.  Y 274 

Erie,  Pa 508 

Evansville,  Tnd 1,026 

Fall  River,  Mass 180 


Fitchburg,  Mass  218 

Fort  Kearney,  Neb 1,598 

Fort  Wayne,  Ind    763 

Fredericksburg,  Va 296 

Galena,  111  1,083 

Galesburg,  111    1,076 

Galveston,  Tex  1,900 

Georgetown.  D.  C 2:23 

Hamilton,  Ohio ',W 

Harrisburg,  Pa  1S2 

Hartford,  Conn  '. . .   .      1 12 

Hudson,  N.  Y 115 

Indianapolis.  Ind 838 

Jackson,  M  iss 1,498 

Jefferson  City,  Mo 1,210 

Kalamazqo,  Mich s22 

Kansas  City,  Mo  1,307 

Kingstown,  N.  Y 88 

Lafayette,  Ind 903 

Lansing,  Mich  785 

Lawrence,   Mass 2t;2 

Leayenworth,  Kan 1.3.SS 

Lexington,  Ky tvll 

Lexington,  Mo 1,354 

Little  Rock,  Ark 1,430 

Lockport,  N.Y 507 

Louisville,  Ky 904 

Lowell,  Mass  261 

Lynchburg.  Va 40t 

Macon,  Ga  1,121 

Madison,   \Vis ],04!> 

Memphis,  Tenn 1.289 

Milledgeville.  Ga.  ...:...  1,110 

Milwaukee,   Wis. 996 

Mobile,  Ala  1,370 

Montgomery,  Ala 1,193 

Montpelier,  Vt 4.">4 

Nashua,  N.  H 275 

Nashville,  Tenn 1,088 

New  Albany,  Ind 907 

New  Bedford,  Mass 181 

New  Brunswick,  N.J 32 

Newburgh,  N.  Y 53 

New  Haven,  Conn 76 

New  Orleans,  La 1,550 

Newport,  Ky 744 

Newport,  R.  1 102 

Norwalk,  Conn 45 

Omaha,  Neb 1,455 

Oswego,  N.  Y 237 

Philadelphia 89 

Pittsburg,  Pa  445 

Pittsfield,  Mass 161 

Portland,  Me 341 

Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y 76 

Providence.  R.  I 189 

Richmond,  Va  343 

Rochester,  N.  Y 37 1 

Sacramento,  Cal 3,1«J 

St.  Louis,  Mo 1,066 

St.  Paul,  Minn 1,322 

Salt  Lake  Cit  y,  Utah 2,476 


GUIDE  AND  HAXD-BOOK. 


53 


Mile*.  Miles. 

San  Antonio,  Tex 1,953       Trenton,  N.  J 58 

San  Francisco,  Cal 3,273       Troy,  N.  Y 151 

Savannah,  Ga   913       Utica,  N.  Y 240 

Springfield.  Ill 1,033       Vicksburg,  Miss 1,287 

Springfield,  Mass 139       Washington,  D.  C 328 

Syracuse,  N.  Y 293       Wheeling,  W.  Va 511 

Terre  Haute,  Ind 899       Wilmington,  Del 118 

Toledo,  O 706       Worcester,  Mass 193 

BY  WATER. 

Place.  Country.  Aftfcs. 

Alexandria Egypt 5,095 

Amsterdam Holland  3,530 

Bermudas West  Indies 680 

Bombay India -. 11,575 

Bordeaux France . 3,334 

Brussels Belgium 3,418 

Cape  of  Good  Hope Africa 6,810 

Cape  Horn South  America 7.000 

Constantinople Turkey 5,156 

Copenhagen Denmark 3,650 

Calcutta India  12,510 

Canton  China 14,115 

<  iil  milter Spain 3,290 

Glasgow Scotland 2,934 

Halifax Nova  Scotia 563 

Havana Cuba 1,275 

Lima Peru  11,312 

Lisbon v Portugal 3.184 

London England 3,376 

Liverpool England 3,080 

Madras British  India 11,864 

Naples Italy 4,327 

Pekin China 15,325 

Pernambuco Brazil. ...  4,926 

St.John Newfoundland 786 

St.  Petersburg Russia 4,437 

..Sandwich  Islands 7,159 

San  Francisco California 18,843 

Shanghai China 14,510 

Stockholm Sweden 4,075 

Valparaiso Chili 4,813 

Vi-ra  Cruz Mexico 2,185 

Vienna Austria 4,095 

Yokohama Japan 7,529 


THE  REVENUE  RECEIPTS  for  1885  will  be  about  $110,- 
000,000,  and  will  be  distribued  about  as  follows:  Alabama.  $35  000; 
Arizona,  $2,750;  Arkansas.  S90.000;  California,  S3.300.000;  Colorado; 
$200,000;  Connecticut,  $425,000:  Dakota,  810,000;  Delaware,  $21)0,000, 
Florida,  $173,000;  Georgia.  £575,000;  Idaho,  $2,500;  Illinois.  $25,000,- 
000:  Indiana,  $5.600.000:  Iowa,  $2,750,000;  Kansas,  $167,000:  Ken- 
tucky, $15,000,000:  Louisiana,  $560.000:  Maine,  50,000;  Maryland, 
So.  1.50,000;  Massachusetts,  §2,400,000;  Michigan,  $1,500,000;  Minne- 
sota, S500.000;  Mississippi,  $50,000;  Missouri,  $6,500,000:  Montana, 
S 125,000;  Nebraska,  $1,500,000;  Nevada,  $5,000:  New  Hampshire, 
$375,000;  New  Jersey,  $3,475,000;  New  Mexico,  $70,000;  New  York, 
.?  13,500,000;  North  Carolina,  $1,600,000;  Ohio,  $13,500.000;  Oregon, 
?' 25,000;  Pennsylvania.  $7.500,000;  Rhode  Island,  $130,000;  South 
Carolina,  $93,000;  Tennessee,  $1,250,000;  Texas,  $225,000;  Utah, 
$4,500;  Vermont,  $30,000;  Virginia,  $3,000,000;  Washington,  $7,000; 
West  Virginia,  $550,000;  Wisconsin,  $3,000,000;  Wyoming,  $1,500. 


54 


THE     WESTERN   WORLD 


DISTANCES  FROM  WASHINGTON  to  various  points 
in  an  air  line: 

Miles.  Miles. 

Alexandria,  Egypt 5,275       Manilla,  Phil.  Islands  — 

Amsterdam,  Holland 3,555 

Athens,  Greece 5,005 

Aukland,  N.  Z 8,290 

Algiers,  Algeria 3,425 

Berlin,  Prussia 3,847 

Berne,  Switzerland 3,730 

Brussels,  Belgium 3,5 '5 

Batavia,  Java 11,118 

Bombay,  Hindostan 8,548 

Buenos  Ay  res,  A.  C 5,013 

Bremen,  Pr 3,500 

Constantinople,  Turkey..  4,880 
Copenhagen,  Denmark  . .  3,895 

Calcutta,  Hindostan 9,348 

Canton,  China 9,000 

Cairo,  Egypt 5,848 

Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony.  6,684 

Cape  of  Good  Hope 7,380 

Caraccas,  Venezuela 1,058 

Charlotte  Town,  P.  E.  I. .     820 

Dublin,  Ireland 3,076 

Delhi,  Hindostan 8,368 

Edinburgh,  Scotland 3,275 

Frederickton,  N.  B 670 

Gibraltar,  Spain 3,150 

Glasgow,  Scotland 3,215 

Halifax,  N.  S 780 

Hamburg,  Germany 3,570 

Havana,  Cuba 1,139 

Honolulu,  S.  1 4,513 

Jerusalem,  Palestine 5,495 

Jamestown,  St.  Helena...  7,150 

Lima,  Peru 3,515 

Lisbon,  Portugal 3,190 

Liverpool,   England 3,228 

London,  England 3,315 

City  of  Mexico,  Mex 1,867 

Montevideo,  Uruguay —  5,003 

Montreal,  Canada 471 

Madrid,  Spain 3,485 

Moscow,  Russia 4,466 


Mecca,  Arabia 6,598 

Muscat,  Arabia 7,600 

Monrovia.  Liberia — ' —  3,645 

Morocco.  Morocco 3,305 

Mourzouk,  Fezzan 5,525 

Mozambique,  Moz 7,348 

Ottawa,  Canada 462 

Panama,  New  Granada...  1,825 

Parana,  A.  C 4,733 

Port  au  Prince,  Hayti —  1,425 

Paris,  France 3,485 

Pekin,  China 8,783 

Quebec,  Canada 601 

Quito,  Ecuador 2,531 

Kio  Janeiro,  Bra/il 4,280 

Home,  Italy 4,365 

St.  Petersburg,  Russia. . . .  4,296 

Stockholm,  Sweden 4,055 

Shanghai,  China 8,600 

Singapore,  Malay 11,300 

St.  Johns,  N.  F 1,340 

San  Domingo,  S.  D 4.300 

San  Juan,  Nicaragua. .   . .  1,740 

San  Salvador,  A.  C 1,650 

Santiago,  Chili 4,970 

Spanisn  Town,  Jamaica..  1,446 

Sidney.,  C.  B.  1 975 

Sydney,  Australia 8,963 

St.  Paul  de  Loanda 5,578 

Timbuctoo,  Soudan 3,395 

Tripoli,  Tripoli 4,425 

Tunis,  Tunis 4,240 

Toronto,  Canada 343 

Venice,  Italy 3,fc35 

Vienna,  Austria 4,115 

Valparaiso,  Chili 4,934 

Vera  Cruz,  Mexico 1,680 

Warsaw,  Poland 4,010 

Yeddo,  Japan 7,630 

Zanzibar,  Zanzibar ...  7,078 


THE  MORTALITY  OF  CITIES  in  the  United  States  is  as 
follows,  the  number  following  each  city  indicating  the  number 
of  deaths  per  year  to  the  1,000  of  population:  New  York,  26;  Phila- 
delphia, 20;  Chicago,  22;  St.  Louis,  20;  Baltimore,  23;  Cincinnati, 
20;  Louisville,  21;  San  Francisco,  19;  Atlanta,  19;  Washington,  22; 
Pittsburgh.  22;  New  Orleans,  23;  Brooklyn,  23;  Boston,  22; 
Savannah,  29;  Charleston,  28;  New  Haven,  18;  Salt  Lake  City,  20; 
Providence,  20;  Memphis,  28;  Jacksonville,  26;  Richmond,  25; 
Cleveland,  21;  Newark,  21;  Milwaukee,  21;  Mobile,  23;  Nashville, 
22;  St.  Paul,  25;  Minneapolis,  25. 


EXPENDITURES  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES  are 
approximately  as  follows:  For  liquor,  $930,000,000;  for  bread, 
$525,000,000;  for  meat,  $312,000,000;  for  iron  and  other  metals, 
$365,000,000;  for  woolen  goods,  8224,000.000;  for  cotton  goods, 
$198,000,000;  for  lumber,  fc>35,000,000;  for  boots  and  shoes,  8197.000,- 
000;  for  sugar  and  molasses,  §55,000,000;  for  educational  purposes, 
$96,000,000. 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK. 


55 


THE  ORIOTN  OF  THE  DOLLAR  dates  from  July  6, 1785, 
prior  to  which  the  English  pound  was  used  in  the  colonies.  The 
weight  was  fixed  in  August  of  the  following  year,  and  was  based 
on  that  of  the  old  Spanish  dollar.  The  first  dollar  ever  issued 
by  any  government  was  coined  at  Joachimsthall,  in  Bohemia. 


IMMIGRATION  TO  THE  UNITED  STATES,  182O-1884. 

Previous  to  1820  no  record  of  immigrants  was  kept,  but  the 
whole  number  landed  from  the  close  of  the  Revolution  to  that 
date,  is  put  at  about  270,000. 


Year. 

1830... 
1821... 

Immi- 
grants. 
8,385 
....  9,127 

Year. 

1837... 
1838  .. 

Immi- 
grants. 
...  79,340 
...  38,914 

Year. 

1854.  .  . 
1855.  .  .  . 
1856.... 
1857.... 
1858.  .  .  . 
1859.  .  .  . 
1860.  .. 
1861.... 
1862.... 
18«3.  .  .  . 
1864.... 
1865.... 
1866.... 
1867.  .. 
1868 

Immi- 
grants. 
...427,833 
...200,877 
...195,857 
...246,945 
...119,501 
...118,615 
.     150,237 
.  ..  89,724 
..  89,007 
...174,524 
.  .  .  193,195 
...247,453 
.  ..167,757 
..298,967 
282  189 

Year. 

1871... 
1872... 
1873. 

Immi- 
grants. 
..321,350 
...404,806 
459803 

1822.. 

6,911 

1839... 
1840... 
1841.  . 
1842.  . 
1843.   . 

.   .  68,069 
...  84,066 
.  .  .  80,289 
...104,565 
.    .  52  496 

1823... 
1824... 
1825.. 

....  6,354 
....  7,912 
10,199 

1874.  . 
1875.  . 
1876... 
1877.  . 
1878.  .  . 
1879.  .  . 
1880... 
1881... 
1882.  .  . 
1883.  . 
1884... 

Total  . 

.  .  .313,339 

..  227,408 
...169,986 
...141,857 
...138,469 
...177,826 
...457,257 
...669,431 
..788,992 
...603,322 
...518,592 

1826  . 

10,837 

1827... 
1828.... 
1829  .. 
1830... 
1831.... 
1&32... 
1833.... 
1834... 
18*5... 
1836... 

....18,875 
....27,382 
....22,520 
....23,322 
....22,6315 
....60,482 
....58,6*0 
....65,365 
....45,374 
....76,242 

1844.  .  . 
1845.   . 
1846. 
1847.  .  .  . 
1848.  .  .  . 
1849... 
1850... 
1851.... 
1852... 
1853.. 

...  78,615 
...114,371 
...154,416 

...234,968 
...226,527 
...297,024 
.  .  .369,980 
...379,466 
...371,60:! 
...368,645 

1869.  .  .  . 
1870.  .  .  . 

...352,768 
...387,203 

.12,719,095 

NATIONALITY  OF  IMMIGRANTS  TO  THE  UNITED 
STATES.— Up  to  1884  the  countries  named  each  contributed  im- 
migrants as  follows: 


England  946,872 

Ireland 216,876 

Scotland 168,113 

Wales   21,643 

Great  Britain,  not  speci- 
fied     561,914 

Austria-H  u  ngary 72,492 

Belgium 25,671 

Denmark 51,605 

France  341,716 

Germany 3,509,128 

China 274,381 


Greece 712 

Italy 79,673 

Netherland 48,428 

Poland 19,218 

Portugal 11,104 

Russia 41,213 

Spain 29,694 

Sweden  and  Norway. ..  698,114 

Switzerland 89,807 

Turkey 1,108 

Total 8,915,502 


NATURAL  WONDERS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.- 

Yosemite  Valley,  California,  57  miles  from  Coulterville.  A  valley 
from  8  to  ten  miles  long,  and  about  one  mile  wide.  Has  very 
steep  slopes  about  3,500  ft.  high:  has  a  perpendicular  precipice 
3,089  ft.  high;  a  rock  almost  perpendicular,  3,270  ft.  high;  and 
waterfalls  from  700  to  1,000.  Niagara  Fattx—A  sheet  of  water 
three-quarters  of  a  mile  wide,  with  a  fall  of  175  ft.  Natural 
Bridge  over  Cedar  Creek  in  Virginia:  Mammoth  Cave  in  Ken- 
tucky; Yellowstone  National  Park  in  Montana;  Peak*  of  Utter  in 
Virginia;  Grand  Menans  Land  in  Maine;  Mount  Desert  in  Maine; 
the  Palitadea  of  the  Hudson  river;  Great  Salt  Lake  in  Utah;  Hot 
Springs  in  Arkansas;  the  Royal  Gorge,  the  Mount  of  the  Holy 
Cross,  the  Garden  of  the  Gods  in  Colorado. 


56 


THE  "WESTERN   WORLD 


CHTJRCH  MEMBERSHIP  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
(OflBcial.) 


DENOMINA- 
TIONS. 

Churches. 

Ministers. 

Members. 

DENOMINA- 
TIONS. 

Churches. 

Ministers. 

Members. 

Advent.  2d.. 
Adv  7th  Day 
Baptist  
Bap.Anti-M. 
"  FreeWill. 
"  7th  Day.. 
"  Six  Prin. 
Christian  .  .  . 
Congreg'n'l. 
Dunkards 
Brethren  . 
Epis.  Prot.. 
Epis.  Ref... 

800 
640 
26,060 
900 
1,432 
94 
20 
5,100 
3,804 

250 
3,000 

600 
114 
16,596 
400 
1,213 
110 
12 
3,782 
3,713 

200 
3,432 
100 
1,545 
200 
202 
3,132 
350 
24,658 

11,703 
1,738 
1,800 
638 

70.000 
15,570 
2,296,327 
40,000 
78,012 
8,539 
2,000 
591,821 
381,697 

100,000 
338,383 
9,448 
117,027 
60,0(10 
13,633 
950,868 
50,000 
1,724,420 

860,687 
387,566 
300,000 
112,938 

Me^th.  Free... 
Meth.  Cong.  .  . 
Meth.  Prim.  .  . 
Meth.  Prot... 
Meth.     Welsh 
Calvinistic.  . 
Meth.  Wesley. 
Moravian  
Mormon  

107 
200 
14 
573 

1,134 
148 

84 
654 

93 

5.858 
2,010 
2,457 
1(57 
826 

509 
1,405 
6,241 
18 

335 

4,524 
956 
400 

260 
225 
52 
1,385 

600 
400 
94 
3,906 

89 
5,218 
1,081 
1,386 
143 
719 

545 
748 
6,546 
68 

394 

2,196 
729 
350 

12,318 
13,750 
3,369 
135,000 

118,979 
17,087 
9,491 
110,377 

3,994 
600,695 
123,806 
111,863 
17,273 
84,573 

80,167 
155,857 
6,901,324 
2,400 

17,960 

157,835 
27,429 
30,000 

New  Jerus'lm 
(SwedTjrgn) 

Presbyterian  . 
Presb.  (South) 
"    Cum'bl'd 
Presb.  Ref.... 
Presb.  United 
Ref'd.  Church 
(Dutch)  
Ref.  Church  .  . 
Rom.  Catholic 
Shaker  

Evang.  Ass. 
Friends  
Jews  

1,576 
392 
260 
5,5*3 
300 
17,935 

4,942 
381 
629 
388 

Lutheran..  . 
Mennonite.  . 
Method.  Ep. 
Method.  Ep. 
(South)  .  .  . 
Method.  Ep. 
African  .  .  . 
Method.  Ep. 
Afr.  Zion. 
Method.  Ep. 
Colored  .  .  . 

Unitar'n  Con- 
gregational. 
United  Breth. 
in  Christ  
Universalist  .. 
Winebren'r's. 

THE  GREAT  CANALS  OF  THE  WORLD.-The  Im- 
perial Canal  of  China  is  over  1,000  miles  long.  In  the  year  of  1861 
was  completed  the  greatest  undertaking  of  the  kind  on  the  Euro- 
pean continent,  the  Canal  of  Langedoc,  or  the  Canal  du  Midi,  to 
connect  the  Atlantic  with  the  Mediterranean;  its  length  is  148 
miles,  it  has  more  than  100  locks  and  about  50  aqueducts,  and  its 
highest  part  is  no  less  than  600  feet  above  the  sea;  it  is  navigable 
for  vessels  of  upward  of  600  tons.  The  largest  ship  canal  in 
Europe  is  the  great  North  Holland  Canal,  completed  in  1825—125 
feet  wide  at  the  water  surface,  31  feet  wide  at  the  bottom,  and 
has  a  depth  of  20  feet ;  it  extends  from  Amsterdam  to  the  Helder, 
51  miles.  The  Caledonia  Canal,  in  Scotland,  has  a  total  length  of 
60  miles,  including  three  lakes.  The  Suez  Canal  is  88  miles  long, 
of  which  66  miles  are  actual  canal.  The  Erie  Canal  is  350J£  miles 
long;  the  Ohio  Canal,  Cleveland  to  Portsmouth,  332;  the  Miami 
and  Erie,  Cincinnati  to  Toledo.  291,  the  Wabash  and  Erie  (aban- 
doned) Evansville  to  the  Ohio  line,  374. 


HEIGHT   OF   GREAT   MOUNTAIN   PEAKS.-Pike's 

Peak,  N.  A.,  14,000  ft,;  Mt.  Cervin,  Europe,  14,835  ft.;  Mt.  Iztacci- 
huatl,  N.  A.,  15,705ft.;  Mt.  Kasbek,  Europe,  16,500  ft.  Mt,  St. 
Elias,  N.  A.,  17,850  ft.;  Mt.  Chimborazo,  S.  A.,  21,422  ft.;  Mt. 
Chumulari,  Asia,  23,946  ft.;  Mt.  Kintchinjunga,  Asia,  28,178  ft.; 
Mt.  Everest,  Asia,  29,002  ft.;  Mt.  Dhawalagheri,  Asia,  28,826  ft.; 
Mt.  Aconcagua,  S.  A. ,22,422  ft.;  Mt.  Elbruz,  Europe,  18,514  ft.; 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK.  57 

Popooatapetl  Vol.,  N  A..  17,540  ft.;  Mt.  Blanc,  Europe,  15,732  ft ; 
Mt.  Kosa,  Europe,  15,150ft.;  Mt.  Fairweather  N.  A.,  24,500  ft.; 
Mt.  LeGeant,  Europe,  J3.800  ft. 


WINTER  IN  THE  SOUTH. 

.  THE  FIRST  IRON  FURNACE  in  America  was  at  Fall- 
ing Creek,  a  few  miles  below  Richmond,  Va.,  but  on  the  opposite 
side  of  the  James.  The  works  were  beg-un  in  1619,  but  in  1623  were 
destroyed  in  an  Indian  massacre.  They  were  never  renewed,  and 
the  next  attempt  to  manufacture  iron  was  made  by  Gov 
bpottswood,  near  the  present  site  of  Fredericksburg,  about  1726. 
lo  this  the  plantation  of  George  Washington's  father,  Augustine, 
contributed  much  ore. 


58  THE  WESTERN   WORLD 


THE 

OF   THE    WORLD, 

Their  Areas,  Populations,  Characteristics,  Governments  and  Rulers. 

ARGENTINE  REPUBLIC.-Area,  1,619,500  sq.  miles;  pop., 
ab>>ut  3,l!00,000;  abounds  in  fertile  plains,  called  pampas,  with  rich 
alluvial  soil  four  or  five  feet  thick,  formed  by  decay  of  vegeta- 
tion; consists  of  14  provinces;  Buenos  Ayres  is  the  most  im- 
portant, pop.  500,000;  capital  city,  Buenos  Ayres,  200,000  pop.; 
country  sparsely  populated.  Population  of  Buenos  Ayres  largely 
European,  and  immigration  has  increased  enormously  of  late 
years.  Eminently  a  pastoral  country,  with  about  18,000,000  cattle, 
140,000.000  sheep;  exports  largely  wool,  hides  and  tallow.  Twelve 
lines  of  steamers  run  to  Europe,  the  passage  occupying  20  days; 
miles  of  railway,  1,800;  telegraph,  8,000;  Atlantic  cable  com- 
municates with  London.  Revenue,  1883,  §31,230,749,  derived  from 
import  and  export  duties;  expenditure,  832,694,490;  national  debt, 
$134,672,500.  The  government  is  a  federal  republic,  modeled  on 
the  constitution  of  the  United  States,  except  that  the  ministry  is 
responsible  to  Congress.  The  laws  are  the  same  for  all,  native  or 
foreign;  immigrants  may  naturalize  or  maintain  their  foreign 
nationality.  National  Congress  consists  of  a  Senate  and  House  of 
Deputies;  the  executive  power  is  entirely  in  the  hands  of  the 
president,  who  is  held  responsible  for  the  acts  of  that  department. 
The  president,  Gen.  Julio.  A.  Koca,  was  elected  1880  for  seven 
years,  with  a  salary  of  §20,000. 


AUSTRIA.— Empire,  called  since  1867  Austro-Hungary;  area, 
240,000  sq.  miles;  pop.,  1880,  37,741,413;  comprises  five  countries, 
each  bearing  the  name  of  kingdom;  largest  city  and  capital, 
Vienna,  pop.,  1880,  726,105.  Population  embraces  several  distinct 
races,  the  most  numerous  being  the  German,  numbering 9,000,000; 
Slavic  races,  16,500,000— Poles,  Croats,  Servians,  Czechs,  Moravians, 
etc.;  Magyars,  or  Hungarians,  5,500,000 ;  Wallachians,  3,00<i,000 ; 
Jews,  1,100.000;  Italians,  515,000;  Gypsies,  140,' 00.  Two-thirds  of 
people  Roman  Catholics.  Education  compulsory  on  all  children 
from  (5  to  12;  there  are  92  gymnasia,  or  higher  schools,  and  6 
universities,  while  Hungary  has  142  gymnasia  and  one  university. 
Agriculture  chief  pursuit;  about  30JS  engaged  in  trade  or  manu- 
factures. The  productive  land  of  Austria  is  estimated  at  89#  of 
its  area;  Hungary,  84;*.  The  great  crop  is  grain,  annual  yield  of  over 
400,000,000  bushels.  Principal  sea-port,  Trieste,  on  the  Adriatic. 
Total  imports,  1882,  $336,000,000;  exports.  8376,000,000.  The  legisla- 
tive body,  or  Reichsrath,  consists  of  a  House  of  Lords  nominated 
by  the  emperor,  consisting  partly  of  life  members  and  partly  of 
hereditary  nobles;  and  a  House  of  Representatives,  353  members, 
elected  by  all  citizens  who  possess  a  small  property  qualification. 
Hungary  has  a  Reichstag,  consisting  of  a  House  of  Magnates  for 
high  officers  and  peers  of  the  kingdom,  and,  r.  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives elected  for  three  years.  The  sovereign  (the  Austro- 
Hungarian  emperor)  is  styled  king  in  Hungary.  Austria  pays  70£ 
and  H  ungary  3W  toward  the  expenses  of  the  empire.  The  budget 
of  1883  summed  up:  receipts,  $380,000,000;  expenditures  ubout  the 
same;  public  debt  of  empire,  $1,097,978,118.  The  army,  on  a 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK.  59 


peace  footing,  consisted  in  1883  of  284,071  men  and  16,635  officers; 
military  service  compulsory  for  ten  years.  The  navy  in  1883  con- 
sisted of  68  vessels  (11  ironclads,  30  steam  vessels),  with  320  guns. 
The  emperor  is  Franz  Joseph  I;  born  1830;  crowned  December 
2,  1848. 


BELGIUM.— Kingdom ;  area,  11,378  sq.  miles;  pop.,  1880, 
5,519,844;  capital,  Brussels,  164,598.  Most  of  the  people  Roman 
Catholics;  16,000  Protestants  and  3,000  Jews.  Revenue,  1884, 
$63,287,880;  expenditures,  $65,374,150;  public  debt,  1884,  §337,371,090. 
Imports,  1888,  $3:26,179,280;  exports,  §260,054,000.  Army,  peace 
footing',  46,383.  Railways  in  operation,  18e3,  2,634  miles,  two- 
thirds  owned  and  managed  by  the  government;  miles  of  tele- 
graph, 1882,  3,213.  The  great  interests  are  agriculture  and  manu- 
facturing. Belgium  a  gi-eat  workshop.  Education  promoted  by 
government.  King  Leopold  II,  born  1835,  called  to  throne  De- 
cember 10, 1865. 


BOLIVIA.— Republic;  named  in  honor  of  Bolivar;  area,  536,200 
sq.  miles;  pop.  estimated  2,400,000,  including  Indians;  divided  into  9 
departments,  each  having  a  distinct  governor.  The  goverment  is 
popular  in  form,  three  legislative  chambers  being  elected  for 
tour  years,  eight  years  and  for  life.  The  president  is  elected  for 
life  by  a  majority  of  the  collective  legislature.  President, 
Nicolas  Campero,  inaugurated  June  30,  1880.  The  administra- 
tion belongs  «  holly  to  the  ministry,  which  is  responsible  to  the 
Senate.  Religion  is  free,  the  Roman  Catholic  being  the  prevailing 
form.  Public  debt,  1881,  §21,925,000;  revenue,  $2,527,515,  1883;  one- 
flfth  was  derived  from  customs,  one-fifth  from  Indian  tribute 
and  one-tenth  from  the  sale  of  guano ;  expenditure,  $3,30(1.528. 
Imports,  1881,  $6,150,000;  exports,  $9,381,973.  Bolivia  abounds  in 
high  plateaus  suited  to  wheat,  has  much  valuable  timber;  low* 
lands  clothed  with  tropical  forests  and  swampy;  climate  varied; 
coffee,  cotton,  sugar-cane,  garden  vegetables  and  fruits,  staples. 
Western  Bolivia  contains  the  highest  mountains  of  the  two 
Americas,  with  frequent  volcanoes.  The  Cordillera  culminate  in 
the  peak  of  Sorata,  24,800  feet  high.  The  silver  mines  of  Potosi, 
famous  for  richness,  have  yielded  over  $1,600,000,000  since  1545. 
Roads  bad;  railroads  almost  unknown,  great  natural  difflcultjes 
in  the  way  of  their  construction. 


BSAZIL.— Empire;  area,  3,287,964  sq.  miles;  pop.  estimated  at 
12,500,100;  largest  of  the  South  American  countries;  discovered  by 
Spaniards  in  1500;  a  Portuguese  possession,  passed  under  Spanish 
rule,  but  reverting  to  Portugal  in  1640.  The  legislative  power  is 
vested  in  a  Senate  of  58  members  elected  for  life  and  a  Chamber 
of  Deputies,  123  members,  chosen  for  four  years  by  direct  suf- 
frage. The  executive  power  is  vested  in  the  emperor  (now  Don 
Pedro  II,  Alcantara,  born  1825,  called  to  throne  1831)  and  his 
ministers  and  secretaries  of  state.  Divided  into  twenty  provinces, 
comprising  642  municipalities,  each  having  a  council  chosen 
directly  by  citizens.  Public  debt  about  $431,584,400,  of  which 
$85,000,000  is  paper  money;  revenue,  1884,  $66,524,700,  more  than 
one-half  custom  duties,  and  one-sixth  fi-om  export  duties;  the 
expenditure  in  1884  was  $75,727,168.  The  army  consists  of  11,333 
men,  raised  to  32,000  on  a  war  looting;  the  naval  force  embraces 
35  stetun  vessels,  with  123  guns  and  5,704  seamen.  Free  public 
schools  supported  by  state  exist;  in  some  provinces  instruction 
compulsory.  Roman  Catholic  religion  estaolished;  other  forms 
tolerated  if  practised  privately;  dissenters  enjoy  civil  rights. 
There  are  23  lines  of  steam  vessels,  besides  the  North  American 
Line,  between  Brazil  and  New  York.  The  imports,  1884,  $9U,354,- 
860;  exports,  chiefly  coffee,  hides  and  sugar,  $108,354,900.  By  a 
decree  of  1867  the  Amazon  opened  to  the  trading  ships  of  all 
nations.  Ill  1874  submarine  telegraph  cable  was  completed  from 


60  THE  WESTERN  WORLD 


Europe.     Roads  bad ;  railways  rapidly  extending  by  state  and 
private  enterprise;  miles  of  railway,  over  2,000. 


CANADA.  DOMINION  OF.  —Confederate  government,  em- 
bracing British  North  American  Provinces  of  Ontario,  Quebec, 
New  Brunswick,  Nova  Scotia,  Manitoba,  British  Columbia,  North- 
west Territory,  Vancouver's  Island,  and  Prince  Edward  Island. 
Has  a  representative  Parliament,  meeting  annually  at  Ottawa, 
the  capital ;  senators,  77  in  number,  nominated  for  life,  by  sum- 
mons of  Governor-General ;  House  of  Commons,  206  members, 
elected  by  the  people  for  five  years ;  right  of  suffrage  subject 
to  property  qualification.  The  Governor-General,  appoint.-, 1, 
1883,  is  the  Marquis  of  f-ansdowne.  salary,  S50,OCO.  Debt,  1883, 
$302,159,104.  Revenue,  1883.  $35,7^4,650,  derived  from  customs,  ex- 
cise, public  works,  including  railways  and  canals  and  postoffice. 
Expenditure,  1883,  $28.730,157.  Population,  1881,  4,352,080.  In- 
dian population,  99,1550.  Miles  railway,  1885,  9,066;  miles  under 
construction,  2,^99. 


CHILI.— Republic;  area,  124,084  square  miles;  population  esti- 
mated 2,5'JO,000,  including  about  50,000  Indians;  a  mountainous 
country  subject  to  earthquakes  ;  has  almost  every  variety  of 
climate,  its  long,  narrow  territory  extending  from  the  hot  deserts 
near  the  equator  to  the  cold  and  wet  region  within  twelve  degrees 
of  the  Antarctic  Circle.  One-quarter  of  the  country  is  near  the 
level  of  the  sea,  while  the  great  Andes  range  of  mountains  rise  to 
a  mean  elevation  of  11,840  feet,  the  highest  peak  (Aconcagua) 
being  22,427  feet;  originally  a  Spanish  settlement:  became  in- 
dependent in  1810-'17.  Legislative  power  is  in  a  National  Con- 
gress composed  of  37  members,  elected  for  six  years,  and  a 
Chamber  of  Deputies,  109  members,  for  three  years.  Suffrage 
universal  to  citizens  able  to  read  and  write  and  paying  a  small 
annual  tax.  The  executive  power  resides  in  a  President,  elected 
for  five  years,  a  council  of  state  and  five  cabinet  ministers,  hav- 
ing salaries  of  S6,000  each.  President  Domingo  Santa  Maria, 
elected  1881,  salary  $18,000.  Debt  in  1884,  $87,044.520.  Revenue, 
1884,  844,160,120,  one  halt'  from  customs  and  monopolies.  Ex- 
penditure, 8*6,530,550.  Exports,  $71,374,126,  1882.  Imports,  $53,- 
602,214.  Agriculture  flourishes.  About  802  of  entire  surface 
desert,  pasture  or  forests,  with  only  20£  arable  land.  Wheat  the 
most  important  product,  crop  averages  over  10,000,000  bu.  Rich 
in  gold,  silver  and  copper.  Army,  1883, 13,926  men.  Navy.  22  steam 
vessels,  manned  by  2,225  men.  Education  largely  aided  by  gov- 
ernment, which  supports  810  schools  through  the  country,  besides 
iyceums  and  the  University  of  Chili,  with  700  students,  37  profes- 
sors, and  free  instruction.  Roman  Catholic  religion  recognized 
by  constitution,  but  public  profession  of  other  forms  tolerated. 


CHINA.— Empire;  area,  4,560, 107  sq.  miles:  pop.  375,000,000  (esti- 
mated) ;  has  of  late  years  opened  diplomatic  and  commercial  in- 
tercourse with  other  nations.  It  includes  Tibet,  Mongolia  and 
Manchuria,  besides  China  proper:  the  country  abounds  in  nu- 
merous rivers,  forming  the  chief  highways  of  the  empire.  The 
government  despotic,  Emperor  absolute;  present  Emperor 
Kwang  SU,  born  1871,  called  to  throne  1875.  Civilization  the 
most  ancient  in  the  world  ;  comparatively  unknown  to  Europe 
and  America;  the  exclusiveness  sjowly  giving  way.  The  em- 
pire now  sends  ministers  to  the  United  States,  England.  France, 
Germany,  Russia,  Spain,  the  West  Indies  and  Japan.  Fourteen 
of  its  numerous  ports  open  to  foreign  trade.  Imports.  1882, 
?1 16,572,842;  exports,  §101,005,269.  Silk  and  tea  make  up  three- 
fourths  of  the  exports,  while  opium  and  cotton  goods  constitute 
two-thirds  of  the  imports.  Revenues  estimated  at  $121.5(10,000. 
Public  debt  unknown.  One  foreign  loan  of  89,750,000  at  8jf,  re- 


GUIDE  AND  HAND- BOOK.  61 


cently  contracted,  and  guaranteed  by  the  customs  receipts. 
Army,  270,000  men,  organized  after  the  European  custom.  On 
paper  800,000  Chinese  arid  271,000  Manchoos.  The  navy  embraces 
56  vessels.  Miles  of  railroad,  6. 


COLOMBIA  (the  United  States  of ).— Republic;  includes  a 
large  part  of  New  Granada ;  area  320,635  sq .  miles ;  pop.  3,300,000 
whites :  10,000  Indians.  Present  political  organization  dates  from 
1863.  Largest  city,  Bogota  (capital), pop.  50,000.  Panama  20,000  pop. 
Legislative  power  vested  in  a  senate  of  27  members,  and  a  rep- 
resentative chamber  of  61,  elected  by  general  suffrage.  The 
executive  power  is  exercised  by  a  president  chosen  for  two  years 
by  the  people  of  the  different  states,  and  by  four  ministers. 
President,  E.  Nunez,  elected,  1884.  Revenue,  1383,  $6,244,000,  two- 
thirds  from  customs.  Expenditure,  §6.744,000,  1883.  Debt,  $21.- 
f»H,527,  12S3.  Imports,  18f\3,  $10,032,500.  Exports,  85,625,000.  Cof- 
fee, cotton,  tobacco  and  cinchona  bark  chief  exports.  Agricult- 
ure the  leading  industry.  Two  railways  in  operation.  Panama 
line  across  the  Isthmus,  46  miles,  belong  the  principal  one.  Tele- 
graphs, 1,820  miles.  No  navy.  Army  3,000  men.  Education 
recently  much  improved,  in  hands  of  the  state  which  requires 
compulsory  instruction ;  general  public  subsidizes  the  states 
to  maintain  schools.  Religious  freedom  prevails.  No  state 
church.  Predominant  religion  Roman  Catholic. 


COSTA  RICA.— Republic;  area,2l,495  sq.miles;  pop.(estimated 
215,000,  mostly  Spanish  descent.  Contains  six  provinces.  Gov- 
ernment vested  in  a  President  elected  for  4  years,  two  vice-presi- 
dents and  four  ministers.  President,  Prospero  Fernandez,  elected 
18*2.  The  legis'ative  power  is  in  a  congress  of  deputies  chosen 
for  4  years.  Revenue,  1883,  81,607,425,  one-third  from  monopoly 
of  tobacco  and  brandy  by  the  government,  the  rest  from  customs 
and  various  taxes.  Expenditure,  $2,504,130.  Debt,  §16,950,000. 
Exports,  1880,  84,134,920,  coffee  alone,  $3,728,000.  Imports, 
$3,140,961,  chiefly  manufactures.  Standing  army,  900.  Militia, 
]»;,:!7u  men,  all  between  age  of  15  and  30.  State  religion  Roman 
Catholic.  Religious  liberty  guaranteed  by  the  constitution.  Soil 
extremely  fertile.  Vast  forests  of  mahogany,  ebony,  Brazil- 
wood, and  India-rubber  trees.  Climate  fosters  almost  all  fruits 
of  the  tropic  and  temperate  zones,  about  1,100  square  miles  un- 
der cultivation.  Railways,  105  miles ;  telegraphs,  451  miles. 


CUBA.— A  colony  of  Spain,  area,  72,000  sq.  miles;  population 
estimated,  1,750,000,  half  blacks  and  enfranchised  slaves.  Island 
governed  by  a  Captain-General,  appointed  by  the  Spanish  crown. 
Staple  is  sugar,  of  which  450,000  to  600,000  tons  are  annually  ex- 
ported, two-thirds  to  the  United  States,  besides  4,000,000  to  5,000,- 
000  gallons  of  molasses. 

DENMARK.— Area,  14,553  sq.  miles;  population,  1880,2,096,400. 
Constitutional  kingdom.  Climate  is  like  that  of  Scotland.  Mean 
annual  temperature  47  deg.  at  Copenhagen.  Constitution  vests 
the  legislative  power  in  the  Rigsdag,  consisting  of  a  Folkething, 
102  members,  and  a  Landsthing.  66  members.  Folkething  elected 
for  three  years  by  universal  suffrage,  Landsthing  for  eight  years 
bv  electoral  districts,  except  12  members  nominated  for  lite  by 
the  King.  King,  Christian  IX,  born  18i8.  Called  to  throne,  1863. 
Seven  ministers.  Receipts,  $13,674,025:  $8,300,000  from  indirect  and 
$2,300,000  from  direct  taxes.  Expenditure,  $14,808,805;  debt,  1883, 
$64,786,910.  Army  (recruited  by  conscription),  a5.727  men;  reserve, 
15.258.  Navy.  1882,  included  33 steam  vessels,  230  guns  and  29  sail 
vessels.  Imports,  1881.  864,744,310;  exports,  $51,576,810,  chiefly 
grain  and  provisions.  There  are  1,105  miles  of  railway,  two- 
thirds  operated  by  the  state.  Government  telegraph.  2,283  miles. 


62  THE  WESTERN  WORLD 


Established  church  Lutheran,  Protestant;  Roman  Catholics 
tolerated  in  Scandinavia.  Lutherans,  1883,  1,777,000;  Jews,  4,30u; 
Baptists,  3,200;  Mormons,  2,200;  Roman  Catholics,  1,800.  Education 
compulsory. 


ECUADOR.— Republic,  traversed  by  the  equator,  from  which 
it  takes  its  name;  area,  2i8,312  sq.  miles;  population,  1,500,000,  in- 
cluding Indians;  capital,Quito,  population,  80,000;  Guayaquil,  prin- 
cipal seaport,  26,OuO.  Quito  is  the  loftiest  inhabited  city,  y,.r>00 
feet  above  the  sea.  Country  traversed  by  the  two  vast  mountain 
ranges  of  the  Cordilleras,  reaching  to  a  height  of  38,000  feet; 
many  volcanoes  and  mountains  divided  by  magnificent  valleys. 
Cotopaxi  and  Chimborazo  famous  peaks.  Government  vested  in 
a  President,  chosen  by  900  electors  appointed  by  popular  vote. 
President,  J.  M.  P.  Caamayno,  elected,  1883;  Vice-President, 
who  is  Minister  of  the  Interior,  and  three  other  cabinet  officers. 
The  Congress  consists  of  a  Senate  of  sixteen,  and  a  House  of 
thirty  members,  chosen  by  popular  suffrage.  Army  l,20u  men. 
Navy  three  small  steamers.  Revenues,  1883  (half  from  customs), 
$3,050,000 ;  expenditures,  $3,688,000.  Debt,  1883,  $16,125,000.  Roads 
almost  unknown,  mostly  mere  mule  tracks.  All  transportation 
is  on  the  backs  of  mules  or  by  hand.  Miles  of  railway,  75.  Prin- 
cipal export,  cacao,  $4,539,641,  out  of  a  total  of  $7,193,645;  im- 
ports, $6,000,000.  Religion,  Roman  Catholic.  Education  is  in  the 
hands  of  the  clergy,  with  about  600  schools,  one  university  and 
several  colleges. 


EGYPT.— Dependency  Gf  Turkey;  area,  1,152.948  sq.  miles; 
population  18,000,000  (estimated),  including  Nubia  and  Soudan. 
Imports,  1881,  $35,554.340;  exports,  $68,423,100.  Executive  power 
absolute,  in  hands  of  the  Khedive,  a  prince  tributary  to  the 
Sultan.  Largest  city  Cairo,  349,883  inhabitants.  Revenue,  1881 
(estimated),  $52,^21,350;  expenditures,  $51,930,400.  Debt,  $508,625,- 
840.  Army,  15,000  men;  navy,  14  vessels.  Railways  in  1882,  942 
miles;  telegraphs,  5,260  miles. 


FRANCE.-204,030  sq.  miles;  population  1881,  37,682,048.  Leg- 
islative power  vested  in  a  Corps  JLeffislatif,  consisting  of  a  Senate 
of  300  members,  225  of  whom  are  chosen  for  9  years  by  the  de- 
partments and  the  colonies,  and  75  for  life  by  the  National  Assem- 
bly; and  a  Chamber  of  Deputies,  now  532  irembers,  elected  by 
universal  suffrage,  one  deputy  to  each  100,000  inhabitants.  Sal- 
ary of  Senators  and  Deputies,  $1,800.  Every  Frenchman  of  21 
years  has  the  right  to  vote,  and  there  were  in  1876,  9,948,070  legal 
voters.  Executive  power  is  vested  in  a  President,  elected  for 
seven  years  by  a  joint  assembly  of  the  Senate  and  the  Chamber 
of  Deputies;  salary,  $120,000  and  $32,480  for  household  expenses: 
has  power  to  dissolve  Chamber  of  Deputies  upon  the  advice  of 
the  Senate.  President,  F.  P.  Jules  Grevy,  elected  1879.  The  min- 
istry consists  of  nine  members,  responsible  to  the  Chambers  for 
conductor  the  government.  President  responsible  only  in  case 
of  high  treason.  France  is  divided  into  87  departments,  subdi- 
vided into  362  " arrondisements,"  2,865  "cantons,"  and  about  36,- 
000  "  communes."  The  President  appoints  a  prefect  for  each  de- 
partment, who  is  head  of  the  police,  issues  local  decrees,  superin- 
tends tax  collection  and  represents  the  government  as  general 
agent,  assisted  by  a  council  elected  by  the  people.  Funded  debt, 
$4,750,337,109;  floating  debt,  $65,000,000.  Revenue,  1883,  *713,718,598; 
expenditure,  $712,542,421.  Imports,  1883,  $1.028,496400;  exports, 
$752,215,000.  Miles  of  railway  Jan.  1,  1883,  18,023.  Revenues  de- 
rived chiefly  from  excise  and  stamp  taxes.  Army, 503,000  men  in 
peace  and  19,057  officers,  costs  about  $115,000,000  per  annum. 
Every  Frenchman  of  20  years  owes  five  years  active  service  with 
slight  exemptions.  Navy,  302  vessels,  1,758  officers,  and  about 
60,000  marines.  Roman  Catholic  Church  most  powerful.  Pro- 


GUIDE  AND   HAND-BOOK.  63 


vision  is  marte  for  public  instruction,  every  commune  having  to 
maintain  primary  schools.  Education  neither  gratuitous  nor 
compulsory.  Half  the  people  engaged  in  agriculture,  and  the 
multitude  of  small  lauded  proprietors  is  great;  9,000,000  land 
owners;  value  of  land  under  tillage  varies  from  $105  to  $323  per 
acre. 


GERMANY.— Empire  area;  208.624  square  miles;  pop.,  1880, 
45,194.172.  It  is  a  union  of  25  sovereign  states,  consisting  of  4 
kingdoms,  6  grand  duchies,  5  duchies,  7  principalities,  and  3  free 
towns.  Alsace-Lorraine,  ceded  by  France,  1870-71,  forms  a  26th 
member,  but  is  governed  by  imperial  authority.  Germany  is  a 
constitutional  monarchy,  the  Emperor  (VVilhelm  I,  born  1799; 
crowned  1871)  exercising  imperial  power  in  the  name  of  the  25 
confederate  states.  The  Bundesrath,  or  federal  council,  has  59 
members  appointed  for  each  session  by  the  government  of  the 
several  states.  The  Reichstag,  or  House  of  Representatives,  has 
397  members,  elected  for  3  years  by  universal  suffrage— every 
German  of  21  years  being  an  elector.  The  sessions  of  the  legisla- 
ture are  annual,  and  every  law  must  receive  a  majority  of  the 
whole  number  of  members  of  both  houses,  and  the  sanction  of 
.e  Emperor.  Revenue,  1884,  $147,704,8*5;  half  from  customs, 
one-third  excise  on  sugar,  salt,  tobacco,  spirits  and  malt,  and  re- 
mainder from  various  sources.  Expenditure,  .$147.ti(.r>,8Wi;  $90,- 
600.000  for  army.  Debt,  §99.000,000  funded,  §38,000,000  floating. 
Army  on  peace  footing,  445,402  men.  Military  service  compulsory 
upon  every  German  capable  of  bearing  arms.  Navy  86  vessels,  965 
ollicers  and  15,000  men.  Education  compulsory  ;  number  schools, 
60,000.  There  are  SOU  gymnasia  for  preparatory  training  for  tiie  uni- 
versities; of  the  latter  there  are  21,  with  1,913  professors.  Popula- 
tion embraces  about  27 ,000,000  Protestants,  15,000,000  Roman  Catho- 
lics, and  500,000  Jews.  Imports.  1883,  $822,719,125;  exports,  $833,874,- 
365;  miles  railroad,  21 ,693;  11,000  miles  worked  by  the  government. 
Miles  of  telegraph  lines,  41,411.  Postal  and  telegraphic  depart- 
ments managed  by  the  government. 


GREAT  BRITAIN.— Kingdom,  embraces  England,  Wales, 
Scotland,  Ireland  and  the  Channel  Islands,  area  121,571  sq.  miles: 
pop. ,1881,  35,240633;  has  also  immense  landed  possessions  in  all 
parts  of  the  globe;  its  colonies  in  Asia,  chiefly  British  India,  em- 
brace over  250,000,i'00  inhabitants,  in  America  over  5,000,000,  and 
in  Australia  2,700,000.  Legislative  power  is  in  Parliament,  which 
holds  for  7  years  unless  sooner  dissolved  by  royal  proclamation. 
The  House  of  Lords  (537  members  in  1880)  consists  of  5  peers  of 
the  Queen's  family,  2  archbishops  and  21  bishops,  201  dukes,  mar- 
quises, earls  and  viscounts,  261  barons,  16  Scottish  and  28  Irish 
representative  peers ;  all  of  these  but  the  last  named  hold  for 
life.  The  House  of  Commons  consists  of  658  members  elected  by 
limited  suffrage,  of  whom  40  constitute  a  quorum  to  do  business; 
members  of  Parliament  receive  no  salary.  Executive  govern- 
ment nominally  in  the  Crown,  is  practically  in  the  Cabinet,  con- 
sisting of  13  members,  whose  tenure  of  office  is  dependent  upon 
their  measures  commanding  a  majority  in  the  House  of  Com- 
mons. At  the  head  of  the  Cabinet  is  the  First  Lord  of  the  Treas- 
ury, known  as  the  Premier  or  Prime  Minister;  he  dispenses  the 
patronage  of  the  Crown,  his  colleagues  being  appointed  at  his 
recommendation.  Revenue,  1884,  $436,025,920;  expenditure. 
«4:u,997,820,  of  which  $157,000,000  was  for  the  army  and  navy. 
PubMcdebt,  1884.  $3, 732, 110,820.  Imports,  1884,  $2,i:H,457,895;  ex- 
ports, $1. 527, 1*5,1550.  Army,  1883,  181,971  men,  7,199  officers,  136,778 
militia  and  102,810  volunteers.  Navy,  246  vessels.  Miles  railroad, 
1883,  18.457;  telegraph,  27,103  miles,  owned  and  operated  by  the 
government.  Expenditure  for  elementary  schools,  $20,000,000  in 
1883.  England  abounds  in  iron,  tin  and  coal  mines,  the  product  of 
pig  iron  amounting  to  about  $80,000,000  per  anuum,  and  of  coal 


64  THE  WESTERN  WORLD 


about  8230,000,000.  Textile  industries  are  of  enormous  extent, 
employing  nearly  1,000,000  hands ;  the  metal  manufacturers  come 
next,  employing  650,000  hands.  Agriculture  excellent.  The  land 
held  by  a  small  number  of  proprietors.  Established  church 
Episcopal,  in  Scotland,  Presbyterian.  In  Ireland  no  church  is 
now  established  by  law.  A  free-trade  country.  Queen,  Victoria 
I,  born  1819 ;  crowned,  1837. 


GREECE.— Kingdom;  area,  20,018  sq.  miles;  pop.  1879, 1  970,433. 
Governed  by  George  I,  born  1815,  elected  king  1863.  Legislative 
power  vested  in  a  Parliament  of  a  single  chamber  of  187  deputies, 
elected  for4  years  by  universal  suffrage.  Revenue,  1884,  $16,340,- 
000,  a  third  from  customs.  Expenditure  $14,967,fOO.  Debt  $90,- 
496,660,1884.  Imports,  1881,  $19,586,270;  exports  $12,091,160,  prin- 
cipally raisins,  currants  and  olive  oil.  Army  29 .368  men,  capable 
of  increase  to  2UO.OOO  in  war.  Navy  has  11  steamers  and  10 
sailing  vessels.  Commercial  marine  5,001  vessels.  Greece  has 
only  7)4  miles  of  railway,  from  Athens  to  the  ^'"aeus,  and  2,916 
miles  of  telegraph.  Post-offices,  415. 


GUATEMALA.— Republic ;  area,  44,800  sq.  miles  ;  pop.,  7872, 
1,197,054,  of  which  360,608  were  whites  and  830,146  Indians;  rev- 
enue in  1883,  $6,725,000,  one-third  imports  ;  expenditures.  $6,625,- 
000;  debt,  $8,203,060;  imports,  1884,  $2,6:30,^00:  exports,  $3,716,240, 
1884,  principally  coffee.  Miles  of  railway,  105 ;  and  ones  is  com- 
menced traversing  the  republic  from  the  Caribbean  Sea  to  the 
Pacific.  Miles  of  telegraph,  1,100,' operated  by  the  government. 
Public  instruction  is  cared  for  by  the  government ;  army  2,180 
men  ;  no  navy.  Capital,  Gautemala,  59,000  inhabitants,  finest  city 
in  Central  America.  Executive  power  vested  in  a  president  and 
cabinet  of  4  ministers.  Legislative  power  is  in  a  National 
Assembly. 

GTTIAN  A.— Climate  hot.  Principal  products,  sugar,  rum  and 
molasses  and  fine  woods.  BritishGuiana--86,OOOsq.miles,with  248,110 
inhabitants  in  1879— is  divided  into  Essequibq.  Demerara,  and  Rer- 
bice ; 
Gee 

•Si  1  'I  : 

capital,  Cayenne,  on  Fhe  island  of  the  same  name.which  is  a  French 
penal  settlement.  Dutch  Guiana,  or  Surinam,  lies  between  Brit- 
ish and  French  ;  area  45,000  sq.  miles;  pop.  68,255,  four-fifths  of 
whom  are  negroes ;  capital,  Paramaribo. 


H A YTI.— republic;  area  estimated  8,000  sq.  miles;  pop.  550,000, 
nine-tenths  negroes,  the  rest  chiefly  mulattoes.  Language 
French.  State  religion  Catholic.  Legislative  power  is  in  an 
assembly  and  a  president,  chosen  for  four  years.  President,  Gen. 
Salomon.  Revenue,  1882,  $5,875,000,  three-fourths  from  duties  on 
imports  and  exports.  Expenditure,  $5,689,000 ;  debt,  $14,000,000. 
Army  6,828  men  ;  navy  2  steam  corvettes  with  8  guns.  Imports, 
1881,  $7,283,621;  exports,  $6,240,460,  chiefly  coffee,  cotton  and 
cocoa. 

HAWAIIAN  ISLANDS.— Kingdom  ruled  by  Kalakaua  I. 

Area,  6,000  sq.  miles;  pop.  42,000.    Sugar  chief  product. 


HONDURAS.— Republic  ;  area,  58,168  sq.  miles ;  pop.  876,410. 
Governed  by  a  president  (Luis  Bogran,  elected  1883),  a  sinsrle 
minister,  and  an  assembly  of  37  representatives.  Revenue,  1882, 
$1,120,000,  a  third  from  customs  and  about  a  third  from  monopo- 
lies. Expenditure  nearly  same.  Debt,  $31,000,000.  Exports, 


GUIDE   AND   II AX D- BOOK.  65 


81.305,000.    Army  about  1,500  men.    One  line  of  railway  56  miles 
long;  1,000  miles  of  telegraph.    Education  prominent. 


ITALY.— Kinsdom :  area,  114.380  sq.  miles;  pop.,  1881, 
2S.450.-151,  2tj,«5,v>7!t  Catholics.  Divided  into  69  province's.  C,.,v- 
ernment  a  constitutional  monarchy,  with  a  senate  of  270  mem- 
bers appointed  for  life,  and  a  chamber  of  508  deputies  elected  by 
general  suffrage.  Absolute  freedom  of  the  press  prevails.  The 
government  supports  education,  which  is  compulsory  and  free. 
Agriculture,' silk,  cotton,  woolen  and  straw  manufactures  chief 
pursuits.  Italy  abounds  in  populous  cities,  of  which  Naples, 
450,804,  is  the  largest,  and  Rome,  the  capital,  has  303  383.  Revenue, 
1883,  8307,545.000;  expenditure,  $311,135,315;  debt,  $2,201,903,485 ; 
imports,  1883,  §276,172,130;  exports,  $289,782,259,  of  which  silk 
made  §56,000,000.  Standing-  array,  750.7(55  ;  militia,  553,005  ;  navy, 
72  vessels  with  339  guns ;  5,324  miles  of  railway  in  1882,  and  16.753 
miles  of  telegraph.  Umberto  I,  King,  born,  1844;  crowned,  1878. 


JAPAN.— Empire,  ruled  by  a  Mikado.aided  by  a  great  council, 
and  without  a  legislative  body ;  area,  146,013  sq.  miles ;  pop.,  1882, 
oc;.',OU,U8  Revenue,  1883,  863,319,140,  four-flfths  from  land  tax; 
expenditures,  $62,648,390;  debt,  §270,545,K21.  Army  36,777  men  in 
Is--.',  navy  27  steam  vessels  with  5,551  men.  Imports,  1&83,  §29,168,- 
OH  ;  exports,  $37,235,775,  one-half  raw  silk.  Railroads,  220  miles  ; 
telegraphs,  4,733  miles;  postofflces,  5,094.  Mikado,  Mutsu  Hito, 
born,  1852 ;  crowned  18(57. 


MEXICO.— Republic;  area,  741, 5P8  sq.  miles;  pop.,  1877,  9.389,- 
401 :  divided  into  27  states,  besides  Lower  California  and  the  federal 
district;  governed  by  a  president  elected  for  4  years  (President, 
Porfirio  Diaz,  elected  18S3).ascnateof  56memberschosen  fort;  years 
and  a  house  of  deputies  of  331  members  for  2  years.  The  chief 
justice  of  the  supreme  court,  elected  for  C  years,  is  vice-president. 
Each  state  has  local  constitution,  -with  elective  governors  and 
legislatures.  Language,  Spanish;  Catholic  religion  predominates, 
though  all  are  equally  protected;  4,000  public  schools ;  railways 
rapidly  extending,  about  3,200  miles  in  operation.  The  country  ia 
rich  in  agriculture  and  mineral  wealth,  vast  table-lands,  varying 
from  3,(JOO  to  5,000  feet  in  elevation,  producing  almost  every 
variety  of  grain  and  vegetables,  while  in  the  warmer  regions 
oranges  and  other  tropical  fruits  grow  profusely.  Coffee  and 
cotton  are  largely  cultivated.  The  northern  states  are  full  of  vast 
herds  of  cattle  and  sheep.  Manufactures  are  poorly  developed; 
commerce  increasing.  Imports,  $30.27 1,000;  'exports,  $40,875,000. 
Navigable  rivers  rare.  Revenue,  1884,  §36,060.000,  §12,500.000  was 
from  custom  duties;  expenditure,  §33,316,630;  public  debt,  §144.700,- 
000  to  $395,500,000.  Army,  22,330  men ;  the  navy,  8  small  gunboats. 
Capita',  Mexico,  built  in  1521,  on  Lake  Tezcoco,  7,435  feet  above 
the  sea  level;  pop.,  about  250,000. 


NETHERLANDS.— Kingdom;  area,  12.727  sq.  miles;  pop., 
1880,  4,060,580,  nearly  all  natives  of  Holland.  Revenue,  J883, 
§44,464,919;  expenditure,  §55,966.396;  debt,  1883,  8376,908,500.  Army, 
1883,  65,113  men ;  navy,  1880,  165  vessels,  503  guns  and  5,197  men. 
Imports,  1883,  S3l»0,8»3,039 ;  exports,  §300,824,984.  Railways,  1883, 
1,390  miles,  half  managed  by  the  state;  telegraphs,  2,582  miles. 
Post-offices,  1,300.  King,  William  III,  born  1817;  crowned  1849. 


NIC  ARAGTT  A  .—Republic;  area,  58,000  sq.  miles;  pop.,  3CO,000 
(estimated),  one-half  Indians;  largely  covered  with  forests  of 
mahoganv,  rosewook  and  dye-woods.  Country  distracted  by 
internal  dissensions.  Governed  by  a  president  elected  for  4  years, 
a  cabinet  of  4  ministers,  a  senate  of  10  members  and  an  assembly 


66  THE  WESTERN   WORLD 

of  11  representatives.  Revenue,  1882,  $1,624,180;  expenditure, 
rather  more;  debt  of  $1,128,274.  Exports,  $4,022,000;  imports, 
$3,362,000.  Principal  exports,  coffee,  elastic  gum  and  gold  and 
silver  bullion.  President,  Adam  Cordenas,  elected  1883. 


PARAOrTT AY.— Republic;  area,  91,980  sq.  miles;  pop.  in  1876, 
293,844;  has  no  cities  and  almost  without  civilization.  Language 
is  chiefly  Indian,  mixed  with  a  little  Spanish.  Government, 
though  nominally  republican,  under  control  of  Brazil.  The 
country  owes  $236,000,000.  Revenue,  Ib82,  8*50.000;  expenses, 
$313,429.  Imports,  1882,  $1,278.000;  exports,  $1,812,000.  Army,  500 
men.  Railway,  45  miles;  telegraph  lines,  same  length.  President, 
General  B.  Caballero,  elected  1882. 


PERSIA.—  Ruled  by  Shah,  with  obsolute  power  over  all 
subjects  within  the  limits  of  the  Mohammedan  religion.  Through 
his  direction  the  executive  powers  are  exercised  by  a  Ministry 
of  seven  departments.  Shah,  Nassr-ed-Din,  crowned  1848.  The 
whole  revenue  of  the  country  is  at  his  disposal. 


PERTT.— Republic;  area,  432,297  sq.  miles;  pop.  in  1876, 3,050,000. 
Governed,  under  a  constitution,  by  a  president  chosen  for  4  years 
(Gen.  Caceres),  a  senate  of  44,  and  a  house  of  representatives  of  110 
members.  Revenue,  1879,  $66,90u,00();  expenditures,  $68,600,000;  debt, 
$241,340,684.  The  revenue  is  chiefly  derived  from  the  sale  of 
guano  and  the  nitrate  of  soda.  Imports,  1879,  $24,000,000;  exports, 
$31,000,000;  army,  4,670  men,  1,000  gendarmes  and  1,200  vigilantes. 
There  were  J,750  completed  miles  of  railway  and  600  more  in  con- 
struction in  1879.  Silver  largely  mined,  annual  product  §4,000,000. 
Soil  fertile,  producing  cotion,  sugar,  grapes  and  olives,  while  the 
forests  abound  in  the  cinchona-tree,  which  yields  the  precious 
Peruvian  bark,  or  quinine.  Capital,  Lima;  population  in  1876, 
101,488. 


PORTUGAL.— Kingdom;  area,  34,595  square  miles;  popula- 
tion, 1878,4,348,551.  The  legislative  power  is  in  a  cortes  with  a 
chamber  of  100  peers,  appointed  for  life  by  the  king,  and  a  cham- 
ber of  deputies,  149,  elected  by  the  people.  Revenue,  1884,  834,661,- 
150;  expenditure,  $35,051,907;  debt,  J883,  8490,828.642.  Imports,  1882, 
$26,950,000,  exports,  818,1.98,000.  Army,  1883,  33,994;  navy,  44  ves- 
sels, with  156  guns  and  3,470  men.  Railways  in  1879,  750  miles; 
telegraphs,  2,300  miles;  postoffices,  903;  king,  Luis  I,  born  1838, 
crowned  1861. 


RUSSIA.— Empire;  area,  8,138,541  sq.  mile;  population,  98,356,- 
100.  Revenue,  1883,  8450,375,3^5;  expenditure,  $459,063,204;  debt, 
1885,  $3,754,866,210.  Army,  1883,  780,081  men ;  navy,  389  men-of-war 
with  561  guns.  Imports,  1882,  8224,100.000;  exports,  §460,150,000. 
Railways  in  1882,  15,885;  telegraphs,  69,412  miles.  Postoffices,  4,521. 
Emperor,  Alexander  III.,  absolute,  born  1845 ;  crowned,  1881. 


SAN  SALVADOR.— Republic;  area,  7,226  sq.  miles;  popula- 
tion in  1878,  482,422.  Governed  by  a  president  elected  for  four 
years,  a  ministry  of  5  meml>ers  and  a  congress  of  12  senators  and 
24  deputies,  elected  for  2  years.  Suffrage  is  universal,  except  for 
servants  and  persons  without  legal  occupation.  Education  mod- 
erate.  Roman  Catholic  religion  recognized,  others  protected. 
Army,  I,0t0  men.  Revenue,  188 i,  84,0(^,300;  expenditure,  84,200,- 
000;  debt,  $2.078,855 ;  imports,  1883.  $3,017,210;  exports,  $5,22J,720, 
one-half  indigo,  and  one-third  coffee.  President,  Rafael  Z.  Laso, 
elected  1876. 


GUIDE   AND   HAND-BOOK.  67 


SWITZERLAND.— Republic;  area,  15,908  sq.  miles;  popula 
lation,  18#0,  2,831,787.  Legislative  body  consists  of  a  national 
council  of  141  members',  or  1  to  every  20,000  inhabitants,  elected 
for  three  years,  and  of  a  council  of  states  of  44  members,  two  for 
each  canton.  The  executive  power  is  in  a  federal  council,  chosen 
for  three  years  by  the  federal  assembly,  and  in  a  president  of  the 
Swiss  confederation,  elected  for  one  year  by  the  federal  assembly 
from  the  members  of  the  federal  council.  Revenue,  1883,  §8,667,- 
060;  expenditure,  $8,556,940;  debt,  86,120,780.  Army  (all  men 
between  22  and  32),  119,440,  besides  the  landwehr,  comprising  all 
between  33  and  44, 91,595  in  1880.  Railways,  1,735  miles  ;  telegraphs, 
4.020  miles.  Postoflices,  2,874.  President,  Dr.  K.  Schenk,  elected 
18S5. 


SIAM.— The  legislative  power  exercised  by  King,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  Supreme  Council  of  State  and  Council  of  Ministers. 
The  royal  dignity  hereditary.  King  Chulalonkorn  I .  succeeded 
to  the  throne  m  1868. 


SWEDEN  AND  NORWAY.— Kingdom ;  King,  Oscar  IT, 
born  1829,  crowned  1872.  United  under  one  dynasty.  Sweden, 
170,927  sq.  miles ;  population,  1881,  4,565,668.  Revenue,  321,894,760 ; 
expenditure,  §21,638,41-0 ;  debt,  1883,  §66,372,410 ;  army,  40,548  men  ; 
navy,  42  steamers  and  97  small  vessels,  with  218  guns.  Imports, 
1881,879,180,640;  exports,  $62,260.040.  Railways,  3,637  miles,  one- 
third  operated  by  the  state ;  telegraphs,  18,421  miles ;  postoffices, 
1,800.  Norway,  122,823  sq.  miles  ;  population,  1876, 1,806,900.  Rev- 
enue, 1883,  $11,770.000;  expenditure,  $10,030.000;  debt,  1883,  $28,791,- 
240;  imports,  1882,  $44,576,390;  exports,  $34,154,415:  army,  18.750 
men  ;  navy,  1*81,  29  steamers  and  88  small  vessels,  with  154  guns. 
Railways,  972  miles,  telegraphs,  5,672  miles,  operated  by  the  gov- 
ernment. Postoffices  in  1581, 938. 


SPAIN.— Kingdom ;  area,  193,171  sq.  miles;  population,  1877, 
16,333,293.  Legislative  power  in  the  Cortes,  a  senate  and  a  chamber 
of  deputies,  elected  for  5  years  by  indirect  suffrage.  Revenue, 
18a3,  $176,0t»6,280;  expenditure,  $176,046,280;  debt,  1884,  $1,190.000,- 
000 ;  imports,  1882,  $122,088,079 ;  exports.  $127,661,841 ;  army,  152,895 
men  ;  navy,  124  vessels  and  552  guns.  Railways,  1882,  5,600  miles; 
telegraphs,  10,417  miles,  Postoffices.  2,655.  King,  Alfonso  XII, 
born  1857,  crowned  1874. 


SANTO  DOMINGO.— Republic;  forms  the  larger  portion  01 
the  island  of  Hayti,  lying  east  of  the  republic  of  that  name;  area, 
20,591  sq.  miles;  population,  1876,  250,000  (estimated),  principally 
mixed  Spaniards,  Indians  and  negroes.  Language,  Spanish. 
Established  religion,  Roman  Catholic.  Government  vested  in  a 
president  elected  for  6  years,  who  appoints  a  council  of  4  min- 
isters, a  senate  of  9  members,  also  chosen  for  6  years,  and  a 
house  of  15  members.  Revenue,  1882,  $1,500,000;  expenditure. 
$1,381,000;  debt,  $3,780,060.  Imports,  81,761,316;  exports,  $1,691,075, 
chiefly  tobacco  and  sugar.  Soil  fertile ;  climate  mild  and  salubri- 
ous. Civilization  backward.  Education  neglected.  No  roads: 
transportation  on  the  backs  of  horses  and  mules.  Army,  4,000 
men ;  navy,  5  small  vessels,  with  44  guns.  Capital,  Santo 
Domingo,  pop.  6,000.  President,  General  Bellini,  elected  1884. 


TURKEY.— Monarchy ;  area,  935,110  sq.  miles;  pop.  in 
Europe,  8,866,500;  in  Asia,  18,000,000  (estimated).  Governed 
by  a  sultan,  Abdul  Hamid  II,  born  1842,  crowned  1876,  who  is 
irresponsible,  convoking  and  dissolving  the  general  assembly  at 
his  pleasure.  The  ministers  are  responsible  to  the  chamber  of 
deputies ;  the  senate  are  nominated  for  life  by  t he  sultan,  and 


68  THE  WESTERN  WORLD 


the  deputies  elected  by  secret  ballot,  one  to  every  150,000  males. 
Revenue,  868,430,000:  expenditures,  870,496,000.  Debt,  1883,  8538,- 
186,170.  Imports  (estimated),  $107,000,000;  exports,  899,000,000. 
Army  (compulsory  service  for  30  years),  160,417  men;  navy,  116 
steam  vessels,  50  sail  vessels,  and  1,600  guns.  Railways,  889  miles ; 
telegraphs,  17,950  miles. 

URUGUAY.— Republic,  area,  72,151  sq.  miles,  pop.  525,000 
(estimated).  Governed  by  a  president  (Maximo  Santos,  elected 
1882),  a  ministry  of  4  and  a  legislature  of  13 senators  and  40  repre- 
sentatives. Revenue,  1883,  $9,920,000,  three-fourths  from  cus- 
toms. Expenditures,  $9,925,000 ;  debt,  1883,  $61,579,204.  Imports, 
1882,  820,918,884 ;  exports,  $32,229,512 ;  6,000,000  hides.  Army,  4,500 
men.  418  miles  of  railway  in  operation,  and  1,405  miles  of  tele- 
graph. There  are  294  postofflces.  Capital,  Montevideo ;  pop., 
1877,  91,167.  * 

VENEZUELA.— Rep  ublic,f  ormed  after  the  dissolution  of  the 
republic  of  Colombia,  1864 ;  area,  439,119  sq.  miles;  population  esti- 
mated at  2,500,000.  The  confederation  includes  20  states,  besides 
the  federal  district,  each  having  its  own  distinct  government,  and 
electing  delegates  to  the  congress,  which  meets  annually  at  Cara- 
cas, the  capital  city,  pop.  50,000.  The  president  is  elected  for  3 
years.  Revenue,  1883,  85,801,000,  four-fifths  from  customs  and  ton- 
nage duties ;  expenditure,  85,320,405 ;  public  debt,  1883,  $21,010,000. 
Imports,  14,800,000,  1882;  exports,  $15,300,000,  chiefly  coffee  and 
cocoa.  One  railway,  94  miles  long.  Army,  3,000  men.  Presi- 
dent, Joaquin  Crespo,  elected  1884. 


LENGTH  OF  THE  CHIEF  RIVERS  OF  THE  WORLD 

AND  THEIR  LOCATION. 
NAME  AND  COUNTRY.  LENGTH. 

Rhine,  Europe 960 

Ohio,  N.  A 665 

Snake,  N.  A 1,050 

Colorado 1,060 

Columbia,  N.  A 1,200 

Dnieper,  Europe 1,230 

Don,  Europe 1,300 

Amur,  Asia 1,500 

San  Francisco,  S .  A 1,550 

Orinoco,  S.  A 1,550 

Saskachewan,  N.  A 1,600 

Red,N.A 1,600 

Danube,  Europe 1,725 

Rio  Grande,  N.  A 1,800 

Madeira,  8.  A 2,COO 

Mekong,  Asia 2,000 

Arkansas,N.A 2,000 

St.  Lawrence;  N.  A 2,200 

Mackenzie,  N.  A 2;300 

Congo,  Africa 2,400 

Volga,  Europe 2,400 

Lena,  Asia 2,700 

Hoang-ho,  Asia 2,800 

Niger,  Africa 3,000 

Obi,  Asia 3,000 

Missouri,  N.  A -3,000 

Mississippi,  N.  A 3,160 

Yank-tee-kiang,  Asia 3,200 

Yenisei,  Asia 3,400 

Amazon,  S.  A 3,750 

Nile.Africa 5,100 


GUIDE  AND  HJL_,D-BOOK. 


CITIES    OF  THE  WORLD, 

CONTAINING  100.000  INHABITANTS  OR  MORE. 


[Compiled  from  the  latest  official  reports  or  estimated  from 

reliable  data.] 

UNITED  STATES. 

Hangtscheu-fu  

.      400,000 

Hanjang  

.      100,000 

Baltimore,  Md  

332,313 

Hankow  

.       600.000 

Boston,  Mass  

369,833 

Hutscheu  

.      200,000 

Brooklyn,  N.Y  

566,689 

Hutscheu-fu  

.       100,000 

Buffalo,  N.Y  

149,500 

Hwangjuen  

120,000 

Chicago,  111  

503,185 

Jangtschau  

.       860,000 

Cincinnati,  O   

255,809 

Jongping  

.       200,000 

Cleveland,  O  

155,946 

Kirin  

.       120,000 

Detroit,  Mich  

116,340 

Leinkong  

.       250,000 

Jersey  City,  N  .  J  — 

120,722 

Mukden  

170,000 

Louisville,  Ky  

125,758 

Nangkin  

.       450,900 

Milwaukee,  Wis  

125,000 

Ningpo  

120,000 

Newark,  N.  J  

136,508 

Pauting-fu  

.       122,000 

New  Orleans,  La  

216,090 

Peking  .  .     

.       500,000 

New  York,  N  .  Y  

1,206,577 

Schaklung  

100,000 

Philadelphia,  Pa  

847,170 

Schaohing  

.       500,000 

Pitteburg,Pa  

156,389 

Shanghai  

278,000 

Providence,  R.  I  

104,857 

Siangtan  

.    1,000,000 

St.  Louis,  Mo  

350,518 

Singan-fu  

.    1,000,000 

San  Francisco,  Cal..  . 

233,959 

Sutschau  

.       500,000 

Washington,  D.  C... 

147,293 

Taijuen-fu  

.       250,000 

Taiwan-f  u   

235,000 

CANADA. 

Tengtschau-f  u  

.       230,000 

Tientsin  

.       9nO.'  00 

Montreal  

140,747 

Tschangtjiakheu  

.       200.000 

Tschantschau-f  u  .  .  . 

.    1,000,000 

MEXICO. 

Tschaujang  

200,000 

Tschi-f  u  

120,i  00 

Guadalajara  

101,000 

Tschingkiang  

.       140,000 

Mexico  

236,500 

Tschingtu-f  u  

.       800,000 

Tschungking-fu  — 

.       600,000 

SOUTH  AMERICA. 

Tsinan-fu  

.       200,000 

Tungkung  

.       120,000 

Bahia  

128,929 

Tungtscho  

.       100,000 

Buenos  Ayres  

177,787 

Urumtsi  

.       150,000 

Lima  

101,488 

Victoria  

.       102,000 

Montevideo  

100,000 

Weihein  

.       250,000 

Pernambuco  

116,671 

Wutechang  

.       200,000 

Rio  de  Janeiro    

274,972 

Yuentschung  

.       100,000 

Santiago  

129,807 

Valparaiso  

100,000 

COREA. 

AFRICA. 

Saoul  

.      100,000 

Abookeer  

130,000 

Alexandria  

165,752 

INDIA. 

Cairo  

327,463 

. 

Fez  

100,000 

Agra  

.      149,108 

Porto  Novo  

100,000 

Ahmedabad  

.       126,873 

Tunis  

125.000 

Allahabad  

143,693 

Amritsur  

142,381 

CHINA. 

Bangalore  

.       142,513 

Bangkok  

.       600,000 

Canton  

1,500,000 

Bareilly  

102,982 

Fatschan  

400,000 

Baroda  

.       112,0?  7 

Foochow  

600,000 

Benares  

.      175,188 

70 


THE  WESTERN    ,VORLD 


Bombay  

644,40"?      G*az  

100,000 

Calcutta  

683,329      L\.nberg  

.       109,726 

Cawnpore  

IL'^710      Pi\?ue  

162,323 

Colombo  (Ceylon)... 

111,942      Triexte  

144,844 

Delhi  

160.553      Vieuiij,  

,    1,103,857 

Dhar  

100,000 

Dhrangdra  

101,000  BELGIUM 

Gwulior  

200,000 

Ho  11  rah  

100,000      Antwerp  

169,112 

Hyderabad  

200,lKiO      Brussels  , 

162,498 

Joiidpore  

150,000      Ghe.  t  

131,431 

Keseho  

1;V,(:00     Liege   

123,131 

Lahore  

128,441 

Lucknow  

284,779  DENMARK. 

Madras  

397,553 

>:andalah  

100,009      Copenhagen     

.       273,727 

Patua  

158,900 

Puna  

118.8F6  Jb'KA.NCE. 

Kai  goon  

132,004 

Singapore  

103,000      Bordeaux  

221,305 

Sainagar  

132,681      LeHavre  

105,867 

isurat  

107,149      Lille  

.       1  ,8,144 

Lyon    . 

376.613 

INDIAN  ARCHIPELAGO.             Marseilles  

360,099 

Nantes  

124,319 

Batavia  

101,729      Paris    

2,269,023 

Manila  

160,000      Reims  

100000 

Surabaja  

100,000     Roubaix  

,       100,000 

Rouen  

305,906 

JAPAN 

Saint-Etienne  

123,813 

Toulouse  

140,289 

Hakodate  

112,494 

Kagoshima  

200.000  GERMANY. 

Kanagawa  

108,263 

Kioto     

229,810      Altona  

100,000 

Nagoya  

iai,715      Barmen  

100,000 

Osaka  

284,105      Berlin  

1,122,330 

Tokio  

594,283      Bremen  

112,453 

Breslau  

272,912 

PERSIA. 

Chemnitz  

100,000 

Danzig    

108,551 

THbris  

120,000     Dresden  

22U,M8 

Teheran  

200,000      .nilsseldorf  

100,000 

Elberfeld  

100,000 

RUSSIA  IN  ASIA. 

Frankfort  

136,819 

Hamburg  

289,859 

Taschkent  

100,000     Hanover  

122,843 

Tiflis  

104,024     Cologne  

144,772 

Konigsberg  

149,009 

TURKEY  IN  ASIA. 

Leipzig  

148,081 

Magdeburg  

100,000 

Beirut    

100,000     Munchen  (Munich).. 

230,023 

Damascus  

150,0  0     Nuremberg  

100,000 

Smyrna  

150,000      Stettin  

100,000 

Strasburg  

104,471 

TURKISTAN. 

Stuttgart  

117,303 

Jarkand  

100,*0  GREAT  BRITAIN. 

AUSTRALIA. 

Aberdeen  

105,818 

Belfast  

207,671 

Melbourne  

252,000      Birmingham  

400,757 

Sydney  

187,381     Blackburn  

104,012 

Bolton  

105,422 

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 

Bradford  

183,032 

Brighton  

128,407 

Budapest  

365,051      Bristol...   

206,503 

GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK.  71 


Dublin 249,4*6  PORTUGAL. 

Dundee 140,4(53 

Edinburgh ..       22 ',075      Lisbon 246,343 

Glasgow 555.289      Porto 105,838 

Kingston  upon  Hull  154,250 

Leeds    309,126  ROUMANIA. 

Leicester 122,351 

Liverpool 552,423      Bucharest 221,000 

London    3,832,441      Jassy 100,000 

Manchester 393,076 

Ne wcast  le  on  Tyue . .  145,228  RUSSIA . 

Nottingham    186,656 

Oldham 111,343     rharkow 101,175 

Portsmouth 127,953     Chersson 128,379 

Preston 100,000      Kasan  100,000 

Salford 176,233      Kijew 127,251 

Sheffield 284,410      Kischenew 112,137 

Sunderland 116,262     Moscow 748,000 

Wolverhampton  . . .        164,303     Odessa   193,513 

Riga 168,844 

ITALY.  St.  Petersburg 927,407 

Warsaw 383,973 

Bologna 123,270 

Catania 100,410  SPAIN. 

S'515    Barcelona 249,K6 

. ::::::::::    mS  Madrid 397,090 

Messina  126497      Malaga llo,882 

Milan  ...'....'. 321,839     Mur?.ia 

Naples 49i,314     Seville. 133,938 

Palermo 244,991      Valencia 143,8o6 

Turin:::".::'".::::::  IMs  SWEDEN  AND  NOR- 

Venice 132,826      WAI. 

Christiania 122,030 

NETHERLANDS.  Stockholm 176J745 

Amsterdam 328,047  TURKEY 

'sGravenhage(Hague)  123.499 

Rotterdam 157,27.      Constantinople 60,0000 


TJ.  S.  INTERNAL  REVENUE   TAXES.-Latest  Revi- 
sion. 

Ale,  per  bbl.  of  31  gallons  $100 

Banks  and  bankers,  on  capital  and  deposits.    By  Act  of 

March  3, 1883,  "to  reduce  internal  revenue  taxation," 

etc.,  all  taxes  on  capital  and  deposits  of  banks  and 

bankers  were  repealed  after  March  3,  1883. 

Banks  and  bankers,  on  average  amount  of  circulation, 

each  month -foot  If 

Banks,  on  average  amount  of  circulation,  beyond  90#  of 

the  capital,  an  additional  tax  each  month — |  of  1£ 

Banks,  persons,  firms,  associations,  etc.,  on  amount  of 
notes  of  anv  person,  firm,  association  (other  than  a 
national  banking  association),  corporation,  state  bank, 
or  state  banking  association,  town,  city,  or  municipal 

corporation,  used  and  paid  out  us  circulation 10£ 

Banks,  persons,  firms,  associations  (other  than  national 
bank  associations),  and  every  corporation,  state  bank 
or  state  banking  association,  on  the  amount  of  their 
own  notes  used  for  circulation  and  paid  out  by  them.  10# 

Beer,  per  bbl.  of  31  gallons $    100 

Brandy,  per  gallon 90 

Brewers,  manufacturing  500  hbls.  or  more,  annually —     100  00 
manufacturing  less  than  500  bbls.  annually 50  00 


72  THE   WESTERN   WORLD 


Cigars,  manufacturers  of,  special  tax $6  00 

Cigars  of  all  descriptions,  made  of  tobacco  or  any  sub- 
stitute, per  1,000 3  00 

Cigarettes,  not  weighing  more  than  3  Ibs.  per  1,000,  per 

1,000. 50 

Cigarettes  weight  exceeding  3  Ibs.  per  1,000,  per  1,000. . .  3  00 
Cigars  or  Cigarettes,   imported,  in  addition  to  import 
duty  to  pay  same  as  above. 

Liquors,  fermented,  per  bbl 100 

Liquors,  distilled,  per  gallon 90 

Liquor  dealers  (wholesale),  special  tax 100  00 

Malt  liquor  dealers  (wholesale) 50  00 

Liquor  dealers  (retail),  special  tax 25  f 0 

Malt  liquor  dealers  (retail) 2000 

Manufacturers  of  stills 50  00 

Manufacturers  of  stills,  for  each  still  or  worm  made. . .  20  00 
Matches.     All  taxes  on  matches,  wax  tapers,  and  cigar 
lights  were  repealed  after  July  1, 1883,  by  act  of  March 

3,  1SK!. 

Rectifiers,  special  tax,  less  than  500  bbls.  §100 '  above  500 

bi.ls  20000 

Snuff,  or  snuff  flour,  manufactured  of  tobacco,  or  any 
substitute,  per  Ib, 

Spirits,  distilled,  per  proof  gallon 90 

Stamps,  for  distilled  spirits  for  export,  wholesale  liquor 
dealers,  special  bonded  warehouse,  distillery  ware- 
house, and  rectified  spirits,  each 10 

Stamps,  on  bank  checks,  drafts,  etc.  Tax  repealed  after 
July  1, 1883. 

Tobacco,  all  kinds,  per  Ib.  after  May  1,  1883 

Tobacco,  dealers  in  manufactured,  after  May  1, 18'3 240 

Tobacco,  manufacturers  of.  after  May  1,  1883 6  00 

Tobacco,  dealers  in  leaf,  wholesale,  after  May  1, 1883  . .        12  00 

Tobacco,  dealers  in  leaf,  retail,  after  May  1,  1883...  $250, 
and  30  cents  per  dollar  on  sales  above  $600  per  annum. 
But  farmers  and  producers  may  sell  tobacco  of  their 
own  raising  to  consumers  to  an  amount  not  exceed- 
ing $100  annually. 

Tobacco  Peddlers,  traveling  with  more  than  two  horses, 

mules,  etc..  after  May  1, 1883  31  00 

Tobacco  Peddlers,  traveling  with  two  horses,  mules,  or 

other  animals,  after  May  1,  1883 1500 

Tobacco  Peddlers,  traveling  with  one  horse,  mule,  or 

other  animal,  after  May  1,  1883 7  20 

Tobacco  Peddlers,  traveling  on  foot,  or  by  public  con- 
veyance, after  May  1, 1883 • 360 

Tobacco,  Snuff,  and  cigars,  for  export,  stamps  for,  each, 

after  May  1,  1883 10 

Whisky,  per  proof  gallon 90 

Wines  and  champagne  (imitation)  not  made  from  grapes 
grown  in  the  United  States,  and  liquors  not  made 
from  grapes,  currants,  rhubarb,  or  berries,  grown  in 
the  United  States,  but  rectified  or  mixed  with  distilled 
spirits,  or  by  infusion  of  any  matter  in  spirits,  to  be 
sold  as  wine  or  substitute  for  it,  per  dozen  bottles  of 
more  than  a  pint  and  not  more  than  a  quart 2  40 

Imitation  Wines,  containing  not  more  than  one  pint, 

per  dozen  bottles,,, 1  20 


GUIDE   AND  HAND-BOOK. 


73 


GLIMPSES  OF  COLOKADO. 


74 


THE   WESTERN   WORLD 


LIST  OF 

COUNTIES  AND  COUNTY  SEATS 

IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


ALABAMA. 

County.  County  Seat. 

Autauga Prattville. 

Baldwin Daphne. 

Barbour Clayton. 

Bibb Centre  ville. 

Blount .Blountsville. 

Bullock tlni'n  Springs. 

Butler Greenville. 

Calhoun Jacksonville. 

Chambers La  Fay ette. 

Cherokee Centre. 

Chilton Clanton. 

Choctaw Butler. 

Clarke   Grove  Hill. 

Clay Ashland. 

Cleburne Edwardsville. 

Coffee  Elba. 

Colbert Tuscumbia. 

Conecuh Evergreen. 

Coosa Rockt'ord. 

Covington Andalusia. 

Crenshaw Rutledge. 

Cullman Cullman. 

Dale Ozark. 

Dallas Selma. 

De  Kalb Fort  Pay  ne. 

Elraore    Wetumpka. 

Escambia Pollard . 

Etowah Gadsden. 

Fayette Fayette. 

Franklin Bel  Green. 

Geneva Geneva. 

Greene Eutaw. 

Hale Greensborough 

Henry Abbeville. 

Jackson Scottsboro . 

Jefferson Birmingham. 

I.ainar Veruon. 

Lauderdale Florence. 

Lawrence Moulton. 

Jxic Opelika. 

Limestone Athens. 

Lowndes Haynesville. 

Macon Tuskegee. 

Madison Huntsville. 

Marengo Linden. 

Marion Pikeville. 

Mai-shall Guntersville. 

Mobile Mobile. 

Monroe   Mouroeville. 


County.  County  Seat. 

Montgomery  — Montgomery. 

Morgan   Summerville. 

Perry Marion. 

Pickens Carroll  ton. 

Pike Troy. 

Randolph Wedowee. 

Russell Seale. 

St.  Clair Ashville. 

Shelby Columbiana. 

Sumter Livingston. 

Talladega Talladega. 

Tallapoosa Dadeville. 

Tuscaloosa Tuscaloosa. 

Walker Jaspar. 

Washington  . .     .St.  Stephen. 

Wilcox    Camden. 

Winstou Houston 

ARIZONA. 

Apache St.  Johns. 

Cochise Tombstone. 

Gila Globe. 

G  raham  Safford. 

Maricopa    Phoenix. 

Molmve Mineral  Park. 

Pima Tucson. 

Final Florence. 

Yavapia Prescott. 

Yuma  Yunia. 

ARKANSAS. 

Arkansas De  Witt. 

Ashley Hamburg. 

Baxter M'ut'n  Home. 

Benton Benton  ville. 

Boone Harrison. 

Bradley Warren. 

Calhoun    Hampton. 

Carroll Berry  ville. 

Chicot Lake  Villpge. 

Clarke Arkadelplria. 

Clay Boyds ville. 

Cleburne Heber. 

Columbia Magnolia. 

Conway Lewisburgh. 

Craighead Jonesboro. 

Crawford Van  Buren. 

Crittenden Marion. 

Cross Wittsburgh. 

Dallas Princeton. 


GUIDE  AND  HAXD-BOOK. 


75 


County.  County  Sent. 

Desha — Arkansas  City. 

Dorsey  Toledo. 

Drew    MonticeUo. 

Faulkner Conway. 

Franklin Ozark. 

Fulton  Salem. 

Garland Hot  Springs. 

Grant Sheridan. 

Greene Gainesville. 

Hempstead Washington. 

Hot  Springs.  ..  .Mai vern  June. 

Howard Centre  Point. 

Independence  . . .  Batesville. 

Izard Melbourne. 

Jackson  Jacksonport. 

Jetfcrson Pine  Bluff. 

Johnson Clarksville. 

La  Fayette Lewisville. 

Lawrence Powhatan. 

Lee   Marianna. 

Lincoln. Star  City. 

Little  River Richmond. 

L.iirun   Paris. 

Lonoke Lonoke. 

Mad  is  m Huntsville. 

Marion Yellville. 

Miller   Texarkana. 

Mississippi Osceola. 

Monroe Clarendon. 

Mont-romery Mount  Ida. 

Nevada Prescott. 

Newton Jaspor. 

Ouachita Camden. 

Perry Perry  vile. 

Phillips  Helena. 

Pike  Murfreesboro. 

Poinsett Harrisburgh . 

Polk   Dallas. 

Pope Dover. 

Prairie Des  A.rk. 

Pulaski Little  Rock. 

Randolph Pocahontas. 

St.  Francis Forest  City. 

Saline Benton. 

Scott  ..Waldron. 

Searcy Marshall. 

Sebastian Fo  rt  Smith. 

Sevier Lockesburgh. 

Sharp Evening  Shade 

Stone* Mou'tain  View 

Union  El  Dorado. 

Van  Buren Clinton. 

Washington Fayettville. 

White Searcy. 

Woodruff Augusta. 

Yell Dardanelle. 

CALIFORNIA. 

Alameda Oakland. 

Alpine .Markleeville. 

Amador   Jackson. 

Butte Oroville. 

Calaveras San  Andreas. 

Colusa Colusa. 

Contra  Costa — Martinez. 


County.  County  Seat. 

DelNorte Crescent  City. 

El  Dorado Placer vilje. 

Fresno Fresno  City. 

Humboldt Eureka. 

Iiiyo Independence 

Kern Bakersfleld. 

Lake Lakeport. 

Lassen   Susan ville. 

Los  Angeles Los  Angeles. 

Marion San  Rafael . 

Mariposa Mariposa. 

Mendocino Ukiah. 

Merced .  Merced. 

Modoc Alturas. 

Mono Bridgeport. 

Monterey Salinas. 

Napa Napa  City. 

Nevada Nevada  City. 

Placer Auburn. 

Pluraas Quincy. 

Sacramento..   .   .Sacramento. 

San  Benito Hollister. 

San  Bernardino.  .S.  Bernardino. 

San  Diego San  Diego. 

San  Francisco . .  .San  Francisco. 

San  Joaquin Stockton. 

San  Luis  Obispo..S.  Luis  Obispo. 

San  Mateo Redwood  City. 

Santa  Barbara..  Santa  Barbara 

Santa  Clara San  Jose. 

Santa  Cruz Santa  Cruz. 

Shasta Shasta. 

Sierra Downie  ville. 

Siskiyou ...     . .  Yreka. 

Solano Fairfleld. 

Sonoma Santa  Rosa. 

Stanislaus    Modesto. 

Sutter  Yuba  City. 

Tehama Bed  Bluff. 

Trinity Weaverville. 

Tulare Visalia. 

Tuolumne Senora. 

Ventura  —  San  Buenaventura. 

Yolo Woodland. 

Yuba Marysville. 

COLORADO. 

Arapahoe Denver. 

Bent West  Los  Animas. 

Boulder Boulder. 

Chaff  ee Buena  Vista. 

Clear  Creek Georgetown. 

Conejos Conejos. 

Costilla San  Luis. 

Custer Rosita. 

Delta Delta. 

Dolores Rico. 

Douglas Castle  Rock. 

Eagle Red  Cliff. 

Elbert Kiowa. 

El  Paso Colorado  Springs. 

Fremont Canon  City. 

Gar  field Carbonate. 

Gilpin Central  City. 

Grand Hot  Sulphur  Springs 


76 


THE     \VESTERX  WORLD 


Count)!.  County  Seat. 

Gunnisoii  Gunnispn. 

Hinsdale Lake  City. 

Hucrfiino Walsenburgh. 

Jefferson Golden. 

Lake L^adville. 

La  Plata Parrot. 

Larimer Fort  Collins. 

LasAnimas Trinidad. 

Mesa Grand  Junction. 

Montrose Montrose. 

Ouray Ouray. 

Park    Fairplay. 

Pitkin  Aspen. 

Pueblo Pueblo. 

Kio  G  rande Del  Norte. 

Routt Hahn'sPeak. 

San  Miguel Teliuride. 

Saguache Saguache. 

San  Juan Silverton. 

Summit Breckenridge. 

Weld. Greeley. 

CONNECTICUT. 

Fairfield Bridgeport. 

Hartford Hartford . 

Litchfield Litchfleld. 

Middlesex Haddam. 

New  Haven New  Haven. 

New  London New  London. 

Tolland Tolland. 

Windham Brooklyn. 

DAKOTA. 

Allred Unorganized. 

Aurora Plankmgton. 

Barnes Valley  City. 

Beadle . .  .  Huron . 

Benson. .  Minnewaken. 

Billings Unorganized. 

Bon  Homme Bon  Homme. 

Bo  reman Unorganized. 

Byttineau Unorganized. 

Bowman Unorganized. 

Brookings Brookings. 

Brown Columbia. 

Brule Chamberlain. 

Buffalo Unorganized. 

Buf  ord Unorganized. 

Burleigh Bismarck. 

Butte Minnesela. 

Burdick Unorganized. 

Campbell Unorganized. 

Cass Fargo. 

Cavalier Unorganized. 

Charles  Mix Wheeler. 

Choteau Unorganized. 

Clark Clark. 

Clay Vermillion. 

Codinjrton  ...   : . .  Watertown. 

Custer Custer. 

Davison Mitchell. 

Day Webster. 

Delano Unorganized. 

De  Smet Unorganized. 


County.  County  Seat. 

Deuel Gary. 

Dewey Unorganized. 

Dickey Ellendale. 

Douglas Grand  View. 

Dunn Unorganized. 

Edmunds Unorganized. 

Emmons —  Williamsport. 

E  wing Unorganized. 

Faulk La  Foon. 

Fall  River Unorganized. 

Flannery Unorganized. 

Foster Unorganized. 

Grand  Forks Grand  Forks. 

G  rant Big  Stone  City. 

Gregory Unorganized. 

G  riggs Coopersti  i\vn. 

Hamlin Spaulding. 

Hand Miller. 

Harvey Unorganized. 

Hanson Alexandria. 

Harding Unorganized. 

Howard Unorganized. 

Hettinger Unorganized. 

Hughes .Pierre. 

Hyde Highmore. 

Hutchinson Olivet. 

Jackson Unorganized. 

Jerauld Elmer. 

Kidder Steele. 

Kingsbury De  Smet .  - 

Lake Madison. 

La  Moure La  Moure. 

Lawrence Deadwood. 

Lincoln Canton. 

Logan Unorganized. 

Lugenbeel Unorganized. 

Lyman Unorganized. 

McCook Salem. 

McLean Unorganized. 

McHenry Unorganized. 

Mclntosn Unorganized. 

McPherson Unorganized. 

McKenzie Unorganized. 

Maudlin .Unorganized. 

Mercer Unorganized. 

Meyer Unorganized. 

Miner Howard. 

Minhehaha Sioux  Falls. 

Moody Flandreau. 

Morton Mandan. 

Mountraille Unorganized. 

Nowlin Unorganized. 

Nelson Lakota . 

Nickeus Unorganized. 

Pembina Pembina. 

Pennington Rapid  City. 

Pratt Unorganized. 

Potter Unorganized. 

Pyatt Unorganized. 

Presho Unorganized. 

Ramsay Devil's  Lake. 

Ransom Lisbon. 

Ren  ville Unorganized. 

Richland Wahpeton. 

Reinhart Unorganized. 

Rolette Unorganized. 


GUIDE  AND  HAXD  BOOK. 


77 


County.  County  Seat. 

Rusk Unorganized. 

Sanbon Forestburgh. 

Sargent Unorganized. 

Shannon.. Unorganized. 

Schwasse Unorganized. 

Scoby  Unorganized. 

Sheridan Unorganized. 

Spink Unorganized. 

Stanley Unorganized. 

Stark Unorganized. 

Steele Hope. 

Stevens  Unorganized. 

Sterling Unorganized. 

Stutsman Jamestown. 

Sully Port  Sully. 

Todd Fort  Randall. 

Towner Unorganized. 

Traill Caledonia. 

Tripp Unorganized. 

Turner Swan  Lake. 

Villard Unorganized. 

Union Elk  Point. 

"Walsh Grafton. 

"Wagner Unorganized. 

"Wallace Unorganized . 

"Walworth Unorganized. 

Washabaugh Unorganized. 

Washington Unorganized. 

White  River Unorganized. 

Wells Unorganized. 

Williams Unorganized. 

Wynn Unorganized. 

Yankton Yankton. 

Ziebach Unorganized. 

Wahpeton  Reservation. 
Sisseton  Reservation. 

DELAWARE. 

Kent Dover. 

New  Castle Willmington. 

Sussex Georgetown . 

DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA. 


Cities. 

Georgetown 

Washington 


FLORIDA. 


Alachua — 

Baker 

Bradford. . . 

Brevard 

Calhoun — 

Clay 

Columbia... 

Bade 

Duval 

Escambia  . . 
Franklin . . . 
Gadsden  ... 
Hamilton  . . 
Hernando. . 


..Gainesville. 

..Sanderson. 

..Lake  Butler. 

.  .Titusville. 

..lola. 

..Green  Cove  Sprgs. 

..Lake  City. 

..Miami. 

..Jacksonville. 

.Pensacola. 

.Apalachichola. 

.Ouincy. 

.Jasper. 

.  Brooksville. 


Count)/. 
Hillsb'oro  ... 

Holmes 

Jackson 

Jefferson 

Lafayette... 

Leon 

Levy 

Liberty  .... 

Madison 

Manitee 

Marion 

Monroe 

Nassau 

Orange 

Polk 

Putnam 

St.  Johns  . . 
Santa  Rosa.. 

Sumter 

Suwanee 

Taylor 

Volusia 

Wakulla 

Walton 

Washington. 


County  Seat. 
.  Tampa . 
.  Cerro  Gordo. 
.Marrianna. 
.Monticello. 
.  New  Troy. 
.Tallahassee. 
.Bronson. 

Bristol. 
.  Madison . 
.Pine  Level. 
.  Ocala . 
.Key  West. 
.Fernandina. 
.Orlando. 
.Bartow 

Palatka. 

St  Augustine. 
.Milton. 
.  Sumter  ville. 
.  Live  Oak. 

Perry. 
.Enterprise. 
.Crawford  ville. 
.Euchee  Anna. 
.Vernon. 


GEORGIA. 

Appling Baxlcy. 

Baker Newton. 

Baldwin Milledgeville. 

Banks Homer. 

Bartow Cartersville. 

Berrien Nashville. 

Bibb Macon. 

Brooks Quitman. 

Bryan Bryan. 

Bullock Statesborough. 

Burke Waynesboro'. 

Butts Jackson. 

Calhoun Morgan. 

Camden  St.  Marys. 

Campbell    Fairburn. 

Carroll Carrollton. 

Catoosa Ringgold . 

Charlton Traders  Hill. 

Chatham Savannah. 

Chattahoochee. .  .Cusseta. 

Chattooga Summerville. 

Cherokee  Canton. 

Clark Athens. 

Clay Fort  Gaines. 

Clayton Jonesborough. 

Clinch Homerville. 

Cobb Marietta. 

Coffee Douglas. 

Colquitt Moultrie. 

Columbia Appling. 

Coweta Newman. 

Crawford Knox  ville. 

Dade Trenton. 

Dawson Dawsonville. 

Decatur Bainbridge. 

DeKalb Decatur. 

Dodge Eastman. 

Dooly ...  ...  Vienna. 


78 


THE  WESTERN   WORLD 


Count}/.  County  Seat. 

Dougherty Albany . 

Douglas Douglasville. 

Early Blakely. 

Echols Statenville. 

Eltingham Springfield. 

Egbert  Elberton. 

Eraanuel Swainsboro. 

Fannin Morgan  ton. 

Fayette Fayette  ville . 

Floyd Rome. 

Forsytti Cumming. 

Franklin Carnesville 

Fulton Atlanta. 

Gilmer Ellijay. 

Glusseock Gibson. 

Glyiiu Brunswick. 

Gordon Calhoun. 

Green Greensboro. 

Gwinnett Lawrence  ville. 

Habersham I'larksville. 

Hall Gainesville. 

Hancock; Sparta. 

Haralson Buchanan . 

Harris Hamilton. 

Hart Hartwell. 

Heard Franklin. 

Henry McDonough. 

Houston Perry. 

Irwin Irwinville. 

Jackson Jefferson. 

Jasper Monticello. 

Jefferson Louisville. 

Johnson Wrightsville . 

Jones Clinton. 

Laurens Dublin. 

Lee Leesburgh. 

Liberty Hinesville. 

Lincoln Lincolnton. 

Lowndes Valdosta. 

Lumpkin Dahlonega. 

McDuffee Thomson. 

Mclntosh Darien . 

Macon Oglethorpe. 

Madison Danielsville. 

Marion Buena  Vista. 

Meri  wether Greenville . 

Miller .  .Colquitt. 

Milton Alpharetta. 

Mitchell Camilla. 

Monroe Forsyth. 

M  ontgomery. Mt.  V ernon. 

Morgan Madison . 

Murray Spring  Place. 

M  uskogee Columbus.. 

Newton Covington. 

Oconee Watkinsville. 

Oglethorpe Lexington. 

Paulding Dallas. 

Pickens Jasper. 

Pierce Blackshear. 

Pike..  Zebulon. 

Polk Cedartown . 

Pulaskl Hawkinsville. 

Putnam Eastonton. 

Ouitman Georgetown . 

Kabuii Clayton . 


Cmint]i.  County  Seat. 

Randolph Cuthbert. 

Richmond Augusta. 

Rockdale Conyers. 

Schley EJlaville. 

Screven Syl  vania. 

Spalding Griffin. 

Stewart Lumpkin. 

Sumter Americus. 

Talbot Talbotton . 

Taliaferro Crawf'rdville. 

Tattnall Reidsville. 

Taylor Butler. 

Tolfair McRae. 

Terrell Dawson . 

Thomas Thomasville. 

Towns Hiawassee. 

Troup LaGrange. 

Twigtrs Jefferson  ville. 

Union Blairsville . 

Upson Thomaston. 

Walker la  Fayette. 

Walton. Monroe . 

Ware Way  Cross. 

Warren Warrenton . 

Washington Sandersville. 

Wayne Waynesville. 

Webster Preston. 

White Cleveland. 

Whitfleld Dalton. 

Wilcox Abbeville. 

Wil  kes Wash  ington . 

Wilkinson Irwinton. 

Worth Isabella. 

IDAHO. 

Ada Boise  City. 

Alturas Rocky  Bar. 

Bear  Lake Paris . 

Boise Idaho  City. 

Cassia Albion . 

Custer Challis. 

Idaho Mount  Idaho. 

Kootenai Unorganized. 

Lemhi  Salmon  City. 

Nez  Perces Lewisron. 

Oneida Malad  City. 

Owyhee Silver  City. 

Shoshone    Pierce  City . 

Washington Weiser . 

ILLINOIS. 

Adams Quincy. 

Alexander Cairo. 

Bond Greenyil  le. 

Boone Bellevidere. 

Brown Mt.  Sterling. 

Bureau Princeton. 

Calhoun Hardin. 

Carroll Mt.  Carroll. 

Cass Virginia. 

Champaign Urbana. 

Christian Taylorsville 

Clark Marshall. 

Clay Louisville. 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK. 


79 


Cminty.  Cmnity  Scat. 

Clinton Carlyle. 

Coles Charleston. 

Cook Chicago. 

Crawford Robinson. 

Cumberland Toledo. 

DeKalb Sycamore. 

DeWitt Clinton. 

Douglas Tuscola. 

DuPage Wheaton. 

Edgar     Paris. 

Edwards Albion. 

Ettinjrliam Efiingham. 

Fayette Vandalia. 

Ford Paxton. 

Franklin Benton. 

Fulton .  .Lewistown. 

Gallatin Shawneetown. 

Greene Carrqllton. 

Grundy Morris. 

Hamilton McLeansboro' 

H  arlt'pck Carthage. 

Hardin    Elizabethtown 

Henderson Oquawka. 

Henry Cambridge. 

Iroquois Watseka. 

Jackson Murphysboro' 

Jasper Newton. 

Jefferson Mt.  Vernon. 

Jersey Jersey  ville. 

Jo  Daviess Galena. 

Johnson Vienna. 

Kane Geneva. 

Kankakee Kankakee. 

Kendall Yorkville. 

Knox   Galesburgh. 

Lake Waukegan. 

LaSalle Ottawa. 

Lawrence Lawrence. 

Lee Dixon. 

Livingston Ppntiac. 

Logan Lincoln. 

McDonough Macomb. 

McHenry Woodstock. 

McLean Bloomington. 

Macon Decatur. 

Macoupin Carlinville. 

Madison Ed  wards  ville. 

Marion Salem. 

Marshall Lacon. 

Mason  Decatur. 

Mas&ac Metropolis  C'y 

Menard Petersburg!!. 

Mercer Aledo. 

Monroe Waterloo. 

Montgomery Hillsborough. 

Morgan Jacksonville. 

Moultrie Sullivan. 

Ogle Oregon. 

1'eoria Peoria. 

Perry Pinckneyville. 

Piatt Monticello, 

Pike Pittsfleld. 

Pope Golconda. 

Pulaski Mound  City. 

Putnam Hennipin. 

Randolph Chester. 


County.  County  Seat. 

Iticliland Olney. 

Kock  Island Hock  Island. 

St.  Clair Belleville. 

Saline Harrisburgh. 

Sangamon Springfield . 

Schuyler Rush  vile. 

Scott Winchester. 

Shelby Shelby  ville. 

Stark Toulon . 

Stephenson Freeport. 

Tazeweil Pekin 

L'nion Jonesborough 

Vermillion Danville. 

Wabash Mount  Carmel 

Warren Monmputh. 

Washington Nashville. 

Wayne Fairfield. 

White Canni . 

Whitesides Morrison. 

Will Joliet. 

Williamson Marion . 

Winnebago Koi-kford. 

\v;oodford    Metamora. 

INDIANA. 

Adams Decatur. 

Allen Fort  Wayne. 

Bartholomew  —  Columbus 

Beuton Fowler. 

Blacklord Hartford  City. 

Boone Lebanon . 

Brown Nashville. 

Carroll Delphi. 

Cass Logansport. 

Clark Jeffersonville. 

Clay Brazil. 

Clinton Frankfort. 

Crawford Leavenworth. 

Davies Washington. 

Dearborn Lawreuceburgh. 

Decatur Greensburgh . 

DcKalb Auburn. 

Delaware Muncie. 

Dubois Jasper. 

Elkhart Gosnen. 

Fayette Connersville. 

Floyd New  Albany. 

Fountain Covington. 

Franklin Brookville. 

Fulton Rochester. 

Gibson Princeton. 

Grant Marion. 

G  reene Bloomfleld. 

Hamilton Noblesville. 

Hancock Greenfield. 

Harrison Corydon. 

Hendricks Danville. 

Henry New  Castle 

Howard Kokomo . 

Huntington Huntington. 

Jackson Brownstown. 

Jasper Rensselaer . 

Jay Portland . 

Jefferson Madison. 

Jennings Vernon. 


80 


THE   WESTERN    WORLD 


County.  Count  i/ Scat. 

Johnson Franklin . 

Knox Vincennes. 

Kosciusko Warsaw. 

Lagrange Lagraiifre . 

Lake Crown  Point. 

LaPorte LaPorte. 

Lawrence Bedford . 

Madison Anderson . 

Marion Indianapolis. 

Marshall Plymouth. 

Martin Shoals. 

Miami Peru . 

Monroe Bloomington . 

Montgomery  — Crawfordsville 

Morgan Martinsville. 

Newton Kent. 

Noble Albion. 

Ohio Rising  Sun. 

Orange Paoli. 

Owen Spencer. 

Parke Rockville. 

Perry Cannelton . 

Pike Petersburg!! . 

Porter Valparaiso . 

Posey Mt.  Vernon. 

Pulaski Winamac . 

Putnam Green  Castle. 

Randolph Winchester. 

Ripley Versailles. 

Rush Rushville. 

St.  Joseph South  Bend. 

Scott Scottsburgh. 

Shelby Shelby  ville. 

Spencer Rockport . 

Starke Knox. 

Steuben Angola. 

Sullivan Sullivan. 

Switzerland Vevay . 

Tippecanoe La  Fayette . 

Tipton Tipton. 

Union Liberty. 

Vanderburgh  ...Evans ville. 

Vermillion Newport. 

Vigo Terre  Haute. 

Wabash Wabash . 

Warren Williamsport. 

Warrick Booneville . 

Washington. Salem. 

Wayne Richmond . 

Wells Bluffton. 

White Monticello . 

Whit  ley Columbia  Ci'y- 

INDIAN  TERRITORY. 

Reservations. 
Atoka. 

Cherokee Tahlequah. 

Choctaw. 

Creek. 

Chickasaw. 

Cheyenne  and  Arapahoe. 

Kiowa,  Comanche  and  Apache. 

Kansas. 

Modoc. 

Xea  Perces. 


Re&rvattoM. 

Osage . 

Otoe  and  Missouri. 

Ottawa. 

Ponca. 

Pottawatomie. 

Pawnee. 

Peoria  and  Wea. 

Pickens. 

Quapaw. 

Skullyville. 

Sha\ynee. 

Seminole. 

Seneca. 

Sac  and  Fox. 

Sugar  Loaf. 

Upper  Arkansas. 

wvandotte. 

Wichita. 

IOWA. 

County.  County  Seat. 

Adair Greenfield. 

Adams Corning. 

Allamakee Waukon. 

Appanoose Centcrville. 

Audubon Audubon. 

Benton    Vinton. 

Black  Hawk Waterloo. 

Boone Boonesbor'gh. 

Bremer    Waverly. 

Buchanan Independence. 

Buena  Vista Storm  Lake. 

Butler Allison. 

Calhoun Rockwell  City. 

Carroll Carroll  City . 

Cass Atlantic . 

Cedar Tipton. 

Cerro  Gordo Mason  City 

Cherokee Cherokee. 

Cickasaw New  Hampt'n. 

Clarke Osceolo. 

Clay Spencer. 

Clayton Elkader . 

Clinton Clinton. 

Crawford Denison 

Dallas Adel. 

Davis Bloomfield . 

Decatur Leon . 

Delaware Manchester. 

Des  Moines Burlington . 

Dickinson Spirit  Lake. 

Dubuque Dubuque . 

Emmet Swan  Lake  Cty 

Fayette West  Union . 

Floyd Charles  City. 

Franklin Hampton. 

Fremont Sidney. 

Greene Jefferson. 

Grundy Grundy  Center. 

Guthrie Guthrie  Center. 

Hamilton Webster  City . 

Hancock Concord . 

Hardin  Eldora. 

Harrison Logan. 

Henry Mt.  Pleasant. 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK. 


81 


County.  County  Seat. 

Howard Cresco. 

H  umboldt Dakota . 

Ida Ida  Grove. 

Iowa Marengo. 

Jackson Maquoketa 

Jasper Newton . 

Jeff  erpon Fairflel  d . 

Johnson  — Iowa  City. 

Jones Anamosa 

Keokuk Sigourney. 

Kossuth Algona 

Lee Fort  Madison. 

Linn .  .Marion 

Louisa Wapello . 

Lucas Chariton . 

Lynn Rock  Rapids. 

Madison Winterset. 

Mahaska Oskaloosa. 

Marion Knoxville. 

Marshall Marsballtown. 

Mills Glenwood. 

Mitchell Osage. 

Monona Onawa  City. 

Monroe Albia. 

Montgomery  ...  Red  Oaks. 

Muscatine Muscatine. 

'('linen Primghar. 

Osceola Sibley. 

Page Clarinda. 

Palo  Alto Emmetsburgh 

Plymouth Le  Mars. 

Pocahontas Pocahontas. 

Polk    Des  Moines. 

Pottawatomie ..  .Council  Bluffs. 

Poweshiek Montezuma. 

Ringgold Mount  Ayr. 

Sac  Sac  City. 

Scott Davenport. 

Shelby Harlan. 

Sioux Orange  City. 

Srory Nevada. 

Tama Toledo. 

Taylor Bedford. 

Union Afton. 

Van  Buren Keosauqua 

Wapello Ottumwa. 

Warren Imlianola . 

Washington Washington. 

Wayne Corydon. 

Webster Fort  Dodge. 

Winnebago Forest  City. 

Winneshiek De.-orah . 

Woodbury Sioux  City. 

Worth Northwood. 

Wright Clarion. 

KANSAS. 

Allen lola. 

Anderson Garnett. 

Atchison Atchison. 

Barbour Medicine  Lodge . 

Barton Great  Bend. 

Bourbon Fort  Scott. 

Brown  Hiawatha. 

Butler Eldorado. 


County.  County  Seat. 

Chase Cottonwood  Falls. 

Chautauqua Sedan . 

Cherokee Columbus. 

(  heyenne Unorganized. 

Clay Clay  Centre. 

Cloud Concordia. 

Coffey ...   .Burlington. 

Comanche Unorganized. 

Cowley .Winneld. 

Crawford Girard . 

Davis Junction  City. 

Decatur Oberlin. 

Dickinson Abilene. 

Doniphan Troy. 

Dougla« Lawrence. 

Edwards Kinsley. 

Flk Howard. 

Ellis Hajs  City. 

Ellsworth Ellsworth. 

Finney Unorganized. 

Ford Lodge  City.. 

Franklin Ottawa. 

Gove Unorganized. 

Graham Millbrook. 

O reeley   Unorganized . 

G  reen  wood Eureka . 

Hamilton Unorganized. 

Harper  — Anthony. 

Harvey Newton . 

Hodgeman  .  ...  Buckner. 

Jackson Holten . 

Jefferson    Oscaloosa. 

Jewell     Mankato. 

Johnson    Olathe. 

Kingman Kingman. 

Labette Oswego. 

Lane Unorganized. 

Leavenworth —  Leavenworth. 

Lincoln Lincoln . 

Linn Mound  City. 

Lyon Kmporiti. 

McPherson McPhe^son . 

Marion Marion 

Marshall Marysville. 

Miami Paolo. 

Mitchell Beloit. 

Montgomery Independence. 

Morris Council  Grove. 

Nemaha Seneca. 

Neosho Erie. 

Ness Ness  City. 

Norton Norton. 

Osage Lyndon . 

Oshorne Osborne. 

Ottawa  Minneapolis. 

Pawnee Larned . 

Phillips Phillipsburg. 

Pottawatomie ...  Westmoreland. 

Pratt  luka. 

Rawlins Atwood. 

Reno.  — Hutchison. 

Republic Belleville. 

Bice Lyons 

Riley Manhattan. 

Rooks Stockton . 

Rush Rush  Center. 


82 


THE  WESTERN  WOULD 


Count)/.  County  Seat. 

Eussell Russell. 

St.  John Unorganized. 

Saline .• — Salina. 

Scott Unorganized . 

Sedgwick Wichita . 

Seward Unorganized. 

Shawnee Topeka. 

Sheridan Kenneth . 

Sherman .Unorganized. 

Smith Smith  Center. 

Stafford St.  John. 

Sumner Wellington . 

Thomas Unorganized. 

Trego Wa  Keeney. 

Wabaunsee Alma. 

Wallace Wallace. 

Washington Washington. 

Wichita Unorganized. 

Wilson Fredonia. 

Woodson Yates'  Center. 

Wyandotte Wyandotte. 

KENTUCKY. 

Adair Columbia. 

Allen Scottsville. 

Anderson Lawrenceburgh. 

Ballard Blandville. 

Barren Glasgow. 

Bath Owingsville 

Bell Pineyille. 

Boone Burlington. 

Bourbon Paris. 

Boyd  Cat  lettsburgh. 

Boyle Danville. 

Bracken Brookville. 

Breathitt Jackson. 

Breckinridge  . . .  Hardinsburgh. 

Bullitt Shepherdsville 

Butler Mqrgantown. 

Cald  well Princeton. 

Calloway Murray. 

Campbell   Newport. 

Carroll Carrollton. 

Carter Grayson. 

Casey Liberty. 

Christian Hopkinsville. 

Clark   Winchester. 

Clay Manchester. 

Clinton  Albany. 

Crittenden Marion. 

Cum  berland Burksville. 

•Daviess Owensboro. 

Edmonson Brownsville. 

Elliott Sandy  Hook. 

Estill Irvine. 

Fayette I^exington. 

Fleming Flemingsburgh. 

Floyd Prestonburgh. 

Franklin  Frankfort. 

Fulton Hickman . 

Gallatin Warsaw. 

Garrard Lancaster. 

Grant Williamstown. 

Graves Mayfleld. 

Grayson Leitchfleld. 


County.  County  Seat 

Green Greensburgh. 

Greenup Green  up. 

Hancock Hawcsville. 

Hardin Elizabethtown. 

Harlan Harlan. 

Harrison Cynthiana. 

Hart Munfordville 

Henderson Henderson. 

Henry    Newcastle. 

Hickman Clinton. 

Hopkins Madisonville. 

Jackson McKee. 

Jefferson Louisville. 

Jessamine Nicholasville. 

Johnson Paintsville. 

Josh  Bell . 

Kenton Covington. 

Knox Harbours  ville. 

La  Rue Hodgensville. 

Laurel London. 

Lawrence Louisa. 

Lee Beattyville. 

Leslie Hyden. 

Letcher Whitesburgh. 

Lewis Vanceburgh. 

Lincoln Stanford. 

Livingston Smithland. 

Logan Russell  ville. 

Ly'on Eddy  ville. 

McCracken Paducah. 

McLean Calhoun. 

Madison  Richmond. 

Magoffln Salyersville. 

Marion Lebanon. 

Marshall Benton. 

Martin Warfleld. 

Mason Maysville. 

Meade Bradenburgh. 

Menifee Frenchburgh. 

Mercer Harrodsb'rgh. 

Metcalf  e Edmonton. 

Monroe Thompkinsville. 

Montgomery Mt.  Sterling. 

Morgan West  Liberty. 

Muhlenburgh — Greenville. 

Nelson Bartlstown. 

Nicholas Carlisle. 

Ohio Hartford. 

Oldham Lagrange. 

Owen Owenton . 

Owsley Booneville. 

Pendleton Falmooith. 

Perry Hazard . 

Pike Pikeville. 

Powell Stanton. 

Pulaski Somerset. 

Robertson   Mount  Olivet. 

Rockcastle Mt.  Vernon. 

Rowan Moorehead. 

Russell Jamestown. 

Scott Georgetown. 

Shelby Shelbyyille . 

Simpson Franklin. 

Spencer Taylorsville . 

Taylor    Campbells  ville. 

Todd Elk  ton. 


GUIDE  AND   HAND-BOOK. 


83 


County.  County  Seat. 

Trigg Cadiz. 

Trimble Bedford. 

Union Morjr  anfteld . 

Warren Bowling1  Green. 

Washington Springfield. 

Wayne Monticello. 

Webster Dixon. 

Whitley Whit  ley. 

Wolfe  Campton. 

Woodf  ord Versailles . 

LOUISIANA. 

Ascension Donaldsonyille. 

Assumption  —  Napoleon  ville . 

Avoyelles Marks  ville. 

Bienyille Sparta. 

Bossier Belle  vue . 

Caddo Shreveport. 

Galcasieu Lake  Charles. 

Caldwell   Columbia. 

Cameron Cameron. 

Catahoula Harrisonburgh. 

Claiborne   Homer. 

Concordia Vidalia . 

De  Soto Mansfield. 

E.  Baton  Eouge..Baton  Rouge. 
East  Carroll .  .Lake  Providence. 
East  Feliciana. .  .Clinton. 

Franklin Winnsboro. 

Grant Colfax. 

Iberia New  Iberia. 

Iberville Plaquemine. 

Jackson..     Vernon. 

Jefferson Gretna. 

La  Fayette Vermillionville. 

La  Fourche Thibodeaux. 

Lincoln Vienna. 

Livingston Port  Vincent. 

Madison Delta. 

Moo  rehouse Bastrop . 

Natch  itoches. — Natchitoches. 

Orleans     New  Orleans. 

Ouachita Monroe . 

Plaquemines. .  .Point  La  Hache. 
Point  Coupee.  ..New  Roads. 

Rapides Alexandria. 

Red  River Coushatta  Chute. 

Richland Rayville. 

Sabine Many . 

Saint  Bernard... St.  Bernard. 
Saint  Charles — Hahnville. 

Saint  Helena Greensburgh. 

Saint  James     .   .Convent. 
St.  John  Baptist.  Edgard. 
Saint  Landry —  Opelousas. 
Saint  Martin. .  .St.  Martinsville. 

Saint  Marys Franklin . 

Saint  Tammany.  Covington. 

Tangipahoa    Amite  City . 

Tensas St.  Joseph. 

Terre  Bonne Houma . 

Union Farmersville. 

Vermillion Abbeville 

Vernon Leesville . 

Washington Franklinton. 


County.  .  Cotmty  Seat. 

Webster Minden. 

West  Baton  Rge.Port  Allen. 

West  Carroll Floyd . 

West  Feliciana.. Bayou  Sara. 
Winn Winfleld. 

MAINE. 

Androscoggin  ...Auburn. 

Aroostook  Houlton. 

Cumberland Portland . 

Franklin Farmington. 

Hancock Ellsworth. 

Kennebec Augusta. 

Knox    Rockland. 

Lincoln Wiscasset. 

Oxford Paris. 

Penobscot Bangor . 

Piscataquis Dover. 

Sagadahoc Brunswick. 

Somerset Sko  whegan . 

Waldo    Belfast 

Washington Machias. 

York Alfred. 

MARYLAND. 

Alleghany , Cumberland. 

Anne  Arundel.  .Annapolis. 

Baltimore         . .  .Towson. 

Cal  vert .  .Prince  Fredericktown. 

Caroline Denton. 

Carroll Westminster. 

Cecil Elkton. 

Charles Port  Tobacco . 

Dorchester Cambridge. 

Frederick Frederick . 

Garret Oakland . 

Harford Bel  Air. 

Howard Ellicott  City . 

Kent Chester-town. 

Montgomery   ..  Rockville. 
Prince  Georges.Up.Marlbor'gh. 

Queen  Anne Centreville. 

St.  Marys Leonardtown. 

Somerset Princess  Anne. 

Talbot Easton 

Washington Hagerstown. 

Wicomico Salisbury. 

Worcester   Snow  Hill. 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

Barnstable  Barnstable. 

Berkshire  Pittsfield. 

Bristol New  Bedford. 

Dukes Edgartown. 

Essex Lawrence. 

Franklin Greenfield. 

Hampden Springfield. 

Hampshire N.  Hampton. 

Middlesex Lowell. 

Nantucket Nantucket. 

Norfolk Dedham. 

Plymouth Plymouth. 


84 


THE   WESTERN   WORLD 


County.  Cnunty  Seat. 

Suffolk Boston . 

\Vorcester Worcester. 

MICHIGAN. 

Alcona Harrisville. 

Allegan Allegan. 

Alpena Alpena. 

Antrim Bellaire. 

Arenac -. 

Baraga L'Anse. 

Barry Hasting. 

Bay Bay  City. 

Benzie Benzonia. 

Berrien Berrien  Springs. 

Branch    Coldwater. 

Calhoun   Marshall. 

Cass Cassopolis. 

Charlevoix Charlevoix. 

Cheboygan Cheboygan. 

Chippewa Sault  Ste  Marie. 

Clare Harrison. 

Clinton  St.  John. 

Crawford Grayling. 

Delta Escanaba. 

Eaton Charlotte 

Kmmet Harbour  Springs . 

Genesee Flint. 

Glad  win Gladwin. 

Grand  Traverse. Traverse  City. 

Gratiot Ithaca. 

Hillsdale Hillsdale. 

Hough  ton Hough  ton. 

Huron Bad  Axe. 

Ingham Mason. 

Ionia Ionia. 

losco  Tawas  City. 

Isabella Mt.  Pleasant. 

Isle  Royale . 

Jackson      Jackson. 

Kalamazoo     —  Kalaraazoo. . 

Kalkaska Kalkaska. 

Kent Grand  Rapids. 

Keweenaw Eagle  River. 

Lake Baldwin. 

Lapeer  Lapeer. 

Leleenaw Leland . 

Lenawee Adrian. 

Livingston Ho  well. 

Mackinac St.  Ignace. 

Macomb Mt .  Clemens . 

Manistee  Manistee. 

Manitou St.  James. 

Marquette Marquette. 

Mason Ludington. 

Mecosta Big  Rapids. 

Menominee Menominee. 

Midland Midland. 

Missaukee Lake  City. 

Monroe Monroe. 

Montcalm Stanton. 

Montmorency  . . .  Hillman. 

Muskegon Muskegon. 

Newaygo Newaygo . 

Oakland    Pontiac. 

Oceana Hart. 


County.  County  Seat. 

Ogema  w West  Branch. 

Ontonagon    .  ...Ontonagon. 

Osceola Hersey. 

Oscoda Unorganized. 

Otsego   Gaylord. 

Ottawa Grand  Haven. 

Presque  Isle Rogers  City. 

Roscommon Roscemmon. 

Saginaw Saginaw. 

St.  Clair Port  Huron. 

St.  Joseph Centerville. 

Sanilac  Sandusky . 

Schoolcraft Manistique. 

Shiawassee Corunna. 

Tuscola Caro. 

Van  Buren Paw  Paw. 

Washtenaw Ann  Arbor. 

Wayne Detroit. 

Wexlord Cadillac. 

MINNESOTA. 

Aitkin Aitkin. 

Anoka Anoka. 

Becker Detroit  City. 

Beltrami Unorganized. 

Benton    Sank  Rapids. 

Big  Stone      Ortonville. 

Blue  Earth Mankato. 

Brown New  Ulm . 

Carlton Thomson . 

Carver Chaska. 

Cass Unorganized. 

Chippewa Montevideo. 

Chicago Center  City . 

Clay Moorhead. 

Cook Unorganized. 

Cottonwood Windom. 

Crow  Wing Brainard. 

Dakota Hastings . 

Dodge Mantorville. 

Douglas Alexandria. 

Faribault Blue  Earth  City. 

Fillmore  Preston. 

Freeborn Albert  Lea 

Goodhue Red  Wing. 

Grant Elbow  Lake. 

Hennepin Minneapolis. 

Houston Caledonia. 

Hubbard Park  Rapids . 

Isanta Cambridge. 

Itasca Unorganized. 

Jackson Jackson. 

Kanabec Mora. 

Kandiyohi  Willmar. 

Kitteon Hallock . 

Lac-Qui-Parle  ..Lac-Qui-Parle. 

Lake Beaver  Bay. 

Le  Suer Le  Suer  Center. 

Li  ncoln Lake  Benton . 

Lyon  Marshall . 

Marshall Warren . 

Martin Fairmont. 

McLeod G|encoe. 

Meeker    Litchfleld . 

Mille  Lacs Princeton. 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK. 


85 


County.  County  Seat. 

Morrison Little  Falls. 

Mower Austin. 

Murray Currie. 

Nicollet St.  Peter. 

Nobles Worthington . 

Norman Ada. 

Olmsted Rochester. 

Otter  Tail  Fergus  Falls. 

Pine Pine  City. 

Pipe  Stone Pipe  Stone . 

Polk Crookston . 

Pope Glenwood. 

Ramsey St.  Paul. 

Redwood. ....  .Bedwood  Falls. 

Renville Beaver  FaJls. 

Rice Faribault. 

Rock Luverne . 

St.  Louis Duluth. 

Scott Shakopee. 

Sherburne Elk  River. 

Sibley Henderson. 

Stearns St.  Cloud. 

Steele Owatpnna. 

Stevens Morris. 

Swift Benson. 

Todd Long  Prairie. 

Traverse Brown's  Valley. 

Wabasha Wabasha . 

"Wadena Wadena. 

Waseca Waseca . 

Washington  . . .   .Stillwater. 

Watonwan St.  James. 

White  Earth. .Indian  Res'rvat'n. 

Wilkin Breckenridge. 

Winona  Winona. 

Wright  Buffalo. 

Yellow  Medicine.Granite  Falls. 

MISSISSIPPI. 

Adams Natches. 

Alconi Corinth. 

Amite Liberty. 

Attala Kosciusko. 

Benton Ashland. 

Bollivar Rosedale. 

CaJhoun  Pittsborough . 

Carroll    Carrol Iton. 

Chickasaw Houston. 

Choctaw Chester. 

Clai borne Port  Gibson. 

Clarke Quitman. 

Clay  West  Point . 

Coahoma Friar's  Point. 

Copiah Hazelhurst. 

Covington Williamsburg. 

De  Sota Hernando. 

Franklin Mead  ville. 

Greene Leakesville. 

Grenada Grenada. 

Hancock Bay  St.  Louis. 

Harrison Mississippi  City. 

Hinds Jackson. 

Holmes    Lexington. 

Issaquena Mayors  ville . 

Itawamba Fulton. 


County.  County  Seat. 

Jackson Scran  ton . 

Jasper Paulding . 

Jefferson Fayette . 

Jones Ellisville. 

Kemper DeKalb. 

Lafayette Oxford . 

Lauderdale Meridian. 

Lawrence Monticello. 

Leake Carthage. 

Lee Tupelo. 

Le  Flore Greenwood . 

Lincoln Brookhaven. 

Lowndes Columbus. 

Madison  —  Canton . 

Marion Columbia. 

Marshall Holly  Springs. 

Monroe Aberdeen . 

Montgomery  — Winona. 

Neshoba Philadelphia. 

Newton Decatur . 

Noxubee Macon . 

Oktibbeha Starkville. 

Panola Sardis. 

Perry Augusta. 

Pike Magnolia. 

Pontotoc Pontotoc . 

Prentiss Boone ville . 

Quitman Belen. 

Rnnkin Bramlon. 

Scott Forest. 

Sharkey Rolling  Forks. 

Simpson Westville. 

Smith    Raleigh. 

Sunflower Johnsonville. 

Tallahatchie Charleston. 

Tate Senatobia. 

Tippah Ripley. 

Tishpmingo..  . .  luka. 

Tunica Austin. 

Union New  Albany. 

Warren Vicksburg. 

Washington Greenville. 

Wayne Waynesborough. 

Webster Walthal. 

Wilkinson Woodville. 

Winston Louisville. 

Yalobusha roffoeville. 

Yazoo  Yazoo  City. 

MISSOURI. 

Adair Kirksville. 

Andrew Savannah. 

Atchison Rockport. 

Audrain Mexico . 

Barry  . .' Cassville. 

Barton Lamar. 

Bates P-utler . 

Benton Warsaw. 

Bollinger Marble  Hill. 

Boone Columbia. 

Buchanan St .  Joseph . 

Butler Poplar  Bluff. 

Caldwell Kingston. 

Callaway Fulton. 

Camden. Linn  Creek. 


TI1E   •SVESTKUN   WORLD 


County.  County  Seat. 

Cape  Girardeau..  Jackson. 

Carroll Carrollton. 

Carter Van  Buren . 

Crtss Harrison  ville. 

<  edar Stockton. 

Chariton Keytesville. 

Christian Ozark. 

Clarke Kahoka. 

Clay Liberty. 

Clinton Plattsburg. 

Cole Jefferson  City. 

Cooper Booneville. 

Crawford Steel  ville. 

Bade Greenfield. 

Dallas Buffak). 

Daviess Galiatin. 

DeKalb Mays  ville. 

Dent Salem. 

Douglas A  va . 

Dunklin Kennett. 

Franklin Union. 

Gasconade Hermann. 

Gentry    Albany . 

Greene Springfield. 

Grundy Trenton . 

Harrison Bethany. 

Henry Clinton. 

Hickory Hermitage. 

Holt Oregon. 

Howard Fayette . 

Howell West  Plains. 

Iron Ironton. 

Jackson Independence. 

Jasper     Carthage. 

Jefferson Hillsborough. 

Johnson Warrensburg. 

Knox  Edina. 

Laclede Lebanon . 

Lafayette Lexington. 

Lawrence Mt.  Vernon. 

Lewis   Monticello. 

Lincoln Troy 

Linn      Linneus. 

Livingston Chillicothe. 

McDonald Pinerille. 

Macon    Macon  City. 

Madison Fredericktown. 

Maries Vienna. 

Marion Palmyra. 

Mercer Princeton. 

Miller Tuscumbia. 

Mississippi Charleston. 

Moniteau California. 

Monroe Paris. 

Montgomery Danvijle. 

Morgan Versailles. 

New  Madrid New  Madrid. 

Newton Neosho. 

Nodaway Marysville . 

Oregon Alton. 

Osage Linn. 

Ozark Gainesville. 

Pemiscot Gayoso. 

Perry Perry  ville. 

Pettis Sedalia. 

Phelps     ..  Rolla. 


County.  County  Scat. 

Pike  Bowling  Green. 

Platte Platte  City. 

Polk Bolivar. 

Pulaski Waynesville. 

Putnam Unionviile 

Kails New  London . 

Randolph Huntsville. 

Ray Richmond. 

Reynolds       Centreviile. 

Ripley Doniphan. 

St   Charles St.  Charles. 

St.  Clair Oseetja. 

St.  Francois.  Farming-ton. 

St.  Genevieve St.  Genevieve. 

St.  Louis St.  Louis. 

Saline Marshall. 

Scbuyler . . : Lancaster. 

Scotland Memphis. 

Scott Benton. 

Shannon Eminence. 

Shelby Shelby  ville . 

Stoddard Bloomfield. 

Stone    Galena. 

Sullivan Milan. 

Taney Forsy  th . 

Texas Houston. 

Vernon Nevada. 

Warren Warren  ton. 

Washington Potosi. 

Wayne  Greenville. 

Webster Marshfield. 

Worth Grant  City. 

Wright Hartville . 

MONTANA. 

Beaver  Head Dillon. 

Choteau Fort  Benton. 

Custer Miles  t  ity . 

Da  wson Unorganized . 

Deer  Lodge Deer  Lodge  C'y- 

Ga)  latin        Bozeman. 

Jefferson Radersburgh. 

Lewis  &  Clarke.. Helena. 

Madison Virginia  City. 

Meagher.  .White  Sulphur  Spgs. 

Missoula Missoula. 

Silver  Bow Butte  City. 

Yellowstone Billings. 

NEBRASKA. 

Adams Hastings. 

Antelope Oakdale. 

Boone Albion. 

Brown    Unorganized. 

Buffalo Kearney. 

Burt Tekamah . 

Butler David  City 

Cass    Piattsmouth. 

Cedar St.  Helena . 

Chase Unorganised. 

Cherry        Valentine. 

Cheyenne Sidney. 

Clay Clay  Centre. 

Colfax Schuyler. 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK. 


87 


County.  County  Seat. 

Cuming West  Point. 

Custer Ouster. 

Dakota  — Dakota. 

Dawson Plumb  Creek. 

Dixon Ponca. 

Dodge Fremont. 

Douglas Omaha. 

Dundy Unorganized. 

Fillmore Geneva. 

Franklin Bloomington. 

Frontier Stockville. 

Furnas Beaver  City. 

Gage Beatrice. 

Gosper Davisville. 

Greeley Scotia. 

Hall Grand  Island. 

Hamilton  Aurora. 

Harlan Alma. 

Hayes Unorganized. 

Hitchcock   Culbertson. 

Holt O'Neill. 

Howard St.  Paul. 

Jefferson Fairbury . 

Johnson Tecumseh . 

Kearney Minden . 

Keith Ogallalla. 

Keya  Paha Spring  View. 

Knox Niobrara. 

Lancaster Lincoln . 

Lincoln North  Platte . 

Loup Unorganized. 

Madison Madison . 

Merrick Central  City. 

Nance  Fullerton. 

Nemaha Brownville. 

Nuckolls Nelson. 

Omaha  Reservation. 

Otoe Nebraska  City. 

Pawnee    Pawnee  City. 

Phelps Phelps . 

Pierce Pierce. 

Platte Columbus. 

Polk Osceola. 

Red  Willow Indianola. 

Richardson Falls  City. 

Saline Wilber. 

Siirpy Papillion. 

8a  unders Wahoo . 

Seward Sewaid. 

Sherman Loup  City . 

Sioux Unorganized. 

Stanton  Stanton . 

Thayer Hebron. 

Valley*. Ord . 

Washington   Blair. 

Wayne La  Porte. 

Wei  ister Hed  Cloud. 

Wheeler Willow  Spr'gs. 

York York. 

Unorganized  Territory. 

NEVADA. 

Churchill Stillwater. 

Douglas Genoa. 

Elko Elko. 


County.  County  Seat* 

Esmeralda Aurora. 

Eureka Eureka. 

Humboldt Winncmucca- 

Lander Austin. 

Lincoln Pioche. 

Lyon Dayton . 

Nye  — Beimont. 

Ormsby Carson  City. 

Koop Unorganized. 

Storey    Virginia  City. 

Washoe Reno . 

White  Pine Hamilton. 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 

Ee?.knap Laconia . 

Carroll Ossipee. 

Cheshire Keene . 

Coos Lancaster. 

Grafton Haverhill. 

Hillsborough — Nashua. 

Merrimack Concord. 

Rockingham ....  Exeter. 

Straff  ord Dover. 

Sullivan Newport. 

NEW  JERSEY. 

Atlantic Mays  landing. 

Bergen Hackenpack . 

Burlington   Mt.  Holly. 

Camden Camden . 

Cape  May Cape  May. 

Cumberland Bridgeton. 

Essex Newark. 

Gloucester Woodbury . 

Hudson  Jersey  City. 

Hunterdon Flemington. 

Mercer Trenton. 

Middlesex New  Brunswick. 

Monmouth Freehold . 

Morris Morristo  wn . 

Ocean Toms  River. 

Passaic Paterson. 

Salem Salem. 

Somerset Somerville . 

Sussex Newton. 

Union Elizabeth. 

Warren Belvidere , 

NEW  MEXICO. 

Bernalillo Bernalillo . 

Colt'ax Cimarron. 

Dona  Ana Mesilla . 

Grant Silver  City 

Lincoln Lincoln . 

Mora Mora . 

Rio  Arriba Tierra  Amerilla. 

San  Miguel Las  Vegas. 

Santa  Fe Santa  Fe. 

Socorro Socorro. 

Taos Fernandes  De  Taos. 

Valencia Los  Lumas. 

NEW  YORK. 

Albany Albany. 

Allegany Beimont. 


THE   WESTERN  WORLD 


County.  County  Seat. 

Broome Binghamton. 

Cattaraugus Little  Valley. 

Cayuga Auburn. 

Chautauqua May  ville. 

Chemung Elmira. 

Cheuango Norwich. 

Clinton    Plattsburgh . 

Columbia Hudson. 

Cortland Cortland. 

Delaware Delhi . 

Dutchess Poughkeepsie. 

Erie    Buffalo. 

Essex Elizabethtown . 

Franklin Malone. 

Fulton Johnstown. 

Genesea Batavia. 

Greene  Catskill . 

Hamilton Sageville. 

Herkimer Herkimer. 

Jefferson Watertown. 

Kings Brooklyn. 

Lewis Low  ville . 

Livingston Geneseo . 

Maiison Morrisville. 

Monroe Rochester. 

Montgomery Fonda . 

New  York NPW  York. 

Niagara Lockport. 

Oneida Utlca. 

Onondaga Syracuse . 

Ontario Canandaigua . 

Orange G  oshen . 

Orleans Albion. 

Os  wego Os  wego . 

Otsego Cooperstown . 

Putnam Carmel . 

Queens Jamaica. 

Rensselaer Troy. 

Richmond Richmond . 

Rockland New  City. 

St.  Lawrence  . . .  Canton. 

Saratoga Ballston . 

Schenectady Schenectady. 

Schoharie Schoharie. 

Sch  lyler Watkins. 

Seneca Ovid . 

Steuben  .• Corning. 

Suffolk Riverhead. 

Sullivan. Monticello. 

Tioga Owego. 

Tompkins Ithaca. 

Ulster Kingston . 

Warren   ..  Lake  George. 

Washington Argyle. 

Wayne Lyons. 

Westchester White  Plains. 

Wyoming  Warsaw . 

Yates Pen  Yan . 

NORTH  CAROLINA. 

Alamance. Graham 

Alexander Taylorsville. 

Alleghauy Sparta . 

Anson Wa'lesborough. 

Ashe  ....   Jcfforson. 


County.  County  Seat. 

Beaufort Washington . 

Bertie Windsor. 

Bladeti Elizabethtown. 

Brunswick Smithville, 

Buncombe Ashville. 

Burke Morgantown 

Cabarrus Concord. 

Caldwell Lenoir. 

Camden Camden. 

Cartaret Beaufort. 

Caswell    Yancey  ville. 

Catawba Newton . 

Chatham Pittsborough. 

Cherokee Murphy . 

Chowan  Edenton. 

Clay Hayesville. 

Cleveland Shelby. 

Columbus Whiteville. 

Craven    New  Berne . 

Cumberland Fayetteville. 

Ourrituck Currituck. 

Dare    Manteo . 

Davidson Lexington. 

Uavie Mocksville. 

Duplin  Kenansville. 

Durham Durham . 

Edgecomb Tarborough. 

Forsyth Winston . 

Franklin Louisburgh. 

Gaston Dallas . 

Gates Gatesville. 

Graham  Robinsville. 

Gran  ville Oxford. 

Greene  Snow  Hill. 

Guilford Greensborough. 

Halifax   Halifax. 

Harnett    .     Linnington. 

Haywood Waynesvflle. 

Henderson  ....  Hendersonville. 

Hertford Winton. 

Hyde    Swan  Quarter. 

Ircdell States  ville. 

Jackson Websirr. 

Johnston Smithfield. 

Jones    Trenton. 

Lenoir     Kiuston. 

Lincoln Lincolnton. 

McDowell . .  Marion . 

Macon Franklin . 

Madison Marshall. 

Martin    Williamstown. 

Mecklenburgh . .  .Charlotte. 

Mitchell Bakersville. 

Montgomery  ...  Troy.  • 

Moore Carthage. 

Xash    Nashville. 

New  Hanover  . .  .Wilmington. 

Northampton Jackson . 

Onslow Jacksonville. 

Orange Hillsborough. 

Pamlico  Stonewall. 

Pasquotank Elizabeth  City. 

Pender  Burgaw. 

Perquimans Hertford. 

Person          Koxborough. 

Pitt Greenville 


GUIDE   AND   HAND-BOOK. 


County.  County  Seat. 

Polk    Columbus. 

Randolph Ashborouffh. 

Richmond Rockingbam . 

Robeson Lumberton . 

Koekingham Wentwortb . 

Rowan Salisbury. 

Rutherford.  .Rutherfordstown. 

Sampson Clinton 

Stanley Albemarle . 

Stokes Daabury. 

Surry ..Dobson. 

Swain Charleston. 

Transylvania  —  Brevard 

Tyrrell Columbia. 

Union      Monroe. 

Vance  Henderson. . 

Wake Raleigh . 

Warren  Warrenton . 

Washington Plymouth. 

Watauga Boone. 

Wayne Goldsborough . 

Wilkes Wilkesburgh. 

Wilson  Wilson. 

Yadkin Yadkinyille. 

Yancy Burusville. 

OHIO. 

Adams   West  Union. 

Allen Lima. 

Ashland Ashland. 

Ash  tabula Jefferson. 

Athens    Athens. 

AugUiize Wapakoneta. 

Beluiont St.  Clairsville. 

Brown Georgetown. 

Butler Hamilton. 

Carroll Carrollton. 

Champaign Url-ana. 

Clarke Spring-field. 

Cleritiont Batavia. 

Clinton Wilmington. 

Columbiana New  Lisbon. 

Coshocton Coshocton. 

Crawford Bucyrus. 

Cuyahoga Cleveland. 

Darke Greenville. 

De  nance Defiance. 

Delaware Delaware. 

Erie Sandusky. 

Fail-field Lancaster. 

Fayette Washington. 

Franklin Columbus. 

Fulton Wauseon. 

Gallia Gallipolis. 

Gt-iiuga Chardon. 

Greene Xenia 

Guernsey Cambridge. 

Hamilton Cincinnati. 

Hancock Findlay. 

Hardin Kenton. 

Harrison Cadiz. 

Henry Napoleon. 

Highland Hillsborough. 

Hocking L"gan. 

Holmes Millersburgh . 


County.  County  Seat. 

Huron Norwalk. 

Jackson Jackson . 

Jefferson Steubenville. 

Knox Mt.  Vernou . 

Lake Painesville. 

Lawrence Ironton. 

Licking Newark . 

Logan Belief pntalne. 

Lorain Elyria. 

Lucas Toledo . 

Mad  ison Lon  don . 

Mahoning Youngstown. 

Marion Marion . 

Medina Medina. 

Meigs Pomeroy. 

Mercer Celma. 

Miami Troy. 

Monroe Woodsfield . 

Montgomery Dayton. 

Morgan McConnells. 

Morrow Mt.  Gilead. 

Muskingum Zanesville. 

Noble O.ldwell. 

Ottawa Port  Clinton. 

Paulding Pauldiner. 

Perry NewLexingt'n 

Pickaway Circleville. 

Pike Waverly. 

Portage Ravenna. 

Preble Eaton. 

Putnam  Ottawa. 

Riehland Manslield. 

Ross..     Chillk-othe. 

Sandusky Fremont . 

Scioto Portsmouth . 

Seneca Tiffin . 

Shelby  Sidney. 

Stark    Canton. 

Summit Akron . 

Tr umbull Warren . 

Tuscarawas..New  Philadelphia. 

Union Marysville . 

Van  Wert Van  Wert. 

Vinton Me  Arthur. 

War  i  en Lebanon. 

Washington Marietta. 

Wayne "Wooster. 

Williams Bryan . 

Wood  BowlingGreen 

Wyandot Upper  Sandusky. 

OREGON. 

Baker Baker  City. 

Benton Corvallis. 

Clackamas Oregon  City. 

Clatsop Astoria. 

Columbia St.  Helen. 

Coos Empire  City. 

Crook Prineville. 

Curry Ellensburgh. 

Douglas Roseburgh . 

Grant Canyon  City. 

Jackson Jacksonville. 

Josephine Kerby. 

Klamath Linkville . 


90 


THE   "WESTERN  "WORLD 


County.  County  Seat. 

Lake Lakeview. 

Lane Eugene  City. 

Linn Albany. 

Marion Salem. 

Multnomah Portland. 

Polk Dallas. 

Tillamook Tillamook. 

Umatilla Pendleton . 

Union ..Union. 

Wasco The  Dalles. 

Washington Hillsborough . 

Yam  Hill LaFayette. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

Adams Gettysburgh . 

Alleghany Pittsburgh. 

Armstrong Kittanning. 

Beaver Beaver. 

Bedford Bedford 

Berks Heading. 

Blair Hollidaysburgh. 

Bradf  ord Towanda. 

Bulks Doylestown. 

Butler Butler. 

Cambria Ebensburgh . 

Cameron Emporium . 

Carbon Mauch  Chunk. 

Centre Belief  onte. 

Chester West  Chester. 

Clarion Clarion . 

Clearneld Clearflcld . 

Clinton Loch  Haven . 

Columbia Bloomsburgh. 

Crawford Meadville 

Cumberland Carlisle. 

Dauphin Harrisburgh . 

Delaware Media. 

Elk Ridgway. 

Erie Erie. 

Fayette Uniontown . 

Forest Tionesta. 

Franklin Chambersburgh. 

Fulton McConnellsburgh. 

Greene Waynesburgh. 

Huntingdon Huntingdon. 

Indiana Indiana. 

Jefferson Brookville. 

Juniata Mifflintown . 

Lacka  wanna Scranton. 

Lancaster Lancaster. 

Lawrence Newcastle . 

Lebanon Lebanon. 

Lehigh Allento  wn . 

Luzerne Wilkesbarre . 

Lycoming Williamsport. 

McKean Smithport. 

Mercer Mercer. 

Mifflin Lewistown. 

Monroe Stroudsburgh. 

Montgomery Norristown. 

Montour Danville . 

Northampton  —  Easton 
Northumberland. Sunbury. 

Perry New  Bloom  field. 

Philadelphia Philadelphia. 


County.  County  Seat. 

Pike Milford. 

Potter Condersport. 

Schuylkill P9ttsville. 

Snyder Middleburgh. 

Somerset Somerset. 

Sullivan LaPorte. 

Susquehanna  — Montrose. 

Tioga Wellsborough. 

Union Lewisburgh . 

Venango Franklin. 

Warren Warren . 

Washington Washington. 

Wayne Honesdale. 

Westmoreland. .  .Greensburgh. 

Wyoming Tunkhannock. 

York York. 

RHODE  ISLAND. 

Bristol Bristol . 

Kent East  Greenwich . 

Newport Newport. 

Providence Providence. 

Washington Kingston. 

SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

Abbeville Abbeville. 

Aiken Aiken. 

Anderson Anderson. 

Barn  well Barn  well . 

Beaufort Beaufort. 

Berkeley Bonneau. 

Charleston Charleston. 

Chester Chester. 

Chesterfield Chesterfield. 

Clarendon Manning. 

Colleton Walterboro' . 

Darlington Darlington. 

Edgefield Edgefield. 

Fairfield Winnsborough 

Georgetown Georgetown. 

Greenville Greenville. 

Hampton Hampton . 

Horry Conway. 

Kershaw Camden. 

Lancaster Lancaster. 

Laurens Laurens. 

Lexington Lexington . 

Marion Marion . 

Marlborough  — Bennettsville. 

Newberry Newberry. 

Oconee Walhalla . 

Orangeburgh  —  Orangeburgh 

Pickens Pickens. 

Hichland Columbia. 

Spartanburgh.  ..Spartan burgh. 

Sumter Sumter. 

Union LTnion . 

Williamsburgh  .  .Kingstree. 
York Yorkville. 

TENNESSEE. 

Anderson Clinton. 

Bedford Shelby  ville. 


GUIDE  AMD  HAXD-BOOK. 


91 


Cnuntn.  County  Seat. 

Beaton Camden . 

Bledsoe Pikeville.       • 

Blount Maryville. 

Bradley Cleveland . 

Campbell Jacksborough. 

Cannon Woodbury. 

Carroll Huntingdon 

Carter Elizabethton. 

Cheathain —  • . .  .Ashland  City. 

Chester    Henderson. 

Clai  borne Tazewell. 

Clay    Celina . 

Cocke Newport. 

ColTee Manchester. 

Crockett Alamo . 

Cumberland Crossville. 

Davidson Nashville. 

Decatur Decaturville. 

DeKalb Smithville. 

Dickson Charlotte . 

Dyer Dyersburgh . 

Fayette Somerville. 

Fentress Jamestown. 

Franklin Winchester. 

Gibson Trenton. 

Giles    Pulaski. 

Grainger Rutledge. 

Greene Greeneville . 

Grundy Altamont. 

Hamblen Morristown . 

Hamilton Chattanooga. 

Hancock  ... Sneedville. 

Hardeman Bolivar. 

Hardin Savannah. 

Hawkins Rogersville. 

Hay  wood Brownsville. 

Henderson Lexington . 

Henry  Paris. 

Hickman Centerville. 

Houston Erin. 

Humphreys Waverly . 

Jackson  Gaiuesburg . 

James Ooltewah 

Jefferson  Dandridge. 

Johnson Taylorsville 

Knox Knoxville. 

Lake Tiptonville. 

Lauderdale Hipley. 

Lawrence Lawrenceburgh . 

Lewis Newburgh . 

Lincoln Fayetteville. 

Loudon Loudon. 

McMinn Athens. 

McNairy  Purdy. 

Mac9n Lafayette. 

Madison    Jackson. 

Marion  Jasper. 

Marshall Le  wisburg . 

Maury Columbia. 

Meigs Decatur. 

Monroe     Madisonville. 

Montgomery  — Clarksville. 

Moore Lynchburgh. 

Morgan Wartburgh. 

Ouion Troy. 

Overton Livingston. 


County.  County  Seat. 

Perry  Linden. 

Pickett Byrdatown . 

Polk Benton. 

Putnam Cookville . 

Khea Washington. 

Koaue Kingston . 

Robertson Springfield. 

Rutherford Murf  reesburgh. 

Scott Huntsville. 

Sequatchie Dunlap. 

Sevier Sevierville. 

Shelby Memphis. 

Smith Carthage. 

Stewart Dover. 

Sullivan Blountville. 

Sumner Gallatin . 

Tipton Covington. 

Trousdale Harts  ville . 

Unicoi Erwin . 

Union Maynardville. 

VanBuren Spencer. 

Warren McMinn  ville. 

Washington Jonesburgh. 

Wayne Waynesborough. 

Weakley Dresden. 

White Sparta. 

Williamson Franklin. 

Wilson Lebanon. 

TEXAS. 

Anderson Palestine. 

Angelina Homer . 

Andrews  Unorganized. 

Aransas Rockport. 

Archer Archer. 

Armstrong Unorganized. 

Atascosa Pleasanton . 

Austin Belleville. 

Bailey Unorganized. 

Bandera Bandera. 

Bastrop .Bastrop. 

Baylor   Seymour. 

Bee. . .  Beeville. 

Bell Bell  ton. 

Bexar San  Antonio. 

Blanco Blanco . 

Borden Unorganized. 

Bosque Meridian. 

Bowie Boston . 

Brazoria Brazoria. 

Brazos Bryan . 

Briscoe Unorganized. 

Brown Brown  wood . 

Burleson C  Idwell . 

Burnet Burnet. 

Caldwell Lockhart. 

Calhoun Indianola. 

Callahan Belle  Plaine. 

Cameron Brownsville. 

Camp Pittsburgh . 

Carson Unorganized. 

Cass Linden. 

Castro Unorganized. 

Chambers Wallisville. 

Cherokee Rusk . 


92 


THE  WESTERN   WORLD 


County.  County  Seat. 

Childress Unorganized. 

Clay Henrietta. 

Cochran Unorganized. 

Coleman Coleman. 

Collin McKinney . 

Collingsworth  . . .  Unorganized. 

Colorado Columbus. 

Comal New  Brau  nf els. 

Comanche Comanche. 

Coneho Paint  Rock. 

Cooke Gainesville . 

Cory  ell Gatesville. 

Cottle Unorganized. 

Crockett . .  .Fort  Terrell. 

Crosby Unorganized. 

Dallam Unorganized. 

Dallas Dallas. 

•  Dawson Unorganized. 

Deaf  Smith Unorganized . 

Delta Cooper. 

Denton Denton . 

DeWitt Clinton. 

Dickens Unorganized. 

Dinimit Carrizo  Springs. 

Donley Unorganized. 

Duval San  Diego. 

Eastland Eastland . 

Ed  wards Unorganized. 

Ellis Waxahatchie. 

El  Paso Ysleta. 

Encinal Unorganized. 

Erath Stephenville . 

Falls Marlin. 

Fannin Bonham. 

Fayette La  Grange. 

Fisher Unorganized. 

Floyd Unorganized. 

Fort  Bend   Richmond. 

Franklin Mt.  Vernon. 

Freestone Fairfield . 

Frio       FrioTown. 

Gaincs Unorganized. 

Galveston Galveston.    . 

Garza Unorganized. 

Gillespie Fredericksburgh . 

Goliad     Goliad. 

Gonzalcs Gonzales. 

Gray Unorganized. 

Gnivson Sherman. 

Greer Unorganized. 

Gregg        Lone  View. 

Grimes Anderson. 

Guadalupe Seguin. 

Hale Unorganized. 

Hall Unorganized. 

Hamilton    Hamilton. 

Hansford Unorganized. 

Hardman Unorganized . 

Hardin Hardin. 

Harris    Houston . 

Harrison Marshall. 

Hartley Unorganized. 

Haskel Unorganized. 

Hays San  Marcos. 

Hemphill Unorganized . 

Henderson Athens. 


County.  County  Seat. 

Hidalgo Hidalgo. 

_Hill   Hillsborough. 

Tiockley.    Unorganized. 

Hood Gran  bury . 

Hopkins Sulphur  Springs. 

Houston Crockett. 

Howard Unorganized. 

Hunt Greenville. 

Hutchinson  .  . .  ^Unorganized. 

Jack Jacksonborough. 

Jackson Texana. 

Jasper Jasper. 

JeffenoD Beaumont. 

Johnson Cleburne. 

Jones Phantom  Hill . 

Karnes Helena. 

Kaufman Kaufman. 

Kendall Boerne. 

Kent Unorganized. 

Kerr Kerrvillc. 

Kimble    Junction  City. 

King Unorganized. 

Kinney Brackettyille. 

Knox Unorganized. 

Lamar Paris. 

Lamb Unorganized. 

Lampasas Lampasas. 

LaSalle Cotulla. 

Lavaca Hallettsville. 

Lee Giddings. 

Leon Centreville. 

Liberty Liberty. 

Limestone Groesbeck. 

Lipscomb Unorganized. 

Live  Oak Oak ville . 

Llano Llano. 

Lubbock Unorganized. 

Lynn Unorganized . 

McCulloch Brady. 

McLennan Waco. 

McMullen Tilden. 

Madison .Madison ville. 

Marion Jefferson. 

Martin Unorganized. 

Mason Mason . 

Matagorda Matagorda. 

Maverick Eagle  Pass. 

Medina Castroville. 

Menard Menard ville. 

Milam Cameron . 

Mitchell Unorganized. 

Montague Montague. 

Montgomery Montgomery. 

Moore Unorganized. 

Morris Daingerfield . 

Motley Unorganized, 

Nacagdoches.  . . . Nacagdoches. 

Navarro Corsicana. 

Newton Newton. 

Nolan finorganized. 

Juieoes Corpus  Christ! 

Ochiltree Unorganized. 

Oldham Tascosa. 

Orange Orange. 

Palo  Pinto Palo  Pinto- 

Panola   Carthage. 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK. 


93 


County.  Count;/  Kent. 

Parker    .( Weatherford. 

Farmer Unorganized. 

Pecos Fort  Stockton. 

Polk    Livingston. 

Potter.      Unorganized. 

Presidio Fort  Davis . 

Rains    Emory. 

Randall Unorganized. 

Ked  Kiver Clarksville. 

Kef ugio  Ref ugio . 

Roberts Unorganized. 

Robertson     .   ...Calvert. 

Rockwall Rockwull . 

Runnels Runnels. 

Rusk Henderson . 

Sabme Heraphill . 

San  Augustine.. San  Augustine. 

San  Jacinto Cold  Speing. 

San  Patrick) San  Patricio. 

San  Saba SanSaba. 

Scurry Unorganized . 

Shackelf  ord Albany. 

Shelby        Centre. 

Sherman Unorganized . 

Smith   Tyler. 

Somervell Glen  Ros 

Starr    RioGrande  C'y 

Stephens Breckenridge. 

Stonewall Unorganized. 

Swisher Unorganized. 

Tarrunt Fort  Worth. 

Taylor Buffalo  Gap . 

Terry Unorganized . 

Throckiuorton..Throckmorton. 

Titus Mt.  Pleasant. 

Tom  Green Ben  Ficklin. 

Travis Austin. 

Trinity Pennington. 

Tyler    .     Woodville. 

Upshur Gilmer. 

Uvalde Uvalde. 

Van  Zandt Canton. 

Victoria Victoria. 

Walker Huntsville. 

Waller     Hempstead. 

Washington Brenham. 

Webb        Laredo. 

Wharton Wharton. 

Wheeler Mobeetie. 

Wichita Unorganized. 

Wilbarger Unorganized . 

Williamson  Georgetown. 

Wilson Floresville. 

Wise Decatur. 

"Wood Oultman. 

Yoakum   Unorganized. 

Young Graham. 

Zapata Carrizo. 

Za  valla Unorganized . 

UTAH. 

Beaver Beaver. 

Box  Elder Box  Elder. 

Cache Logan . 

Davis Farmington. 


County.  County  Seat. 

Emery Castle  Dale. 

Garfleld Panguitch. 

Iron Parowan. 

Juab Nephi. 

Kane Kanab. 

Millard Fillmore  City. 

Morgan Morgan. 

Pi  Ute Junction. 

Rich Randolph . 

Salt  Lake *alt  Lake  City. 

San  Juan Bluff . 

San  Pete Manti . 

Sevier Richfield. 

Summit Coalville. 

Tooelf Tooele. 

Uintah Ashley. 

Utah ProvoCity. 

Wasatch  .   Heber. 

Washington St.  George. 

Weber Ogden  City. 

VERMONT. 

Addison Middlebury. 

Bennington Bennington. 

Caledonia St.  Johnsbury. 

Chittendon Burlington. 

Essex Guildhall . 

Franklin St.  Albans. 

Grand  Isle N.  Hero. 

Lamoille Hyde  Park. 

Orange Chelsea. 

Orleans Irasburgh . 

Rutland  Rutland. 

Washington Montpelier. 

Windham  Newfane. 

Windsor Woodstock. 

VIRGINIA. 

Accomack Accomack. 

Albemarle     Charlottesyille. 

Alexandria Alexandria. 

Alleghany Covington. 

Amelia Amelia. 

Amherst Amherst. 

Appomattox  — Appomattox. 

Augusta Staunton. 

Bath Warm  Springs 

Bedford Liberty. 

Bland Bland. 

Botetourt Fincastle . 

Brunswick Lawrenceville. 

Buchanan Grundy. 

Buckinghara..Buckingham  C.H. 

Campbell Rustburgh. 

Caroline Bowling  Green. 

Can-oil Hillsville. 

Charles  City.. Charles  City  C.H. 

Charlotte Smithville. 

Chesterfield Chesterfield . 

Clarke Berryville. 

Craig New  Castle. 

Culpeper Culpeper. 

Cumberland Cumberland. 

Dickenson Ervinton. 


94 


THE   WESTERN   WOULD. 


County.  County  Seat. 

Diuwiddie Dinwiddie. 

Elizabeth  City. .  .Hampton. 

Essex Tappahannock. 

Fairfax Fairfax . 

Fauquier Warreutou . 

Floyd Floyd. 

Fluvanna Palmyra. 

Franklin Rocky  Mount. 

Frederick Winchester. 

Giles Pearisburgh. 

Gloucester Gloucester. 

Goochland Goochland. 

Grayson Independence. 

G  reen Stanards  ville . 

Greenville Hicksford. 

Halifax Halifax. 

Hanover Hanover. 

Henrico Richmond. 

Henry Martinsville . 

Highland Monterey. 

Isle  of  Wight. . .  .Isle  of  Wight. 

James  City Williamsburgh. 

King  and  Queen.  King  and  Q. 
King  George  — King  George. 
King  William — King  William. 

Lancaster Lancaster. 

Lee Jonesville. 

Loudoun Leesburgh. 

Louisa Louisa . 

Lunenburgh  —  Lunenburgh . 

Madison Madison . 

Matthews Matthews. 

Mecklenburgh.  ..Boydton. 

Middlesex Saluda. 

Montgomery  — Christsburgh. 

Nansemond Suffolk . 

Kelson Lovingston. 

New  Kent New  Kent . 

Norfolk Norfolk. 

Northampton  . .  .Eastville. 
Northumberland .  Heathsville. 

Nottoway Nottoway . 

Orange Orange . 

Page Luray. 

Patrick Patrick. 

Pittsyl vania ...  .  Chatham . 

Po  whatan Po  whatan . 

Prince  Edward.. Farmville. 
Prince  George. .  .Prince  George 
Princess  Anne..  .Prs.  Anne. 
Prince  William.. Brentsville. 

Pulaski Newbern. 

Rappahannock . .  Washington . 

Richmond Warsaw. 

Roanoke Salem . 

Rockbridge Lexington. 

Rockingham. .  .Harrison burgh. 

Russell Lebanon. 

Scott Estill  ville . 

Shenandoah Woodstock. 

Smyth Marion. 

Southampton  ...Jerusalem. 
Spottsyl vania  ...Spottsyl vania. 

Stafford Stafford. 

Surrey   Surrey. 

Sussex Sussex. 


County.  County  Seat. 

Tazewell Tazewell. 

Warren . .  Front  Royal. 

Warwick Warwick . 

Washington..  ..Abingdon. 
Westmoreland  ..Montrose. 

Wise Wise. 

Wythe Wytheville. 

York Yorkto  wn. 

WASHINGTON. 

Chehalis Montesano. 

Clallam New  Dungeness. 

Clarke Vancouver. 

Columbia Dayton . 

Cowlitz Kalama. 

Garfleld Pomeroy. 

Islan(J Coupeville . 

Jefferson Port  Townsend. 

King Seattle. 

Kitsap Port  Madison. 

Klikitat Goldendale. 

Lewis Claquato. 

Mason Oakland . 

Pacific Oysterville. 

Pierce New  Tacoma. 

San  Juan Friday  Harbor. 

Skamania    Cascades . 

Snohomish Snohomish. 

Spokan Cheney. 

Stevens Fort  Col  ville. 

Thurston Olympia. 

Wahkiakum Cathlamet. 

Walla  Walla Walla  Walla. 

Whatcom Whatcom. 

Whitman Colfax. 

Yakima Yakima. 

WEST  VIRGINIA. 

Barbour Philippi. 

Berkeley Martinsburgh. 

Boone  Madison. 

Braxton Braxton  C.  H. 

Brooke Wellsburgh. 

Cabell Barboursville. 

Calhoun Grantsville. 

Clay  Clay  C.H. 

Doddridge West  Union. 

Fayette Fay  ette  ville. 

Gilmer Glen  ville. 

Grant Petersburgh . 

Greenbrier Lewisburgh. 

Hampshire Romney. 

Hancock Fairview. 

Hardy Moorefield. 

Harrison  Clarksburgh. 

Jackson Jackson  C.H. 

Jefferson Charlestown. 

Kanawha     Charleston. 

Lewis ...   Weston . 

Lincoln Hamlin. 

Logan Logan  C.H. 

Me  Dowell Perry  ville. 

Marion  Fainnount. 

Marshall Mounds  ville. 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK. 


95 


County.  County  Seat. 

Mason .Point  Pleasant. 

Mercer Princeton. 

Mineral Keyser . 

Monong-alia Morg-antown. 

Monroe Union . 

Morgan Berkeley  Springs. 

Nichol  »B Nicholas  C.  H. 

Ohio    Wheeling. 

Pend!(,ton Franklin . 

Pleasants   St.  Mary . 

Pocahontas Hunters  ville. 

Preston Kingwood . 

Putnam Winfleld. 

Raleigh Haleigh  C.  H. 

Randolph Beverly. 

Ritchie Ritchie  C.  H. 

Roane Spencer. 

Summers Hinton. 

Taylor Graf  ton. 

Tucker St.  George. 

Tyler Middlebourne. 

Upshur Buckhannon. 

Way ne Wayne  C.  H . 

Webster Webster  C.  H. 

Wetzel New  Marti  nsville . 

Wirt WirtC.  H. 

Wood Parkersburg. 

Wyoming Oceana. 

WISCONSIN. 

Adams   . .  Friendship . 

Ashland Ashland. 

Barren Barren . 

Bayfleld Bayfield . 

Brown    Green  Bay. 

Buffalo Alma. 

Burnett Grantsburgh. 

Calumet Chilton . 

Chippewa Chippewa  Falls. 

Clark Neillsville. 

Columbia Portage. 

Crawford Prairie  du  Chien. 

Dane ,.  • Madison. 

Dodge Juman . 

Door Sturgeon  Bay. 

Douglas Superior. 

Dunn Menomonee. 

Eau  Claire Eau  Claire. 

Florence Florence. 

Fond  du  Lac Fond  du  Lac. 

Grant Lancaster. 

Green Monroe. 

Green  Lake Dartf  ord. 


County.  County  Seat. 

Iowa JDodgeville. 

Jackson Black  River  Falls. 

Jefferson Jefferson. 

Juneau Mansion. 

Kenosha Kenosha. 

Kewaunee Kewaunee. 

LaCrosse LaCrosse. 

I.aFayette Darlington. 

Langlade  Antigo. 

Lincoln Merrill. 

Manitowoc Manitowoc. 

Marathon Wausau. 

Marinette Marinette. 

Marcjuette Mpntello. 

Milwaukee Milwaukee. 

Monroe Sparta. 

Oconto Oconto. 

Outagamie Appleton. 

Ozaukee Port  Washington. 

Pepin Arkansaw. 

Pierce Ellsworth. 

Polk Osceola  Mills. 

Portage Stevens  Point. 

Price Phillips. 

Racine Racine . 

Richland Richland  Centre. 

Rock Janes  ville . 

St.  Croix Hudson. 

Sauk Baraboo. 

Sawyer —  Hay  ward. 

Sha  wano Shawano . 

Sheboygan Sheboygan. 

Taylor Medf ord . 

Trempealeau  — Whitehall. 

Vernon Viroqua. 

Wai  worth Elkhorn. 

Washburn Shell  Lake. 

Washington West  Bend. 

Waukesha Waukesha . 

Waupaca Waupaca . 

Waushara Wautoma. 

Winnebago Oshkosh . 

Wood Grand  Rapids. 

WYOMING*. 

Albany Laramie  City . 

Carbon Rawlins. 

Crook Unorganized. 

Johnson Buffalo . 

Laramie Cheyenne  City. 

S^yeetwater.  .Green  River  City. 

Uintah Evanston. 

Yellowstone  National  Park. 


96  THE    WESTERN  WORLD 


MAINE. 

Named  for  district  in  Prance. 
Called  the  "  Pine  Tree  State,"  or 
"Lumber  State";  originally  in- 
cluded New  Hampshire ;  settled  by 
English  1607,  by  French  in  1613. 
The  latter  were  partially  driven 
out.  but  retained  control  between 
the  St.  Croix  and  Penobscot  rivers. 
King  James  I.  granted  to  the  Plym- 
outh Company,  16.0.  all  land 
between  40  deg.  and  48  deg.  lati- 
tude. The  company  granted  New 
Hampshire  to  John  Mason  1629, 
and  six  years  later  divided  the 
territory  among  its  members.  To 
Ferdinando  Gorges  fell  the  entre 
region  from  the  Kennebec  to  the  Piscataqua,  with  hereditary 
power  from  Charles  I.  as  governor.  The  remainder  was  parceled 
out.  Massachusetts  claimed  the  whole  region  1651,  and  got  it 
under  favor  of  the  Puritans  then  in  power.  When  Charles  II. 
was  crowned  the  heirs  of  Gorges  claimed  it,  but  were  bought  off 
for  $6,250.  Settlers  suffered  severe. y  from  Indian  wars  1670  to 
1080.  The  territory  was  held  by  the  British  in  the  war  of  1812; 
separated  from  Massachusetts  in  1820.  and  admitted  as  a  stiite 
March  3,  1820.  Boundary  settled  with  England  1842,  and  the  free 
navigation  of  the  St.  John  acquired;  number  counties,  16;  Union 
soldiers,  70,107 ;  miles  of  railroad,  1,142.  State  elections,  second 
Monday  in  Sept.:  number  senators,  31 ;  representatives,  151;  ses- 
sions biennial,  in  odd-numbered  years,  meeting  first  Wednesday 
In  Jan.;  terms  of  senators  and  representatives,  two  years  each. 
Number  electoral  votes,  6;  congressmen.  4;  number  voters, 
187,323;  paupers  and  Indians  not  taxed  excluded  from  voting. 
Number  colleges.  3;  system  of  common,  high  and  normal 
schools  excellent ;  school  age,  4-21  years.  Legal  rate,  interest  6; 
by  contract,  an  v  i  ate. 

POPULATION,  1880,  648,936;  male,  324,058;  female.  32 1,878; 
native,  590,053;  foreign,  58,883;  white,  646,852;  colored,  l,4."il; 
Chinese,  8;  Indians,  '.  enobscots,  625 ;  Passamaqunddtes, 502. 

TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL  PRODUCTS,  ETC.- 
Extreme  length  north  arid  south.  Smiles;  width  ~AO  miles ;  shore 
line,  about  2,480  miles  ;  area,  33,056  sq.  mi.es;  land  29,885 sq.  miles; 
21, 155,8±0  acres:  37th  of  states  and  territories  in  size.  Surface 
hilly ;  becomes  mountainous  toward  center.  To  the  north  it  is  less 
broken,  and  merges  into  the  St.  John  valley.  Scenery  always 
fine;  sometimes  grand.  Highest  point,  Katahdin,  5,400  feet ;  largest 
i>l*nd.  Mount  Desert,  92  square  miles.  Watered  by  the  Penobscot. 
Androscoggin,  Saco,  St.Croix,Aroostook,  St.Johnand  a  multitude 
«  f  smaller  streams,  and  by  Moosehead  (7x36  miles  in  area),  Umba- 
j:  og.  Eagle,  Portage,  Millinoket,  Sebec,  Shoodic,  Long,  Madawsi- 
ska,and  smaller  lakes.  Areaof  lakes  and  streams,  one-thirteenth 
entire  state.  The  soil  is  medium  only,  except  on  some  of  the 
streams,  where  it  is  rich.  Hay  is  the  best  crop.  Wheat,  oats, 
corn,  hops,  potatoes,  buckwheat  and  the  ordinary  vegetables 
grow.  Cattle  do  fairly;  dairying  pays.  Half  the  state  is  forest 
of  excellent  timber.  Cleared  land  averages  $15  and  forest  land 
$14  per  acre.  Slate,  copper,  granite,  are  found  in  large  quanti- 
ties. 

CLIMATE.— Winter  average,  29  deg.;  summer,  67  deg.;  rain- 
fall, 45  inches ;  snow  lies  80  to  130  days ;  frost  comes  about  middle 
of  September,  and  us  late  as  June.  Health  excellent,  except  for 
pulmonary  tr<>uMes  :  death  rate  low. 

CHIEF  INDUSTRIES.— Agricultureand  kindred  pursuits, 
lumbering,  fisheries  (yield,  $3,&M,OQQ  yearly),  quarrying,  shfp 
building  (380  establishments). 


GUIDE   AND   HAND-BOOK. 


97 


PRINCIPAL  CITIES.— Portland  (seaport\  population 
31,413;  Lewiston,  19,083;  Bangor  (port  of  entry),  16,856;  Biddi- 
ford.  r',H51 ;  and  Auuusta,  the  capital,  8,665. 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution :  Wearing  apparel, 
one  bed  ami  bedding  tor  every  two  persons  in  family  other  furni- 
ture to  value  of  jioO,  tools  of  trade,  bibles  and  school  books  in  use,  1 


MAP  OF 

MAINE 

Population MS.936 

.Area  similes i9,*W 


co]>y  state  statutes,  family  stoves,  1  cow,  1  Heifer,  2 swine,  lOsheep, 
9,000  Ibs.  nay,  nil  growing-  produce,  30  bushels  grain,  all  potatoes 
iii"'ik'd  for  sustenance  of  family,  12  cords  nrewood,  1  boat  of  two 
tons  burden,  cart  worth  $^i,  harrow  go,  plow  $10,  5  tons  anthra- 
cit><  and  50  bushels  bituminous  coal,  yoke  oxen,  pair  horses,  with 
yokes  and  harness,  1  sewing  machine  used  by  family,  all  flax 


98 


THE  WESTERN  VTORLD 


raised  on  half  acre,  and  articles  made  therefrom.  The  hnmegtead, 
to  the  value  of  $  .00,  may  be  exempted  by  recorded  deed  from  all 
debts  incurred  alter  filing  such  deed.  No  arrest  for  debt  un.ess 
in  case  of  fraud  or  intended  removal  from  state.  Declaration 
of  insolvency  stops  suits.  All  accounts  barred  in  6,  notes  in  2  , 
real  estate  claims  in  40  years,  and  actions  for  personal  damaire  in 
2  years.  Women  may  sue  and  be  sued;  her  estate  is  not  liable  for 
the  husband's  debts. 

LICENSE  CHARGES  to  resident  peddlers,  retail,  810; 
wholesale,  ;£25.  Non-resident,  retail,  $25;  wholesale,  $50. 

LIENS  are  held  for  labor  or  materials  by  filing  statement  with 
town  clerk  in  90  days  when  there  is  contract;  iu  30  days  when 
there  is  no  contract. 


NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 

One  of  the  thirteen  original  states. 
Named  for  Hampshire  county,  Eng- 
land, called  the  "  Granite  State." 
Originally  part  of  Maine,  and  in- 
cluded iu  grant,  James  Jst,  to  Plym- 
outh Company,  10.0.  Settle  i  by 
English  Itir-'S.  Granted  to  John 
Mason  and  others,  1629.  United  with 
Massachusetts,  1041.  Separated  from 
latter,  1741.  It  included  the  greater 
part  of  Vermont,  but  the  claim  to 
same  was  disputed  by  New  York. 
In  Ii71  Vermont  separated.  State 
Constitution  adopted  1784,  revised 
1792,  amended  Isol  and  revised 
1877.  Batifled  United  States  Consti- 
tution June-'l,  1788.  Union  soldiers 

in  field,  3^.937.  Number  counties,  10;  miles  railroad,  060.  All 
elections,  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  Nov.;  number  Senators, 
24  ;  Representatives,  321 ;  sessions  of  legislature  biennial,  in  odd- 
numbered  years,  meeting-  first  Wednesday  in  June;  terms  of 
Senators  and  representatives,  2  years  each  Number  electoral 
votes,  4;  Congressmen,  2 ;  number  voters,  105,138.  Paupers  ex- 
cluded from  voting.  Dartmouth  College,  at  Hanover,  founded, 
1769;  compulsory  education  law;  common  schools  excellent; 
school  age,  5-15.  Legal  interest  0$  ;  usury  forfeits  3  times  the 
excess. 

POPULATION,  1880,  346,991 ;  male.  178,526;  female,  176,405; 
native,  3. J0.697;  white,  340.229:  colored,  C85:  Indians,  63. 

TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.- 
Extreme  length  N.  and  S.  181  miles ;  extreme  width,  92  miles;  area, 
9,005  square  miles— 5,763,2'K)  acres.  Coast  line,  18  miles.  Highest 
peak,  Mt.  Washington.  Largest  lake,  Winn-piseogee,  74  square 
miles.  General  elevation,  1,200  feet.  Isles  of  Shoals  form 
part  of  the  state.  The  White  Mountains  occupy  the  northern 
portion  of  the  state  with  unsurpassed  scenery.  The  surface 
slopes  southward  and  becomes  less  mountainous.  Principal 
river>,  Connecticut,  Merrimac,  Androscoggin,  Piscataqua  and 
tributaries.  Principal  lakes,  Wmnipiseogee,  Umbagog  and  4 
Connecticut  lakes,  the  source  of  the  river  of  that  name.  Soil 
rocky,  with  small  fertile  districts.  Hay  best  crop ;  corn,  wheat, 
oats  and  ordinary  vegetables  do  fairly  with  close  cultivation. 
Forests  largely  exhausted  except  at  the  north.  Cleared  lands 
average  $lt%  and  woodland  $-'•">  per  acre.  Mica  is  quarried  at 
Grafton,  soapstone  at  Haverhill,  Keene  and  Francestown; 

franite,  at  Plymouth,  Troy,  Roxbury,  Concord  and  elsewhere, 
tate  ranks  high  in  cotton  manufacturing. 


GUIDE   AND   HAXD-BOOK 


CLIMATE. — Winter  average  24,  summer  69  dog.  Extremes 
great  in  White  Mountains.  Summer  short  and  hot,  with 
violent  storms.  Itaiufall  41  inches.  Frost  late  in  spring  and 
early  in  fall.  Winter  begins  in  Nov.,  and  it  is  cold  till  May. 
Snow  lies  two-thirds  of  the  year  in  mountains,  elsewhere  70  to 
130  days.  Health  good. 


, ^.  Map  of 

ham       3IEAV  HAMPSHIRE 

:i  lid  _-.-•  | 

VERMONT       ?) ' 

r  Population     Area 

New  Hampshire    M4?,.<m       tM 


"IjlooZflA       <      ' 


y  1 1  .n.i-™™-«         •=(    \          f;vi!W";'/'     *.   Kicnamton^st 

m^^^Mii 

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«        'Haven  ^^Ff   ' 


rJiJrtlcRex  ;-  : 

'   PEIIFR/ 


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^•^l-Lices^A  !Fairie/|         t          C/^ 

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ArfdisonJC.       tfW-'^oyalton  «  f  worth  ^,^1      ^.     P9= 
/  ^     i|4   Sharon \       /Norwich       Pl^utl        _, 

-      •VV.Rutla;il'jriHa«I"oraV.Vhit.-Riv;r  isl.!:,,  ,i  l«i'.' 

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PRINCIPAL  INDUSTRIES.  -Agriculture,  manufacture 
of  cotton,  woolens,  lumber,  leather,  boots  and  shoes,  etc.  (Quar- 
rying mica,  uranite  and  soapstone. 

PRINCIPAL  CITIES. -Manchester,  pop..  32,630;  Noshun, 
13,307;  Concord  (the  capital),  13,84:};  Dover,  11,6S7;  Ports- 
mouth (chief  harbor),  969.  The  harbor  of  the  hitter  place,  Great 
Bay,  never  freezes  over. 


100 


THE  WESTERN  WORLD 


PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution :  Wearing  apparel, 
bedsteads  and  bedding  for  debtor  and  family;  household  furni- 
ture to  the  value  of  §100 ;  cooking-stove  and  furniture  for  same ; 
sewing-machine ;  provisions  and  fuel  to  the  value  of  $50 ;  uni- 
form, arms  and  equipment  of  militia;  Bibles,  school-books  and 
library  to  the  value  of  $200 ;  tools  of  debtor's  occupation  to  the 
value  of  $100 ;  1  hog  and  1  pig  and  the  pork  of  same  when 
slaughtered ;  6  sheep  and  the  fleeces  of  same ;  1  cow;  a  yoke 
of  oxen  or  a  horse,  when  required  for  farming  or  teaming  pur- 
poses or  other  actual  uses ;  hay  not  exceeding  4  tons ;  homestead 
to  the  value  of  $500,  or  that  interest  in  buildings  occupied  by 
debtor.  Assignments  do  not  release  debtor  nor  can  preference  be 
made.  Suits  to  recover  land  on  mortgage  judgment  and  bonds  are 
barred  after  20  years,  for  personal  damage  or  slander  after  2  years, 
for  all  other  actions  in  6  years.  Wife's  property  and  earnings 
exempt  from  husband's  debts.  Arrest  for  debts  above  $13.33 
may  be  made  on  affidavit  of  concealment  of  property  or  contem- 
plated departure  from  the  state.  Money  o\yed  upon  which  inter- 
est is  paid  may  be  deducted  from  money  in  hand  or  loaned  in 
retnrniiis1  property  for  taxes. 

LICENSE  CHARGES. -Peddlers,  $10  per  year. 

LIENS  on  buildings  are  given  for  labor  and  for  materials 
to  amount  of  $1,500  for  90  days ;  laborers  on  wood  have  similar 
lien.  Boarding-house  keepers  hold  baggage  of  boarders.  Pas- 
turers  have  lieu  on  stock  pastured. 


VERMONT. 

First  state  to  join  original  13. 
Name,  of  French  origin,  signifies 
"green  mountain."  Called  the 
"Green  Mountain  State."  Origi- 
nally disputed  territory  between 
New  York  and  New  Hampshire, 
ruled  chiefly  by  latter.  Settled  by 
en  i  IL  rants  from  Massachusetts,  1624; 
by  French,  1731.  The  latter  soon 
iibandoned  it.  Declared  indepen- 
dent of  both  New  York  and  New 
Hampshire,  1771,  at  Westminster. 
Took  name  of  "  New  Connecticut " 
or  Vermont.  Took  part  in  Revolu- 
tion. Sought  admission  to  Confed- 
eration, 17*6,  but  refused  through 
oppposition  of  New  York.  Applied 

again,  1777,  and  admitted  17i)l.  Constitution  adopted,  1777; 
amended,  1786;  again  in  1793,  and  revised,  1870.  Active  in  war  of 
1812.  Union  soldiers  furnished,  33,288.  Number  counties,  14. 
Miles  railroad,  944.  First  railroad  built  from  Bellows  Falls  to 
Burlington,  1849.  State  elections  biennial,  first  Tuesday  in  Sept.; 
number  Senators,  30;  Representatives,  240;  sessions  of  legisla- 
ture biennial,  in  even-numbered  years,  meeting  first  Wednesday 
in  Oct.;  terms  of  Senators  and  Representatives,  2  years  each. 
Number  electoral  votes,  4 ;  Congressmen,  2 ;  number  voters, 
95621.  Bribers  excluded  from  voting.  Colleges,  2;  school  a *e, 
5^20.  Les'al  interest  rate,  6£ ;  usury  forfeits  excess  of  interest. 
POPULATION,  1880,  S-K.286 ;  male,  160.867 :  female,  165,399. 
native,  291.327;  foreign,  40.959;  white,  331.218;  colored.  1.057; 
TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.- 
Length  N.  and  S.,  119  miles;  width,  34  to  53  miles;  area,  9,136  sq. 
miles,  5,847,040  acres.  Highest  point  (Green  Mountains*,  about 
4.600  feet.  Largest  lake,  Champlain,  126  miles  long  and  in  places 
15  miles  wide ;  navigable  throughout.  Isles  in  lake  form  Grand 


GUIDE   AND  HAND-BOOK.  101 


Isle  county.  Green  Mountains  run  N.  and  S.  through  the  state, 
and  are  3,000  to  4,600  feet  high.  Besides  which  many  spurs 
and  detached  peaks  break  the  surface,  which  is  generally 
hilly.  All  east  of  mountains  drained  by  the  Connecticut,  the 
only  navigable  river.  The  Sorel  river,  the  outlet  of  Lake 
Champlain,  is  the  other  chief  stream,  and  empties  into  St. 
Lawrence.  Small  streams  abundant.  Soil  rocky  but  good  in 
narrow  strips  on  streams.  Potatoes  best  crop.  Corn,  wheat,  oats, 
hay,  hops  tfnd  buckwheat  yield  moderately  if  well  attended. 
Forests  remain  to  considerable  extent  but  are  cut  over  or  culled. 
Cleared  land  averages  $17.50  and  forest  land  $18  per  acre.  Dairy- 
ing profitable.  Manganese,  copper,  iron,  gold,  black,  white,  red 
and  variegated  marble  and  slate  are  found,  the  marbles  In  great 
abundance.  State  ranks  1st  in  quarries,  4th  In  copper. 

CLIMATE.— Ranges  of  temperature,  15  deg.  below  to  95  dcg. 
above,  but  changes  not  sudden  ;  winter  averages  18  deg.  to  33  deg. 
Summer  averages  W>  deg.  to  75  deg.  Summers  short.  Rainfall 
greatest  at  south  and  east,  where  it  averages  43  inches ;  in  other 
sections  the  average  is  35  inches.  Snows  heavy.  Frosts  early  in 
fall  and  late  in  spring.  Snow  lies  80  to  140  days.  Health  excel- 
lent, miasma  unknown.  Pulmonary  diseases  less  common  than  on 
coast.  Death  r:u>  very  low,  less  than  1%  in  the  ICO, 

INDUSTRIES  very  varied,  numbering  2,900;  principal  ones, 
agriculture,  dairying,  manufacture  of  flour,  furniture,  leather, 
tin,  iron  and  copper  ware,  and  lumber,  mining,  quarrying  and 
finishing  marbles  and  stones,  and  maple  sugar  making. 

PRINCIPAL  CITIES.— Burlington,  pop.,  1880,  ll,Sfi5 ;  Mont- 

B slier    (capital),   pop.,   1880,   4,000;    Rutland,  pop.,    1880,   13,149. 
rattleboro  and  Bellows  Falls  are  important  and  thriving  towns 
and  seats  of  large  industries. 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution :  Apparel,  bedding, 
tools,  arms,  necessary  household  furniture,  1  sewing-machine  for 
use,  1  cow,  1  swine  or  the  meat  thereof,  10  sheep,  and  1  year's  wool 
or  the  manufacture  thereof,  forage  for  the  stock  named,  10  cords 
firewood,  30  bu.  potatoes.  10  bu.  grain,  1  bbl.  flour,  all  growing 
crops,  3  swarms  bees  and  hives,  and  prodtret  of  -the  bees,  200  Ibs. 
sugar,  Bibles  and  books  used  in  family,  $10  worth  poultry,  pro- 
fessional book  to  value  of  $200, 1  yoke  oxen  or  two  horses  kept  in 
use  not  worth  over  £300,  forage  for  same,  wagon  or  cart  and  sled, 
with  harness  and  furnishings,  not  to  exceed  in  value  $250.  Ex- 
emptions do  not  affect  attachments  prior  to  Dec.  1st,  1878.  The 
homestead  of  every  housekeeper  is  also  exempt  to  value  of  $500, 
with  yearly  product  thereof,  except  the  cause  of  action  accrue 
before  acquisition  of  homestead  and  against  taxes.  Homestead 
passes  direct  to  heirs  at  death  free  of  debts.  Assignments  with- 
out preference  may  be  made,  but  creditor  is  not  discharged. 
Bankrupt  law  in  force  discharges  debts  if  30^  be  paid.  Under  it 
taxes,  United  States,  state,  wages  to  $50,  are  preferred.  Suits  to 
recover  land  barred  in  *5  years ;  on  contract,  injury  or  account 
in  6 ;  on  bond  or  judgment  in  8 ;  on  assault  or  imprisonment  in  3 ; 
for  libel  or  slander  in  24,  and  on  note  in  14  years.  Wife's  property 
exempt  except  income  for  debts  for  necessities  or  labor  or  im- 
provements on  the  property.  Her  earnings  exempt.  She  may 
do  business  in  her  own  nnrae  and  isthenl'able.  Women  cannot  be 
arrested  in  action  for  debt.  Men  arrested  only  on  nffidavit  of  re- 
moval or  concealment  of  property,  or  in  cases  whc~e  fraud  is 
alleged.  The  power  of  arrest  is  largely  discretionary  with  the 
judge  and  is  very  sparingly  used,  liberality  being  the  rule  to 
debtors. 

LICENSE  CHARGrES.-per  year.  Peddlers  on  foot,  $15; 
with  team,  $30;  if  watches,  clocks,  jewelry  or  patent  medicinse 
are  <<  >M.  $ii<).  License  issued  by  county  clerk. 

LIENS  for  work  or  materials  for  buildings  hold,  but  must  be 
filed  in  town  clerk's  ollice  and  action  on  same  begun  inside  of  3 
months  after  filing1. 


102 


TIIK   WKSTKKN    WuKi.1) 


MASSACHUSETTS. 

Indian  name.  Called  "  Old  Bay 
Sta'e."  One  of  the  13  original 
states.  First  settlement  K02,  aban- 
doned the  same  year.  Explored 
1614  by  Captain  John  Smith.  First 
permanent  settlement  1620.  Pil- 
grims landed  on  Plymouth  Rock 
Dec.  22.  Massachusetts  Buy  colony 
founded  1038.  Boston  sett;ed  1C30. 
Massach "setts  Bay  Company  char- 
tered under  Charles  1.  Annul- 
ment of  chai'ter  attempted.  Col- 
onists refused  to  surrender  and 
fortified  Boston  harbor.  Pequot 
war,  1637.  King  Philip  war,  1675-S. 
Charter  forfeited  1684.  General 
court  dissolved  and  Joseph  Dudley 

appointed  president.  Superseded  1686  by  Sir  E.  Andros,  who  was 
deposed  by  the  people  1(389.  Colonies  of  Plymouth  and  Massa- 
chusetts Bay  united  1692;  received  new  charter ;  the  appoint- 
ment of  governor  and  other  officers  being  vested  in  the 
crown.  First  American  newspaper,  Boston,  1690.  Anglo-French 
wars,  169U  to  1763,  involved  Massachusetts.  Renewed  hostilities 
with  French  and  Indians,  1703-4,  and  the  last  general  war  with 
latter  occurred  1722-5.  Massachusetts  was  active  in  bringing  on 
Revolution.  Boston  massacre  March  5, 1770.  Destruction  of  tea 
Dec.  16, 1773.  Boston  port  bill  passed  March,  1774.  Battle  of  Lex- 
ington first  blood  of  Revolution.  State  constitution  adopted  1780; 
amended  182J  and  1857.  Ratified  U.  S.  constitution  Feb.  6,  1788. 
Shay's  rebellion,  induced  t>y  heavy  taxation  caused  by  the  revo- 
lutionary war,  17S3-7.  Maine  separated  from  Massachusetts,  1^20. 
Village  of  Fall  river  acquired  from  Rhode  Island  in  exchange  for 
town  of  Pawtucket  and  other  territory,  1841.  Union  soldiers, 
14-i,730,  besides  sailors.  Number  counties.  14.  Miles  railroad, 
2,399.  All  elections  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  Nov.  Number 
senators,  40;  representatives,  240;  meeting  firs-t  Wednesday  in 
Jan.;  yearly  termsof  senators  and  representatives,  1  year.  Num- 
ber electoral  votes,  14 ;  congressmen,  12.  Number  voiers,  502,  i  4s. 
Paupers,  persons  under  guardians,  non-taxpayers,  and  men 
unable  to  read  and  write,  excluded  from  voting.  School  system 
excellent;  attendance  compulsory ;  age,  5-15  years ;  7  colleges,  in- 
cluding Harvard.  Legal  interest,  8  % ;  by  contract,  any  rate. 

POPULATION,  1880,1,783,085;  threfc-f ourths  native  ;  females 
outnumber  malo«.  Indians,  369. 

TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.- 
Length,  N.  E.  to  S.  W.,  16;'  miles;  breadth,  47  mik-s  in  western 
and  100  in  eastern  part;  area  of  8,040  square  miles,  5,145,600  acres. 
Coast  extensive  and  irregular,  with  numerous  good  harbors. 
The  Merrimac  only  large  streati  entering  sea  within  the  state. 
The  Connecticut  traverses  western  part  north  to  south.  Housa- 
tonic,  Blackstone  and  Taunton  rivers  flow  through  Massachusetts, 
and  Charles  and  Mystic  rivers  enter  Boston  Bay.  The  rivers  af- 
ford valuable  water  power,  none  navigable  but  Merrimac.  The 
Taconic  and  Hoosac  ridges  traverse  the  state  at  the  west.  Saddle 
mountain,  3,600  feet,  the  highest  peak.  The  ea^t  and  northeast 
divisions  are  hilly  and  broken,  and  the  southeast  low  and  sandy. 
Scenery  very  be.tutiful,  especially  in  Berkshire  hills;  soil  generally 
light;  hay  best  crop;  wheat,  outs,  corn  and  vegetables  grown. 
Forests  practically  exhausted.  Cleared  land  averages  S>-0,  and 
woodland  $4'>  per  acre.  Stone  is  found.  No  minerals  mined. 
Elizabeth  Islands.  Martha's  Vineyard,  Nantucket  and  smaller 
islands  to  the  south  belong  to  the  state. 


GUIDE   AND   HAND-BOOK. 


103 


CLIMATE.— Winters  severe  and  protracted ;  summers  short 
and  warm  ;  thermomctrr  ranges  from  10  deg.  below  to  1UO  deg.; 
averages  summer,  r,S  deg.;  winter,  24  deg.;  snow  falls  Oct.  to 
April;  rainfall,  including  snow,  44  inches;  prevailing  winds 
I'roui  east ;  heavy  logs  cominou  on  coast. 


CHIEF  INDTJSTEIES.-Aprirnltnre  and  kindred  callings. 
Fishing  lor  cod  and  mackerel  (half  the  fishing  vessels  of  the 
Union  owned  here).  Manufacture  of  cotton,  woolen,  worsted, 
silk,  iron  and  steel  goods,  soap  and  implements,  quarrying. 

PRINCIPAL  CITIES.-Boston.oapi'al;  pop. IJB-' 839 ;  Low- 
ell, pop.  59475;  Lawrence  and  Fall  River,  fnmous  for  cotton 
manufactures;  pop.  39,151,  and  48,9dl ;  \Vorccstei',  railroad  and 


104  THE     WESTERN   WORLD 


manufacturing  center,  pop.  58,291 ;  Cambridge,  seat,  of  Harvard 
College,  pop.53,6C9;  Lynn,  famous  for  manufacture  of  boots  and 
shoes,  pop.  38,274;  New  Bedford,  greatest  whaling  port  in 
the  world ;  pop.  26,845 ;  Springfield  contains  greatest  arsenal  in 
the  United  States,  pop.  33,340.  Ports  of  entry,  9. 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution:  apparel,  $20  worth 
of  coal,  stores,  beds  and  $100  worth  furniture,  books  in  use,  cow, 
6  sheep,  1  hog,  2  tons  hay,  tools  of  trade  to  $100,  material  of  busi- 
ness $100,  arms,  etc.,  of  militia,  $50  worth  provisions,  homestead 
to  value  of  $800,  declared  such  in  deed  of  purchase  or  by  re- 
corded declaration.  Debts  to  United  States,  wages  and  physi- 
cians' bills  preferred.  Bankrupt  law  applies  to  debtors  for  more 
than  $  100.  Debts  discharged  by  consent  of  majority  of  creditors. 
Suits  for  land  barred  after  30,  on  contracts  not  sealed  after 
6,  for  wages  after  4,  on  notes  and  all  other  actions  after  20 
years.  Wife's  property  exempt,  including  ornaments  and  ap- 
parel to  value  of  $2,000.  She  can  sue  and  be  sued,  etc.,  same  as 
if  single:  her  note  good,  if  not  joint  with  husband,  but  does  not 
bind  husband.  Women  cannot  be  arrested  for  debt.  Men  may  be 
arrested  on  affidavit  of  concealment  or  avoidance  where  claim 
exceeds  $20. 

LICENSE  CHARQ-ES.— Peddlers,  $50  per  year ;  special 
county  license,  $1  to  $4.  Permissions  to  obtain  town  licen-es,  $3 
to  $'i5  :  all  issued  by  Secretary  of  State. 

LIENS  are  given  on  buildings  for  labor  and  material.  Notice 
must  b •>  given  owner,  and  statement  of  lien  filed  in  county  regis- 
ter's office  in  30  days  after  work  is  done,  and  suit  brougntin90 
days.  Vessels  are  subject  to  like  liens.  Boarders'  (except  sailors') 
effects  subject  to  lien  for  board,  and  cattle  for  pasturage. 


RHODE  ISLAND. 

One  of  the  13  original  states. 
Called  "Little  Rhody."  First  settled 
at  Providence,  1636,  by  Roger  Will- 
iams. Island  of  Aquidneck  (Rhode 
Island),  bought  from  Indians, 
1638,  and  Newport  and  Portsmouth 
founded.  Patent  obtained,  1643,  pro- 
vided for  union  of  the  settlements, 
which  they  accepted  1647.  Charter 
of  Charle*  II. ,1663,  served  as  organic 
law  of  state  till  1843,  when  present 
constitution  was  ratified.  R.I.  suf- 
fered terribly  during  King  Philip 
wars,  li;75-76;  Providence  burnt 
during  same.  Colony  deprived,  1687, 
of  right  of  self-government  by  Sir 
E.  Andros.  The  fall  of  the  latter  on 
success  of  the  English  revolution,  liiSS,  restored  liberties,  1689. 
Lands  of  Narragansett  Indians  acquired  by  purchase,  1709.  Pop. 
60,000  in  1170.  It.  I.  seamen  distinguished  themselves  in  the 
Anglo-French  wars,  1750  to  1763,  and  in  Revolution.  First 
American  squadron  sailed  from  Providence  under  command  of 
Esck  Hopkins.  Newport  occupied  by  British,  1776,  and  besieged 
unsuccessfully  by  Gen.  Sullivan  and  French  fleet  under  Count 
d'Estaing,  1778.  British  forces  evacuated  1779.  Count  de  Roch- 
ambeau  arrived  at  Newport  July  10,  1780,  with  fleet  of  transports 
and  6,000  soldiers.  Rhode  Island  was  not  represented  in  fhe  con- 
vention, 1787,  which  framed  Constitution  ot  United  States,  and 
was  the  last  state  to  ratify  same,  17* I.  "Dorr  rebellion,"  1842 
caused  by  insufficiency  of  the  old  charter,  which  still  served  as 
the  constitution.  The  Dorr  government  twice  aeaembled,  but 
was  dispersed  by  state  authorities.  Disputed  boundaries  adjusted 
1861  by  ceding  to  Massachusetts  Fall  River  in  exchange  for  Paw- 


GUIDE   AND   HAND-BOOK 


105 


tucket  and  a  part  of  Seckonk  (East  Providence).  Union  soldiers 
furnisbed,  &US98.  Number  counties,  5.  Miles  railroad,  147.  State 
elections,  first  Wednesday  in  April;  elects  72  Representatives,  34 
Senators,  2  Congressmen  and  4  presidential  t  lectors.  Legislature 


meets  annually  on  last  Tuesday  In  May,  at  Newport,  and  holds 
adjourned  session  annually  at  Providence ;  termsof  Senatorsand 
Representatives,  1  year.  Persons  without  property  to  the  value 
of  $134  excluded  from  voting.  Brown's  University  at  Providence, 
founded  17(14;  common  school  system  excellent:  school  age,  5-15. 
Leg-ill  interest  rate.  $%  ;  by  contract,  n"y  rate. 

POPULATION,  iss5, 207,531;  three-fourths  native;  females 
predominate;  Indiana. 74. 

TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.— 
Area,  1,1  sa  t>n.  ruiles,  or  C'JtJ,3^U  acres.  Length  Is.  and  S.  40  miles ; 


106 


THE   WESTERN  WOULD 


•width,  40  miles.  Narragansett  Bay  divides  the  state  unequally, 
the  western  and  larger  part  extend'ng  N.  from  the  ocean  some  27 
miles.  The  hay  is  3  to  13  miles  wide  and  contains  several  islands, 
of  which  Aquidneck,  Canonicut  and  Prudence  are  largest.  Block 
Island,  at  the  western  entrance  of  the  bay,  also  belongs  to  this 
state.  Surface  of  state  broken  and  hilly.  Small  rivers  unfit  for 
navigation  are  numerous  and  afford  valuable  water  powers.  Chief 
rivers:  Pawtucket  and  Pawtuxet.  entering  Narragansett  bay ; 
and  Pawcatuck,  falling  into  Long  Island  sound.  The  state  con- 
tains numerous  small  lakes,  some  of  great  I  eauty.  Scenery  varied 
and  pretty.  Soil  middling  quality.  Hay  best  crop.  Potatoes, 
corn  and  oats  are  the  next  most  important  products.  No  forests. 
Dairying- profitable.  Land  high-priced.  No  minerals  mined. 

CLIMATE,  owing  to  nearness  to  sea,  moderate.  Average 
temperature  :  winter,  24  to  43  deg.;  summer,  44  to  74  deg.  Raiu- 
fail,  43  inches.  Snow  lies  60  to  100  days.  Health  good. 

CHIEF  INDUSTRIES.— Manufacture  ol  fabrics  of  cotton, 
flax,  linen,  wool,  boots  and  shoes,  rubber  goods,  metals,  jewelry, 
etr.,  agriculture,  dairying.  Rhode  . Island,  in  proportion  to  size, 
is  the  larjri  st  manufacturing  state  in  Union. 

PRINCIPAL  CITIES.— Providence  (capital  and  seaport), 
pop.,  1880,  104,857.  Nr-wport  (capital,  seaport,  finest  in  world,  and 
great  pleasure  resort),  pop.  15,093.  Bristol  (seaport).  Warren 
(seaport).  Lincoln,  pop.  13,705.  Pawtucket,  pop.  19,030.  Woon- 

SOek»'t.  pop.  Irt.OfiO. 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution  :  wearing  apparel 
and  tools  to  value  of  $200;  furniture  and  provisions,  $300;  books, 
cow,  pig,  hog  and  pork  of  same,  arms,  etc.,  of  militia,  promissory 
notes,  exchange  and  SH)  wages.  Assignments  made  without 
preference.  Debtor  not  released.  Wages  to  amount  of  $100  pre- 
ferred. Suits  to  recover  land  and  on  foreign  judgment  barred 
after  20  years ;  af ter  1  year  for  slander,  4  years  for  trespass,  ti 
years  on  accounts.  Arrest  for  debt  only  permitted  on  affidavit  of 
intended  removal  or  secretion  of  property.  Females  cannot  be 
arrested  for  debt.  Wife's  property  exempt.  She  cannot  do 

"LICENSE  CHARGES. -Peddlers,  $60  to  state ;  $30  to  Provi- 
dence county;  $15  to  other  counties.  Peddlers,  jewelry,  $:.'00  to 
st,-,tc,  3IOJ  to  Providence  and  $50  to  other  counties.  Licenses 
issued  by  secretary  of  state. 

LIENS  on  buildings  aie  given  for  labor  and  material.  All 
working  under  contractor  must  notify  owner  in  30  days  and  file 
claims  in  (j  months  with  town  clerk. 


CONNECTICUT. 


Indian  name  meaning  "  Long 
River."  i  ailed  "  Wooden  Nutmeg 
State.  '  One  of  original  13  states 
explored  by  the  Dutch  settlers  of 
Manhattan  Island,  1015,  by  whom 
Settlement  was  mad'',  ]li:i:J,  at  Hart- 
ford, sold  toon  after  to  Knglish. 
Hartford,  Windsor  and  Wethers- 
fiel  1  fettled  by  colonists  from 
Massachusetts,  1036.  Saybrooke 
united  with  Connecticut,  1644. 
New  Haven  was  settled,  1644,  and 
united  with  Connecticut,  lU6."i,  un- 
der charter  of  lliiJ2,  from  King 
Charles.  Surrender  of  charter  de- 
manded by  Andros,  1(>S7,  but  was 
concealed  in  what  became  histor- 
ical as  the  "Charter  Oak"  tree.  Andros  ruled  as  a  despot  until  de- 
posed and  imprisoned,  May  9  1689.  C  barter  remained  intact;  and 


GUIDE  AXD   HAND-BOOK. 


107 


formed  the  constitution  of  the  State  un<il  the  adoption  of 
the  present  one  in  1818.  Connecticut  instructed  its  delegates  to 
the  continental  Congress,  June  14,  1776,  to  propose  that  the 
united  American  colonies  were  free  and  independent  states,  ab- 
solved from  all  allegiance  to  the  king  of  Great  Britain  and  thus 
forecast  the  declaration  of  independence.  The  state  furnished 


>}t?lf!  5fjy  liMi  51  *f  j 

Wll^mOJ'^TC 

Ptc; 


a  verj'  large  quota  of  men  to  the  Revolutionary  armies.  Yale 
Col tege,  founded  1701;  Hartford  capital  till  17tJI.  From  1701  to 
1873  the  general  assembly  met  alternate!}  at  Hartford  and  New- 
Haven.  In  the  last  named  year  the  place  of  meeting  was  per- 
manently fixed  at  Hartford.  Union  soldiers  furnished,  55,864. 
Number  counties,  8.  Miles  railroad,  991.  State  elections  yearly 


108  THE  WESTERN  "WORLD 


on  same  date  as  presidential  election  ;  elects  24  senators,  249  rep- 
resentatives, 4  congressmen,  and  6  presidential  electors.  State 
senators  hold  2  and  representatives  1  year.  Legislature  meets 
yearly  on  Wednesday  after  first  Monday  in  January.  Convicts 
and  persons  unable  to  read  not  permitted  to  vote.  School  sys- 
tem superior ;  includes  3  college*,  with  160,000  books  in  libraries. 
School  age  4  to  16  years.  Legal  interest,  <&%.  More  cannot  be  col- 
lected. No  penalty  for  usury. 

POPULATION,  1880,  ^22,700;  male,  305,782;  female,  316,918; 
native.  492,708;  colored,  11,547;  Chinese,  123;  Indians,  255. 

TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.- 
Area,  4,845  sq.  miles;  iiyerage  length,  86  miles;  average  breadth,  55 
miles:  seacoast,  110  miles.  Surface  diversified  by  hills  and  val- 
leys, but  less  rugged  than  the  other  New  England  states.  The 
Green  Mountain  range  terminates  in  this  state  in  a  series  of  hills, 
the  highest  being  about  1,000  ft.  above  the  sea.  The  Ilousatonic, 
Thames,  Quinnebaug,  and  Connecticut  valleys  extend  N.  and  S., 
and  contain  much  excellent  land.  The  sea  coast  is  indented  by 
numerous  bays  and  harbors,  affording  excellent  anchorage.  Soil, 
except  in  valleys,  light  and  stony.  Corn,  oats,  hay,  wheat,  to- 
bacco and  vegetables  are  the  staple  crops.  Cleared  land  averages 
£40  and  woodland  $30  per  acre.  No  valuable  timber  remains. 
Stone  extensively  quarried.  Valuable  iron  mines  exist. 

CLIMATE.— Moderate  and  healthy;  average  temperature, 
summer,  72  deg.  and  winter,  28  deg.  Occasionally  the  ther- 
mometer sinks  below  zero,  considerable  snow  falls,  summers 
warm.  Rain  fall  including  snow  about  47  inches. 

CHIEF  INDUSTRIES.— Manufacture  of  hardware,  clocks, 
silks,  cotton,  rubber,  i  arpets,  woolens,  arms,  sewing  machines 
and  attachments,  dairying,  quarrying,  agriculture,  etc.  Total 
number  of  different  Industries,  4,488. 

PRINCIPAL  CITIES.— Hartford  (capital,  and  noted  for 
banking  and  insurance  business) ;  pop.  1880,  42,015.  New  Haven, 
"City  of  Elms,"  scat  of  Yale  College;  pop.  62,882.  Bridgeport, 
noted  for  manufacture  of  fire-arms  and  sewing  machines;  pop. 
27,643.  Waterbury,  important  manufacturing  city;  pop.  17,806. 
Fail-field,  Middletown,  New  Haven,  New  London  and  Stoning  ton 
are  ports  of  entry. 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution:  necessary  apparel, 
bedding,  furniture  and  provisions,  arms,  implements  of  trade, 
stock  to  value  of  $150.  Horse,  saddle  and  buggy,  with  harness 
of  practicing  physician  not  to  exceed  $250;  sewing  machine, 
library  to  $500,  boat  to  $200.  No  homestead.  Assignments  with- 
out preference  allowed,  but  do  not  discharge  debt.  Wages  to 
$100,  accruing  within  3  months  preferred.  Suits  for  land  barred 
after  15  years,  on  bonds  and  non-negotiable  notes  after  5  years,  on 
contracts  after  6  years,  for  slander,  express  contracts  (unwrit- 
ten) sifter  3  years,  for  damage  for  loss  of  life  after  1  year.  Wife's 
property  exempt  from  husband's  debts ;  she  can  do  business, 
sue  and  be  sued  separately.  Arrest  for  fraud,  concealment, 
removal  and  refusal  to  pay  admitted  or  judgment  debts. 

LICENSE  CHARGES.- None. 

LIENS  are  given  on  boarders'  effects  for  board  after  60  days; 
for  material  (over  $25  worth)  if  statement  is  filed  with  town 
clerk  or  secretary  of  state,  if  supplied  to  a  railroad,  in  60  days  and 
suit  begun  in  2  years.  Liens  for  labor  and  material  furnished 
vessels  must  be  filefl  in  10  days.  J  udgmente  are  liens  on  real  estate. 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK.  109 


NEW  YORK. 

One  of  the  thirteen  original  states; 
named  for  Yorkshire,  Eng.  Called 
the  "  Empire  State."  Explored  by 
Henry  Hudson,  Sept.,  1609,  who 
sailed  up  the  river  to  which  he  gave 
his  name.  Two  months  earlier 
Samuel  de  Champlain  discovered 
and  named  Lake  Champlain.  Hol- 
land owned  the  territory.  The 
J>utch  settled  on  Manhattan  Island, 
1614.  Country  called  "  New  Nether- 
lands." Manhattan  Island  pur- 
chased from  Indians  for  824, 1626. 
Indian  troubles  1640-45.  Swedish 
settlements  on  the  Delaware  incor- 
porated with  the  New  Netherlands, 
1655.  England  claimed  the  country 

as  part  of  Virginia*  captured  Manhattan  (New  Amsterdam) 
August,  1664,  and  named  it  New  York.  Dutch  regained  posses- 
sion, held  it  a  few  months,  and  permanently  transferred  it  to 
England;  New  York  the  battle-field  of  the  French-English  war, 
1754:  was  prominent  in  the  Revolution.  The  last  royal  governor 
was  forced  to  nee,  Oct.,  1775.  In  Feb.,  1776,  Americans  occupied 
New  York  city;  British  regained  control  in  Aug.,  and  held 
Manhattan  Island  until  Nov.  25,  1783.  Burgoyne's  surrender 
at  Saratoga  Oct.,  1777,  the  first  great  triumph  over  British 
tyranny.  West  Point  fortified  1777-78.  New  York  city  capital 
of  the  colonial  government  until  the  Revolution,  and  state 
capital  1784  to  1797,  when  Albany  was  made  the  capital.  It  was 
also  the  seat  of  the  United  States  government  1785  to  1790. 
During  war  of  1812-14  border  towns  of  New  York  attacked 
by  the  British.  First  State  constitution  adopted  1777,  revised 
1801,  1821  and  1846;  slavery  abolished  1817.  Boundary  question 
with  Vermont,  Connecticut  and  Massachusetts  settled  1791. 
Union  soldiers  furnished,  448,850;  number  counties,  60;  custom 
districts,  10;  first  railroad,  Albany  to  Schenectady,  1783;  miles  gf 
'  railroad,  7,812;  miles  canal,  900.  State  officers  elected  every 
4  and  senators  (32  in  number/  every  2  years;  representatives  (125 
in  number),  yearly,  on  same  day  as  presidential  election.  Legis- 
lature meets  first  Tuesday  in  Feb.,  yearly;  congressmen,  34; 
presidential  electors,  36.  Election  betters  and  bribers  and  con- 
victs excluded  from  voting.  School  system  superior;  includes  28 
colleges.  School  age,  5  to  21  years.  Legal  interest,  6#;  usury 
forfeits  principal  and  interest. 

POPULATION,  1880,5,082.871;  male,  2.505,323 ;  female,  2,577,- 
549;  native,  3,S71.40'i:  Indians,  819;  white,  5.016.042:  Chinese,  907. 

TOPOGRAPHY,  ABE  A,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.— 
Extreme  length  E.  and  W.,  410  miles ;  extreme  width,  311  miles; 
area,  47,620  sq.  miles;  30,476,800  acres;  water  frontage,  900  miles; 
surface,  varied.  The  narrow  belt  east  of  the  Hudson  valley  is 
intersected  by  spurs  of  the  Hoosac  and  Green  mountains:  the 
rolling  table  lands  to  the  west  are  trayersed  by  tne  Blue  Ridge, 
Highland,  Catskill,  Helderberg  and  Adirondacks.  The  Hudson, 
rising  in  the  Adirondacks,  and  flowing  south  over  30  miles  to 
New  York  bay,  is  the  chief  stream.  The  Allegheny  and  its  tribu- 
taries drain  the  S.  W.,  and  the  Susquehanna  the  southern  central 
division.  The  Mohawk  is  the  chief  affluent  of  the  Hudson.  The 
state  is  noted  for  the  beaut y  of  its  lakes.  In  the  west  are  Chau- 
tauqua  and  Cattaraugus ;  in  the  central  division  Canandaigua, 
Cayuga,  Onondaga,  Oneida  and  others  having  the  Oswego  river 
for  their  outlet.  Long,  Manhattan  and  Staten  Islands  form  im- 
portant divisions  of  the  state.  The  soil  is  also  varied,  and  agri- 
culturally the  state  is  very  rich.  Cleared  land  averages  $60  and 


110 


THE  WESTERN  WORLD 


woodlad  $40  per  acre.  Considerable  forests  yet  remain.  The  pro- 
duction of  corn,  wheat  and  dairy  products  is  very  large.  The 
state  ranks  first  in  value  of  manufactures,  soap,  printing  IKK! 
publishing,  hops,  hay,  potatoes,  bucV wheat  and  milch  cows; 
second  in  salt,  silk  goods,  malt  and  distilled  liquors,  miles  mil- 
way  and  barley;  third  in  agricultural  implements,  iron  ore, 
iron  and  steel,  oats  and  rye. 


CLIMATE,  divorsp;  mean  annual  temperature  for  the  state, 
47  deg1.  In  the  Adirondacks  the  annual  mean  is39dt>!i.;  in  the 
extreme  south  it  is  nO  deg1.;  avernire  rainfall  43  in.,  including 
snow,  the  fall  bein«r  greatest  in  the  lower  Hudson  valley,  and 
smallest  (33  in.)  in  the  St.  Lawrem  e  valley.  Kauge  of  tempera- 
ture, 10  deg.  below  to  100  above  zero. 


GUIDE   AND   HAND-BOOK.  Ill 


PRINCIPAL  CITIES.— New  York  City,  pop.,  1,206,299; 
Brooklyn,  pop.  566,l>!«;  liull'ulo,  "  Queen  City  of  the  Lake.s,"  pop. 
155,134;  Rochester,  pop.  89,3t}(>;  Syracuse,  pop.  51,792;  *Albany 
(capital),  pop.  90,758. 

LEADING-  INDUSTRIES.-Manufacturing  of  all  kinds, 
agriculture,  dairym<r,  the  trades,  etc. 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution :  Necessary  furni- 
ture, tools  and  team;  professional  implements,  furniture  and 
library  to  value  of  $'£>0;  90  days'  food  for  team,  00  days'  earnings 
if  necessary  to  family;  homestead  to  value  of  $1,000;  exemption 
extends  after  death  till  youngest  child  is  of  age;  notice  must  be 
recorded  of  intention  of  making1  it  a  homestead  or  by  acts  done 
showing  intention  to  mafefe  it  such.  No  exemption  against  debts 
prior  to  making  of  homestead  or  against  purchase  money  for 
same.  Assignments  with  preference  may  be  made,  and  on  petition 
of  two-thirds  creditors  in  amount  debtor  discharged.  Suits  to 
recover  real  estate  upon  sealed  instrument  or  judgment,  barred 
after  20  years;  on  contract,  for  injury  to  person  or  property,  to 
establish  a  will,  or  for  fraud,  after  6  years;  for  negligence,  after 
3  years;  for  libel,  etc.,  after  2  years,  and  all  other  actions  after 
10  years.  No  imprisonment  for  debt.  Arrest  may  be  made  in 
some  cases  where  iraud  enters. 

LICENSE  CHARGES  per  year:  Peddlers  on  foot,  $20;  with 
horse,  $30;  with  more  tlian  one  horse,  $50.  License  issued  by 
Secretary  of  State. 

LIENS  to  value  of  labor  or  material  given  against  premises, 
or  if  same  exceed  contract  price  to  amount  of  latter,  if  filed  in 
30  days,  and  proceedings  are  begun  in  1  year  thereafter.  Judg- 
ments are  liens  on  real  estate  for  ten  years. 


NEW  JERSEY. 


One  of  the  thirteen  original  states. 
Named  for  Isle  of  Jersey.  Settled 
first  by  Dutch,  from  New  Amster- 
dam, at  Bergen,  1620,  by  Swedes  east 
of  the  Delaware,  1638.  Latter  dis- 
possessed by  Dutch,  1655.  Country 
acquired  by  England,  1604.  Subse- 
quently transferred  by  Duke  of 
York  to  Lord  Berkeley  and  Sir  G-. 
Cartaret.  Submitted  to  Dutch,  1673. 
Reverted  to  England,  1674,  and  gov- 
erned till  1680  by  Sir  E.  Andros;  gov- 
erned 1682  to  1702  by  William  i'ciin. 
Previous  to  1682  the  state  was 
divided  into  two  distinct  gov- 
ernments—East Jersey  and  West 
Jersey.  From  1702  to  1788  New 
Jersey  was  subject  to  New  York,  but  kept  its  own  assembly. 
Separated  in  the  latter  year  and  received  independent  gov- 
ernment. Buttles  of  Trenton,  Princeton,  Monmouth  and  others 
fought  within  its  borders  during  the  Revolution.  State 
Constitution  adopted,  1776;  revised,  1844,  and  amended  in  the 
present  decade.  United  States  Constitution  unanimously  adopted 
Dec.,  1787;  capital  established  at  Trenton,  1790.  A  slave 
state  till  1860,  when  but  eighteen  slaves  remained  and  it  was 
counted  a  free  state;  Union  soldiers  furnished,  75,814.  State 
contains  21  counties  and  has  1,890  miles  railroad.  State  elec- 
tions annual :  same  date  as  congressional  and  presidential ; 
number  of  senators,  21;  representatives,  60;  meeting  of  legisla- 
ture, 2d  Tuesday  in  January ;  term  of  Senators,  3  years;  repre- 
sentatives, 1  year ;  number  of  electoral  votes,  9 ;  Congressmen,  7. 


112 


THE   WESTERN   WORLD 


Paupers,  idiots,  insane  and  convicts  excluded  from  voting.  Num- 
ber colleges,  4 ;  schools  good ;  school  age,  5-18.  Legal  interest 
6%  ;  usury  forfeits  entire  interest. 

POPULATION,  1880,1,131,116;  male,  559,0:??;  female,  571,194 ; 
native,  909,416;  foreign,  221,700;  white  1,092,017;  colored,  38,853; 
Chinese,  170 ;  Indians,  74. 


TOPOGRAPHY,   AREA,   SOIL,    PRODUCTS,   ETC.— 

Length  north  and  south,  15S  miles;  width,  a8  to  70  miies;  area,  7,455 
square  miles  or  4,771,200  acres ;  forty-third  state  in  size.  Atlantic 
coast,  128  miles:  Delaware  Bay  coast,  Ii8  miles.  Greatest  elevation 
at  north,  where  Blue  Mountains  reach  I,0u0  to  1.800  feet  above  the 
sea.  The  Kittatinny  Valley,  10  miles  wide,  separates  these  from  the 


GUIDE   AND  HAND-BOOK.  118 


Highland  range  900  to  1,500  feet  high.  The  famous  Palisades  of  the 
Hudson  at  the  northeast  are  600  feet  high.  Toward  center  state 
slopes  to  a  rolling  plain,  and  at  south  becomes  flat  and  low.  .Hudson 
river  forms  the  eastern  border,  Delaware  bay  and  river  the  west- 
ern; Raritan,  New  York  and  Newark  bays  afford  fine  harbors.  Cape 
May  to  Sandy  Hook  coast  bordered  by  strips  of  sand  inclosing 
bodies  of  water  which  float  vessels  of  light  draft.  Delaware  Water 
Gapand  Falls  of  Passaic  are  the  natural  wonders  of  the  state.  At 
the  north  are  picturesque  lakes  and  the  coast  is  famous  for  water- 
ing places,  including  Cape  May,  Atlantic  City,  Long  Branch,  etc. 
The  soil  ranges  from  fair  to  very  good.  Cleared  land  averages 
$SO  and  woodland  $60  per  acre;  hay  the  best  crop.  Other  staple 
crops  are  potatoes,  wheat,  corn,  rye,  buckwheat,  cranberries  (in 
Burlington,  Ocean  and  Atlantic  counties),  fruit  and  garden  pro- 
duce (central  region  vast  garden);  little  woodland  valuable  for 
timber  remains.  Iron  and  fertilizing  marls  are  abundant. 

CLIMATE  variable ;  temperature  averages,  summer.  68  deg. 
to  75  deg.;  winter,  31  deg.  to  38  deg.  Range  of  temperature  from 
about  zero  to  100  deg.  Rainfall,  including  snow,  4(3  inches,  reaching 
50  inches  in  the  highlands,  and  falling  to  40  inches  at  the  south. 
Highlands  and  seashore  healthy.  Ague  and  malarial  fevers 
in  the  lowlands. 

PRINCIPAL  CITIES.—  Newark,  Perth  Amboy,  Great  Egg 
Harbor,  Tuckerton,  Bridgeton  and  Lumberton  are  ports  of  entry. 
Newark,  pop.  130,508;  Jersey  City,  120,733;  Trenton  (capital), 
29,010;  Paterson,51,031;  Elizabeth,  28,239;  Hobokeu,  30,999;  Cam- 
den,  41.659. 

CHIEF  INDUSTRIES.— Manufacture  of  fabrics,  jewelry, 
clay  wares  and  brick,  flour,  crystals,  fishing,  oyster  fishing,  gar- 
dening, agriculture,  marl  und  iron  ore  digging,  etc. 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution  for  debt :  goods  and 
chattels  to  the  value  of  $200,  wearing  apparel,  homestead 
•worth  not  to  exceed  81,000.  Assignments  cannot  give  preference 
to  any  creditor.  Creditors  who  prove  against  a  debtor  who  has  as- 
signed are  barred  further  action  and  the  debtor  is  released.  Those 
who  do  not  prove  are  not  barred.  Preference  may  be  given  by 
mortgage  or  confessed  judgment.  Action  to  recover  real  estate 
barred  in  20  years,  to  recover  rents  on  sealed  lease  in  16  years,  on 
note  in  9  years,  on  accounts  in  4  years,  and  for  slander  in  2  years. 
Arrest  for  debt  may  be  made  on  affidavit  alleging  fraud  done  or 
contemplated.  Wife's  property  exempt  from  husband's  debts. 
Bonds  of  state  and  United  States,  property  of  state,  counties, 
towns,  etc.  Property  owned  and  taxed  out  of  the  state,  if  tax  on 
fame  has  been  paid  within  a  year  of  the  time  of  assessment;  insti- 
tutions of  learning,  religion  and  charity;  libraries  (public),  ceme- 
teries and  their  endowments  and  the  assets  of  corporations  re- 
lievcrl  of  tax  by  charter  from  the  state. 

LICENSE  CHARGES- per  year— Peddlers  on  foot,  $8 :  with 
horse.  8 15;  with  S3  ami  $3.50  in  each  case  extra  as  fees. 

LIENS — wages  to  amount  of  §300  for  each  employe  are  pre- 
ferred claims.  Liens  for  labor  and  material  must  be  filed  against 
the  property  within  a  year  and  summons  to  enforce  the  same 
issued.  Judgments  are  lieus  on  real  estate. 


114 


THE    WESTERN    WORLD 


PENNSYLVANIA. 

One  of  the  thirteen  original  states, 
named  tor  Wm.  Penn.  Called  the 
"  Keystone  State."  Settled  first  by 
Swedes  at  Chester,  1638.  Swedes 
subjected  by  Dutch,  1655,  find  terri- 
tory became  part  of  New  .\eth- 
erlands.  I  aptured  by  English,  1>'(>4. 
Becaptured  by  Dutch,  1672,  but  fell 
to  English  again  in  a  few  months. 
All  territory  west  of  Delaware 
river  granted  to  Wm.  Penn,  KiSi, 
by  Charles  II.  of  England.  Phil- 
adelphia founded,  1682.  Pennsyl- 
vania became  battle-ground  "of 
French -English  wars,  17t«-17(50. 
Braddock's  Field  and  Fort  Du 
Quesne  (Pittsburgh)  most  notable 

of  the  fights.  Indians  conquered,  Ii6l.  Pennsylvania  most  con- 
spicuous in  Revolution.  Proprietary  government  abolished  and 
independent  state  formed  1776.  Continental  Congress  met  and 
declaration  of  independence  signed  at  Philadelphia.  Notable 
events:  Defense  of  Philadelphia,  battles  of  Brandywine.  German- 
town  and  Valley  Forge  State  Constitution  drawn  1'90;  revised 
1838;  amended  1850, 1857, 1861-4,  and  1873  new  one  adopted.  "W  hisky 
Insurrection"  or  revolt  against  excise  law,  1794.  Capital  moved 
from  Philadelphia  to  Lancaster,  1'99,  and  to  Harrisbursrh,  1812. 
State  invaded  tbree  times  by  confederates,  i8*>2, 1863,  when  battle 
of  Gettysburgh  was  fought,  and  1?64,  when  Chambersburg  was 
destroyed.  Union  soldiers  furnished,  337,930.  .Number  counties, 
67 ;  miles  railroad,  7,546.  State  elections  annual,  same  date  as 
presidential;  number  senators,  60 ;  representatives,  20'  ;  sessions 
biennial,  meeting  first  Tuesday  in  Jan.,  hold  IfO  days;  term 
of  Senators,  4  years ;  representatives,  2  years;  number  electoral 
votes,  30;  congressmen,  28.  Non-taxpayers  and  bribers  excluded 
from  voting.  Number  colleges,  26;  school  age,  6-SJ1 ;  school  sys- 
tem good.  Legal  interest,  %% ;  usury  forfeits  excess  of  interest. 

POPULATION.— 1880.  4.282.891;  male, 2,136,655;  female,  2,'46,- 
236;  native,  3.605.062;  colored.  85,535:  Chinese.  464  :  Indians.  184. 

TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.- 
Length  east  and  west,  300  miles;  width,  176  miles:  area,  44,985 
sq.  miles ;  28,790,400  acres.  Lake  frontagefiO  miles.  Surface  very 
diverse  and  scenerv  varied  from  the  commonplace  to  the  beau- 
tiful and  sublime.  Level  at  the  southeast,  hilly  and  mountainous 
toward  the  center,  and  rolling  and  broken  at  the  west  and  south- 
west. From  the  Delaware  river  on  the  east  rises  gradually  from 
five  or  ten  to  1,0(0  feet  at  the  foot  of  the  Blue  Ridge.  Cumber- 
land valley  a  fine  region.  The  Allegheny  and  Kittatinny  mount- 
ains occupy  the  central  portion.  The  western  division  (half  the 
State)  is  a  table  land.  Principal  .streams Susquehanna  and  its  trib- 
utary the  Juniata ;  Delaware  (rises  in  Catskills)  a  tide  water  river 
as  far  as  Trenton,  130  miles  from  mouth ;  Allegheny  and  Monon- 
gahela,  which  unite  to  form  the  Ohio.  Soil  varies  from  barren 
hills  to  sections  of  great  fertility.  Many  superb  farms.  Cleared 
land  averages  $45 ;  woodland  $30  per  acre.  Much  good  timber 
remains.  Farms  average  100  acres.  Oil,  coal  (anthracite  at  east, 
bituminous  at  west)  iron,  copper,  kaolin,  building  stones,  salt- 
abound.  Rye,  corn,  wheat,  buckwheat,  potatoes,  vegetables,  hay, 
oats,  tobacco  nre  staple  crops.  Dairying  and  stock  flourish. 

CLIMATE  in  mountains  severe  in  winter,  with  much  snow  ; 
summers  pleasant ;  summers  hot  on  the  Delaware,  reaching  100 
deg.;  summers  long  in  Sucquehanna  valley ;  west  of  mountains 
summers  hot  and  of  moderate  length ;  winters  cold ;  average 


GUIDE   AND    HAND-BOOK. 


115 


winter  temperature.  34  (leg.;  summer,  74  deg1.;  rainfall,  includ- 
ing snow,  a verasres  42  inches;  climate  healthy. 

CHIEF  CITIES.— Philadelphia,  second  city  in  United  States, 
contains  mint  aud  navy  yard;  pop.,  84ti,9*4.  Pittsburg,  extensive 
manufacturing  city :  pop.,  156,389,  Harrisburg-,  capital ;  pop., 
30,782.  Philadelphia,  Pittsburg  and  Erie  are  ports  of  entry. 


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INDTTSTRIES.— Pennsylvania  is  the  great  iron,  oil  and  coal 
state.  The  other  Industrie^  include  agriculture  and  kindred  pur- 
suits, lumbering,  manufacture  of  paper,  woolens,  liquors,  imple- 
ments, machinery,  otc. 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution :  Wearing  apparel, 
bibles,  school  books,  sewmg  machine  and  $300  in  personal  or 


116  THE  WESTERN  WORLD 


real  property.  No  exemption  against  judgments  not  exceeding 
$50,  obtained  for  labor.  Assignments  may  be  made,  without 
preference,  and  debtor  is  not  released.  Suits  to  recover  land 
barred  after  21  years;  on  judgments,  mortgages  and  sealed  in- 
struments after  20  years ;  on  notes  and  accounts  after  6yeais; 
for  slander  after  1  year;  for  personal  damages  after  2  years. 
Wife's  property  exempt,  except  earnings,  which,  by  proper 
application,  may  also  be  exempted.  No  imprisonment  for 
debt.  Property  exempt  from  tax,  estates  of  religious  and  char- 
itable institutions,  state,  county  and  municipal  property,  all  man- 
ufacturing companies,  except  makers  of  gas  and  spirituous, 
malt  or  other  liquors. 

LICENSE  CHARGES— Per  year,  peddlers  on  foot,  $8;  with 
eart,  $16;  with  two-horse  cart  or  wagon,  $25.  Jewely  peddlers, 
$200  to  state  and  $50  to  each  county,  except  Providence,  where 
charge  is  S'tiO. 

LIENS  for  wages  and  material  hold  if  filed  within  six 
months,  and  are  good  five  years.  Judgments  are  liens  on  real 
estate  for  five  years. 


DELAWARE. 

One  of  the  thirteen  original 
states.  Named  for  Lord  De  la 
Ware,  who  entered  the  bay  1610. 
Called  "The  Diamond  State."  First 
state  to  ratify  Federal  constitu- 
tion. Visit* d  J 609  by  Henry  Hi  d- 
snn.  Settled  by  Swedes  1(>j8,  who 
bought  from  Indians,  built  a  fort, 
and  called  the  country  ">.ew 
Sweden."  Swedes  took  Duck  fort 
at  Casimer  (New  Castle)  1654.  and 
were  compelled,  ]fc55,  to  swear 
allegiance  to  Holland.  Ten  jears 
later  Sir  R.  Carr  took  the  settle- 
ments, and  England  held  them 
for  nine  years.  Dutch  regtrned 
possession  1673,  but  treaty  of  West- 
minster gave  the  district  to  England  1774,  and  it  was  ruled  by  a 
representative  of  Dukeof  York,  to  whom  it  was  granted.  1  rans- 
ferred  to  William  Penn  1682  by  Duke  of  Tork.  Independent 
assembly  created*  1703,  meeting  at  New  Castle,  but  was  governed 
by  governor  of  Pennsylvania  till  1778,  when  the  colony  declared 
itself  independent.  Took  vigorous  part  in  the  revolu'ien. 
State  Constitution  adopted  1776.  A  new  one  1792,  which  was  re- 
vised 1831.  Delaware  was  a  slave  state.  Slaves  I860, 2.000.  Union 
soldiers  furnished,  12,284,  the  biggest  percentage  of  any  state. 
Contains  three  counties.  Miles  of  railroad,  806.  All  elections 
Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  November;  number  senators,  9. 
representatives,  21;  legislature  meets  in  odd-numbered  years,  first 
Tuesday  in  January;  nolds  21  days;  term  of  senators,  4  years;  of 
representatives,  2  years;  number  electoral  votes,  3;  number  con- 
gressmen, 1;  idiots,  insane,  paupers  and  criminals  excluded  from 
voting;  colleges  at  Newark  and  Wilmington,  school  age,  6-21; 
schools  fair  ;  legal  interest  rate,  6;  usury  forfeits  the  principal. 

POPULATION,  1SSO,  146,6(>8;  male,  74,108  ;  female,  72,500;  na- 
tive 137,140 :  white,  120,160;  colored.  2ti,442. 

TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.— 
Length  north  and  south  nearly  100  mile*;  width,  ,0  miles  at  north, 
36  at  south.  Area  1,950  square  miles,  or  ]. 248.000  acres.  Available 
area  large.  Northern  portion  rolling,  but  free  from  large  hills. 
Scenery  beautiful.  Southern  portion  level  and  sandy,  with  Ire- 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK. 


117 


quent  cypress  marshes.  Coast  low  and  swampy  with  lasroons  sep- 
arated from  sea  by  sand-beaches.  Streams  flow  into  Chesapeake 
and  Delaware  bays  and  are  small.  Tide  reaches  to  Wilmington.  The 
soil  is  good  and  the  state  of  cultivation  superior.  Cleared  land 
averages  $45  per  acre,  and  wood-land  &40.  Stap'e  crops,  corn, 
wheat,  peaches,  berries,  garden  vegetables,  sweet  potatoes.  Iron 
is  found,  but  is  no  longer  worked. 


MAP  OF 

DELAWARE 

-.IT  Population 146,608 

W  Areasq.miles__l,950 


CLIMATE  mild.  Tempered  by  sea  breezes.  Average  temper- 
ature, winter,  32  deg.  to  38  deg.;  summer,  72  deg.  to  78  deg.  Itain- 
fall  48  to  50  inches.  At  north  health  excellent.  Some  malaria  on 
the  low  lands  bordering  the  swamps  at  the  south. 

CHIEF  CITIES.— Wilmington,  pop.  42,478.  Dover,  capital. 
Newcastle,  6,000.  Breakwater  protecting  Delaware  Bay  at  Cape 


118  THE  WESTERN  WOULD 


Henlopen,  (greatest  work  ^f  Us  kind  in  America,  cost  the  United 
States  $2.12~,40ti.  and  was  over  40  yeai  s  in  course  of  Construction. 

INDUSTRIES.— Agriculture  and  kindred  pursuits,  manu- 
facture of  flour,  lumber,  cotton,  iron,  steel,  leu'hv  r,  etc.,  fhip- 
building.  fishing-,  canning  and  preserving1.  Total  number  different 
industries,  7.-.O. 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution,  books,  pictures, 
wearing  apparel, tools  and  implements  to  value  of  Slain  Newcastle 
and  Sussex  counties,  and  $150  in  Kent.  Other  household  goods  to 
value  of  8300  in  Newcastle  and  $150  in  Kent  are  exempt,  and 
sewing  machines  and  wages  arc  exempt  in  New  Castle.  Assign- 
ment  can  not  prefer  any  creditor,and  does  not  release  the  debtor. 
Suits  involving  title  to  land  are  barred  in  2">  years,  on  notes,  etc., 
in  6  years,  on  accounts,  etc.,  in  3  years.  Arrests  for  debt  may  I  c 
irade  upon  affidavit  of  intention  to  remove  prope-  ty  from  pT:it<^ 
and  defraud  creditors.  Wife's  property  acquired  in  any  way  but 
from  husband  is  exempt  from  his  debts. 

LICENSE  CHARGES  per  pear,  peddlers  on  foot,  $50 ;  if  a 
citizen,  $8 ;  with  one  horse,  Sl*>;  two  horses,  $30.  and  $10 additional 
for  each  horse  above  2;  with  horse  and  wagon,  $£5;  two  horses 
and  wagon,  $35.  To  sell  clocks,  $50.  Tinware  810,  with  cart  $20. 

LIENS.— Wages  and  materials  to  the  amount  of  $25  are  liens; 
statement  of  claim  must  be  filed  in  90  dnys,  or  in  30  days  by  con- 
tractora.  No  priority  of  liens.  Judgments  are  liens  on  real  estate 
for  20  years.  One  month's  wages  to  amount  of  S50  is  alien  on 
real  estate  in  New  Castle  county.  Executions  levied  are  liens  for 
3  years. 


MARYLAND. 

One  of  the  thirteen  original  states, 
named  for  wife  of  Charles  II  of 
England.  Settled  1631  by  Captain 
Wil'iam  Clayborne  and  other  Vir- 
ginians. Granted  by  Charles  I  to 
Cecil  Calvert  (Lord  Baltimore)  June 
20,  1632.  First  English  colony 
landed  March,  1634.  Clayborne's 
party  driven  put.  The  latter,  by 
aid  of  Virginia  Non-ConformMs, 
1643,  took  control  of  the  territory. 
Proprietors  regained  possession 
1646.  Were  again  dispossessed  by 
Puritan  element  for  three  years, 
and  again  got  control.  Govern- 
ment of  colony  assumed  by  King 
William  III.  1688.  Baltimore  laid 

out  1730.  Proprietary  government  overthrown  December,  1774. 
Constitution  adopted  November,  177fi;  amended  1802,  1810,  1833, 
1845,  1851 ;  new  constitution  adopted  1851 ;  a  'ain  in  1804,  and  pres- 
ent one  1867.  Federal  congress  met  at  Annapolis  1784.  when 
Washington  resigned  command  cf  army.  Federal  constitution 
rat  itied  April  28,  1778.  Fredericktown  and  other  placr-s  burned  in 
wa-  of  1812,  and  Fort  McHenry  bombarded.  Battles  of  Bladenburg 
and  North  Point  fought.  First  blood  of  civil  war  shed  at  Balti- 
more April  19, 18fil.  Legislature  opposed  war  April  26,  1861,  but 
passed  resolutions  favoring  the  South.  Battle  of  Antietam  Sept. 
16  and  17, 1862.  Slavery  abolished  1864.  Union  soldiers  furnished, 
46.638 ;  No.  counties,  23 ;  miles  railroad,  1.083.  All  elections  Tues- 
day after  first  Monday  in  Nov.;  number  Senators,  26;  Repre- 
sentatives, 91;  sessions  biennial,  in  even-numbered  years ;  meet 
first  Wednesday  in  Jan.  and  hold  90  days;  term  of  senators,  4 
year--;  of  representatives,  2  years.  Number  of  electoral  votes, 
&  congressmen,  6.  Insane,  convicts  and  bribers  excluded  from 


GUIDE  AND   HAND-BOOK.. 


119 


voting.  Number  colleges,  11:  school  age,  5-30;  school  system 
fair.  Lee-al  interest  6£;  usury  forfeits  excels  of  iiitere&t, 

POPULATION.— IS?*,  939,943;  male,  46^,187;  lemaie,  472,756; 
native.  85i.l:>7  ;  colored,  2W.ZX).  Slaves,  1800,  b7,l89. 

TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.— 
Length  east  and  west,  196  miles;  width,  8  to  123  miles.  Area,  exciu- 


sive  of  Chesapeake  bay,  9,860  sq.  miles.  Area  of  the  bay,  2,840  sq. 
miles.  Acreage  of  state,  6,310,400,  water  surface  large.  West- 
ern and  northern  sections  mountainous  and  broken.  Peninsular 
region  sandy  and  low,  as  is  also  section  between  the  Chesapeake 
and  Potomac.  Mountains,  the  Blue  Ridge  and  Alleghenies.  Scenery 
flue,  rising  often  to  sublime.  Chesapeake  bay  almost  divides  the 


120  THE  WESTERN   WORLD 


state.  Tide-water  coast  nearly  500  miles.  Chief  navigable  rivers, 
Potomac,  Susquehanna,  Patuxent,  Patapsco,  empty  into  the  bay. 
At  the  west  is  the  Youghiogheny.  Many  small  streams,  bays  and 
inlets.  Numerous  small  islands  in  Chesapeake  bay.  Soil  varies 
from  very  poor  to  very  good.  Cleared  land  averages  $22.50.  and 
woodland  $14  per  acre.  The  average  value  of  latter  lowered  by 
mountain  sections.  Considerable  good  timber  remains!  Enor- 
mous coal  fields  west.  Copper  is  found  in  Frederick  and  Carroll 
counties;  iron  ore  in  Allegany,  Anne  Arundel,  Carroll,  Balti- 
more, Frederick  and  Prince  George's  counties.  Great  oyster, 
fish,  fruit  and  vegetable  producing  state.  Oyster  beds  most 
valuable  in  Union.  Wheat,  corn,  oats,  buckwheat  and  tobacco 
staple  crops.  Opportunities  for  capital  are  yet  excellent. 

CLIMATE.— Mild,agreeable  and  healthful; some  little  malaria 
in  lowlands.  Temperature  softened  by  ocean.  Winter  averages 
37  deg.,  summer.  78  deg.  Rainfall,  42  inches. 

CHIEF  CITIES.— Baltimore,  port  of  entry;  pop.  a*£.313.  An- 
napolis, capital;  contains  United  States  Naval  Academy;  pop. 
5,714.  Cumberland,  pop.  10.693. 

CHIEF  INDUSTRIES.— Agriculture  and  fruit  growing, 
oyster  and  other  fishing,  canning,  coal,  iron  and  copper  mining, 
manufacturers  of  cotton  goods,  etc. 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution :  Wearing  apparel, 
books,  tools  not  kept  for  sale  and  $100  in  other  property.  Assign- 
ments may  be  made,  and  if  ail  property  is  surrendered  and  no 
fraud  has  been  perpetrated,  debtor  is  discharged.  No  preferences 
can  be  given  by  the  assignor.  Suits  to  recover  land  barred  after 
twenty  years,  on  accounts,  etc.,  after  three  years,  and  on  notes, 
bonds,  etc.,  after  twelve  j'ears.  Wife's  propeity  exempt.  Hus- 
band not  liable  for  wife's  debts  prior  to  marriage.  No  arrest  for 
debt.  Wages  are  not  attachable  until  due,  and  8100  is  then  exempt. 

LICENSE  CHARGES.-Per  year,  peddlers  on  foot,  $40; 
•with  one  horse,  $50;  with  two  horses,  $70,  in  each  county. 
Drummers  may  be  charged  per  cent  on  stock  of  house;  not  en- 
forced. Cumberland.  $1  per  day. 

LiIENS.— Wages  and  materials  unpaid  are  liens  for  five  years, 
if  statement  is  filed  in  six  months.  Three  months'  wages  are  pre- 
ferred liens.  Kent,  Calvertand  St.  Mary's  counties  are  exempt 
from  the  lien  laws,  except  against  shipping.  Judgments  are 
liens  on  real  estate.  Liens  against  ships  are  good  but  two  years. 


DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA. 

Named  for  Columbus.  Fixed  as  seat  of  U.  S.  government  1790 
by  act  of  Congress.  Formed  out  of  Washington  Co.,  Md.  (64  sq. 
mi.)  and  Alexandria  Co.Va.  (36  sq.  mi.)  Government  removed  to 
District,  1800.  Captured  by  British  1814,  and  capitol,  executive 
mansion  and  congressional  library  burned.  Virginia  portion 
ceded  back  to  that  state  1846.  Slavery  abolished  1862.  No  fighting 
in  District  during  civil  war.  Governed  by  Congress  till  1871,whon  a 
legislative  body  of  33  (1 1  appointed  by  the  president  and  22  elect  ed) 
was  created.  Executive  officers  still  appointed  by  president. 
Officers  appointed  are  paid  by  the  United  States;  those  elected 
by  the  District.  Citizens  of  District  have  no  vote  for  national 
officers.  Schools  superior.  Legal  interest,  6$ ;  by  contract,  10 ; 
more  forfeits  entire  interest.  Population,  1880,  177,638.  Miles 
railroad,  18.  Surface  made  up  of  fiats  and  hills.  Similar  in  all 
features  and  products  to  Southern  Maryland.  Cities—  Wnsliin^-- 
ton  (capital  II.  S.),  pop.  147,307;  Georgetown,  pop.  12,578.  Exempt 
from  execution :  Furniture,  etc.,  $300,  tools  or  books,  etc.,  £.;ix), 
Stock  for  business.  $200,  wages  to  J20'>.  Assignments  can  prefer. 
Actions  for  account  void  after  3 ;  on  note  after  12  years.  Wife's 

Eroperty  exempt.    No  arrest  for  debt,.     Liens  hold  for  board, 
ibor  and  material.     Drummers'   License   $200   per  year  in 
Washing- ton. 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK.  121 


VIRGINIA. 

One  of  the  thirteen  original 
states ;  named  for  Queen  Elizabeth, 
the  Virgin  Queen ;  called  the  "Old 
Dominion  "  and  "  The  Mother  of 
Presidents."  First  English  settle- 
ment in  America,  1607.  Controlled 
by  the  London  company.  Trouble 
with  Indians,  1609  to  1624,  whencom- 
pauy  dissolved  and  colony  became 
subject  directly  to  the  crown. 
Slavery  introduced  1619.  Bacon's 
Rebellion  against  restriction  of 
franchise  and  high  taxes,  1676.  Will- 
iamsburgh  founded  1699,  where 
general  assembly  met,  1700.  Active 
in  French  War  of  1754,  and  in  Revo- 
lution and  subsequent  steps  toward 
founding  the  Union,  Virginia  won  the  title  of  "  First  of  the 
States."  British  burnt  Norfolk  1779,  and  Richmond  17H1. 
Yorktown  surrendered  Oct.,  1781,  practically  vanquishing 
England.  State  Constitution  adopted  1776,  and  a  new  one  1869. 
United  States  Constitution  ratified  June  25, 1788.  Capital  fixed  at 
Richmond  1779.  State  seceded  May  7, 1861,  and  capital  of  Con- 
federacy moved  to  Richmond  from  Montgomery,  Ala.  Arsenals 
and  navy  yards  seized  immediately  after  secession.  West  Vir- 
ginia separated  1861.  Scene  of  gigantic  energies  of  the  war. 
Bull  Run,  the  Wilderness,  Cold  Harbor,  Fredericksburg,  Port 
Republic  and  many  other  famous  battles  were  fought  on  Virginia 
soil.  Lee  surrendered  at  Appomattox  April  9,  1865,  ending  the 
war.  Fourteenth  and  fifteenth  amendments  to  United  States 
Constitution  ratified  1869.  State  returned  to  the  Union  Jan.  26. 
1870.  Originally  included  all  the  region  known  as  Territory  of 
the  Northwest.  Number  of  counties,  100.  All  elections  Tuesday 
after  the  first  Monday  in  November;  number  of  senators.  40; 
representatives,  100;  sessions  of  legislature,  biennial,  in  odd- 
numbered  years,  meeti-iy:  tirst  Wednesday  in  December;  holds  90 
days ;  term  of  senators,  4  years :  representatives,  2  years.  Num- 
ber electoral  votes,  12;  Congressmen,  10.  Lunatics,  idiots,  con- 
victs, duelists,  United  estates  army  and  non-taxpayers  of  capiti- 
tion  tax  excluded  from  voting.  Numbercolleges,  7;  schools,  4,502; 
school  age,  5-21 ;  school  system  fair.  Legal  interest,  6#,  by  con- 
tract 856:  usury  forfeits  all  over  6  per  cent.  Miles  of  railroad,  2  894. 
POPULATION,  18«0,  1,512,565;  male,  745,589 ;  female,  766,976 ; 
native,  1,497,869;  white,  880,858;  colored,  631,616;  Indians,  85; 
slaves.  1860,  490,«65. 

TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.- 
Greatest  length  east  and  west,  445  miles;  greatest  width,  190 
miles;  area,  4u,125  square  miles,  25,680,000  acres,  exclusive  of  water 
are i.  Coast  line,  130  miles;  tidal  frontage,  1,556  miles.  State 
divided  into  6  sections  parallel  with  coast  and  extending  back 
from  the  same  in  the  order  named  :  Tidewater ;  Middle,  Pied- 
mont Blue  Uidge.  Valley  and  Appalachian.  The  nature  of  these 
sections  is  indicated  by  their  titles.  The  scenery  of  the  state  is 
both  beautiful  and  grand.  The  Peaks  of  Otter,  the  Natural 
Bridge  and  the  Luray  caverns  are  among  its  natural  wonders. 
The  mountains  vary  i'rom  wild  to  rugged.  The  Alieghany  and 
Cumberland  mountains  at  the  west  are  the  most  notable.  The 
broken  districts  are,  however,  interspersed  with  valleys.  The 
principal  rivers  are  the  Potomac,  Rappahannock,  Rapidan,  James, 
York,  Elizabeth.  These  have  many  tributaries,  and  water  and 
water  powers  are  abundant.  The  soil  is  very  fertile  in  the  valleys, 
good  on  the  table-lands  and  poor  to  middling  on  the  mountains. 


122 


THE  WESTERN  WORLD 


The  state  is  rich  in  iron,  gold,  salt,  coal,  marble,  slate,  zinc,  lead, 
stone,  timber  and  other  natural  resources  as  yet  little  developed. 
Much  good  farming'  land  is  untilled.  Cleared  land  averages  $10 
jind  woodland  $6  to  $7  per  ffcre.  The  opportunities  for  homes 
and  enterprise  are  inviting.  All  cereals,  tobacco,  peanuts  (state 
ranks  first  in  this  crop  and  second  in  tobacco),  fruits,  grapes  and 
vegetables  are  extensively  raised.  Stock  thrives. 


CLIMATE  varies  owing  to  difference  in  elevation,  but  is 
genial  and  healthful,  cool  in  mountains  and  warm  in  lowlands  in 
summer  ;  winters  of  moderate  length,  and  seldom  severe  ;  winter 
temperature  averages  44,  summer  78  degrees.  Rainfall,  including 
snow,  averages  44  inches,  being  heaviest  on  the  coast. 

CHIEF   CITIES.— Richmond    (capital),   pop.,   63,600;   pop. 


GUIDE  AND   UAND-BOOK 


123 


of  A*orfolk,  21,966;  of  Petersburg  21,656.  Hampton -Roads  one 
of  best  harbors  on  coast.  Seven  ports  of  entry. 

INDUSTRIES. — Half  population  engaged  in  agriculture, 
balance  in  1 1 aarryin^,  ship-builuiiig,  lumbering,  the  trades,  iron 
working1,  meat  packing1,  tunning. 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution  rot  to  exceed  $2,000 
in  value  in  real  or  personal  property  or  money  to  any  Louse- 
holder  or  head  of  family,  and  besides  books,  pictures  to  the  value 
ol  Jilt,  wearing  apparel,  beds  and  bedding,  3  steers,  1  cow,  1  horse, 
household  furniture  to  a  limited  quantity,  tools  of  trade  to  the 
value  of  $100 ;  provisions  for  family,  sewing  machine,  and  to 
farmers,  in  crop  season,  a  yoke  of  oxen  or  a  team  and  farm  im- 
plements. In  assignment  creditors  may  be  preferred,  but  the 
debtor  is  not  released.  Suits  involving  real  estate  barred  after  15 
years  ;  on  bond  or  contract  under  seal,  after  20  years ;  on  indem- 
nity bond,  after  10  years;  on  accounts,  after  2  years,  and  on  all 
other  actions  after  5  years.  Wife's  property  and  income  from 
same  exempt  from  husband's  debts.  No  imprisonment  for  debt 
unless  debtor  attempts  to  leave  state,  when  creditor  may  have  him 
arrested. 

LICENSE  CHARGES.— Per  year— Peddlers  on  foot,  $50; 
sampl''  merchants,  t~5.  Drummers  tax,  $75  per  year. 

LIENS  for  labor  and  materials,  for  advances  made  on  crops 
and  on  baggage  and  other  property  of  buardeis,  are  euforcible. 


WEST  VIRGINIA. 


Originally  part  of  Virginia. 
Called  "Pan  Handle  State."  His- 
tory up  to  1861,  same  as  that  of  Vir- 
ginia. Kef  used  to  secede  April  22, 
1861.  F.  H.  Peirpoint,  elected  Gov- 
ernor, June  20,  1861.  State  called 
"  Kanawha,"  but  name  changed 
in  December.  State  Constitution 
adopted  1862,  and  Capital  fixed  at 
Wheeling,  and  moved  to  Alexan- 
dria, 1863;  the  authority  of  the  state 
extending  to  the  varying  territory 
of  Virginia,  held  by  Union  troops. 
Admitted  as  state,  June  20, 1863,  and 
Wheeling  again  made  the  Capital. 
Capital  changed  to  Charleston,  1870. 
Moved  again  to  Wheeling  1875,  and 

to  Charleston  again  in  1884.  Constitution  amended,  1872;  number 
Union  soldiers  furnished,  32,068;  state  advanced  rapidly  in  wealth; 
number  counties,  54;  miles  milroa'l,  1,026.  Governor  and  state 
officers  elected  quadrennially,  and  legislature  every  two  years, 
on  second  Tuesday  in  October:  number  senators,  26;  representa- 
tives, 65;  sessions  biennial,  in  odd-numbered  years,  holding  45 
days;  term  of  senators,  4  years;  of  representatives,  2  years. 
Number  electoral  votes,  6;  congressmen,  4;  number  voters, 
139,161;  native  white,  123,569;  colored,  6,384.  Insane,  paupers  and 
convicts  not  voting.  Flourishing  free  school  system:  school  age, 
6-21.  Legal  interest,  6£;  by  cojtract,  6 ;  usury  forfeits  excess  of 
interest. 

POPULATION,  1880,  618,457;  male.  314.495;  female,  303962: 
na'ive,  600,192;  white,  .W2.537:  colored,  25.886;  Indians,  29;  increase 
in  population  1*70  to  1880.  :-{S  per  cent;  number  slaves,  1860,  18,371. 
TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.— 
Length  N.  and  S.,  241  miles;  greatest  width,  158  miles;  area,  24,645  sq. 
miles,  15,772,800  acres.  Surface  mountainous  with  fertile  valleys; 


124 


THE  WESTERN  WOULD 


the  Alleghenies  principal  range.  Some  high  peaks.  Scenery  fine, 
and  much  visited  by  tourists.  Western  part  hilly,  but  gradually 
descends  from  2,500  feet  above  the  sea  toward  the  Ohio  river, 
where  the  elevation  is  800  to  900  leet.  The  chief  rivers  are  thf  Ohio, 
Potomac,  Big  Sandy,  Big  and  Little  Kanawha,  Guyandotte  and 
Monongahela,  all  navigable,  and  are  being  improved  by  govern- 
ment aid,  giving  easy  access  to  markets.  Smaller  stteams  are 
numerous.  Much  of  the  state  is  virgin  forest  densely  clothed 
with  oak,  walnut,  poplar,  ash,  and  other  timber  trees.  Minen.l 
springs  abound.  The  soil,  where  not  mountainous,  is  excellent. 
Mineral  wealth,  including  coal,  oil,  iron,  salt,  is  prodigal.  Staple 
products  include  the  minerals  named,  sheep,  hogs,  tobacco, 
wheat,  corn,  dairy  products,  fruit,  wine,  lumber.  Petroleum  is 
extensively  produced  in  Kitchie,  Pleasants,  Wood  and  Wirt  coun- 
ties. The  stwte  ranks  fifth  in  salt  and  coal;  seventh  in  buckwheat, 
iron  and  steel.  Cleared  laud  averages  $22.50;  woodland  $9  per 
acre. 

C.LIMATE  moderate;  average  temperature,  winter  30  deg.; 
summer.  70  deg.  Elevation  reduces  heat  which  in  the  valleys  aver- 
ages 70  to  78  dey.  Average  rainfall  42  to  45  inches.  Health  is  ex- 
cellent. 

CHIEF  CITIES,  Charleston,  Capital;  Wheeling,  pop.  30,737. 
Parkeifburg,  pop.  6,58?;  Martinsburg,  pop.  6,335. 

CHIEF  INDUSTRIES.  Sixty  per  cent,  of  laborers  engaged 
in  agriculture,  balance  in  mining,  iron  making,  lumbering',  manu- 
facturing, etc. 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution:  homestead  to  value 
of  $1,000,  where  acquired  as  such  by  will  or  deed,  or  where  inten- 
tion is  declared  to  keep  same  as  a  homestead  by  recorded  deed : 
personal  property  to  value  of  $200  to  married  men  or  widows  with 
children,  and  $50  worth  of  tools  in  all  cases.  Assignments  may  be 
made  with  preferences  but  do  not  release  debtor.  Action  on  all 
open  accounts  barred  in  3,  other  claims  in  5,  and  real  estate  judg- 
ments and  bond  claims  in  10  years.  Wife's  property,  unless  a  gift 
of  husband,  not  liable  for  his  debts.  A  married  woman  may 
contract  debts  separate  from  husband,  and  her  separate  estate  is 
solely  chargeable  with  them.  No  imprisonment  for  debt. 

LICENSE  CH  A.RGKES.  Peddlers  on  foot,  §10;  with  team,  $25 
per  year. 

LIENS  for  labor  and  materials  must  be  filed  in  60  days.  Notice 
must  be  given  employer  when  work  is  done  for  contractor  in  30 
days.  Suit  must  be  brought  in  6  months.  Judgments  are  liens 
on  real  estate. 


NORTH  CAROLINA. 

One  of  the  thirteen  original  states. 
Named  for  King  Charles  II.,  of  Eng- 
land. Called  "Old  North  State," 
"Fur  State  "  and  "  State  of  Turpen- 
tine." Discovered  by  Lord  Kaleieh, 
3584.  Settled  by  English,  1650,  and 
then  known  as  Albemarle  and 
united  with  South  Carolina.  Warred 
with  the  powerful  native  Tuscu- 
roras,  1712,  and  expelled  them  1",  13. 
S>  ,  i;r.-iited  from  South  Carolina,  1729, 
First  state  to  declare  itself  inde- 
pendent of  England  at  Mecklen- 
burg-, May,  1775;  State  i  onslitution 
adopted  Dec.,  1776.  Oct.  7,  1780, 
battle  of  King  Mountain ;  March  15, 
1881,  battle  of  Guilford  Court  House. 
Constitution  U.  8.,  ratified  Nov.  1789.  State  seceded  May  21, 1861, 
Forts,  etc.,  seized  by  state  troops.  Coast  section  scene  of  sharp 


GUIDE   AND  HAND  BOOK.  125 


fighting-  during  civil  war.  State  re-entered  Union  June,  1868. 
Amendments  to  U.  8.  Constitution  adopted  March,  1869.  Number 
of  counties,  96;  miles  of  railroad,  1,366.  All  elections  Tuesday 
after  first  Monday  in  Nov.;  number  senators,  50;  representatives, 
130;  sessions  biennial,  in  odd-numbered  years,  meetiug  Wednes- 
day after  first  Monday  in  January ;  hold  60  days ;  terms  of  sena- 
tors and  representatives,  2  years  each ;  number  electoral  votes, 
11 ;  number  congressmen,  9.  Convicts  are  excluded  from  voting. 
Public  school  system  adopted,  1840;  at  present  over  2,000  public 
schools  in  operation;  school  age,  6-21;  separate  schools  for  whites 
and  blacks.  Legal  interest  rate,  6 ;  by  contract,  8 ;  usury  forfeits 
interest.  Rate  of  tax  less  than  50c.  on  $100. 

POPULATION,  1880,  1,399,750;  male,  687,908 ;  female,  711,842 : 
native,  1,396,008;  colored,  531,277;  Indians,  1,230.  Slaves,  1860, 
331.059. 

TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.— 
Greatest  length  e.  and  w.  453  miles ;  greatest  width,  185  miles ; 
area,  52,240  square  miles,  or  33,433,600  acres,  less  area  water 
surface.  Coast  line  423  miles  with  many  harbors.  Western 
section  mountainous,  containing1  Alleghenies  and  Blue  Ridge 
mountains.  Elevation  3,500  to  nearly  7,000  feet  (Klingman's 
peak).  Other  high  points,  Mt.  Mitchell,  6,730  feet.  Sugar  mount- 
ain, 5,312  feet,  and  Grandfather  mountain,  5,900  feet.  Middle 
portion  is  hilly,  but  not  mountainous.  Coast  region  low,  level 
and  swampy.  Land  generally  sandy,  but  of  good  quality  and 
originally  heavily  timbered.  Much  virgin  forest  yet  remains. 
Swamps  extensive,  most  noted  of  them,  the  Great  Dismal,  north 
of  Albem'arle  sound,  contains  148,000  acres.  Chief  rivers,  Roan- 
oke,  Chowan,  Cape  Fear,  debouching  in  Albemarle  sound ;  Tar 
and  Neuse  emptying  into  Pamlico  sound,  and  the  Yadkin  and 
Catawba.  Small  streams  abundant;  water  powers  numerous;  corn 
best  crop;  tobacco  largest  product;  other  staples,  orchard  pro- 
ducts sweet  potatoes,  rice,  wheat,  oats,  peanuts,  cotton,  hay  and 
vegetables  in  the  order  named.  North  Carolina  ranks  first  in 
tar  and  turpentine  ;  second  in  copper ;  third  in  peanuts  and  to- 
bacco, and  fourth  in  rice.  Has  rich  deposits  of  gold  and  the 
baser  minerals.  Stone,  slate,  coal,  marble,  mica.  Excellent  fish- 
eries. Natural  resources  but  slightly  developed.  Ample  oppor- 
tunities for  homes,  enterprise  and  capital.  Cleared  land  averages 
$10,  and  woodland  $5  per  acre,  and  much  of  excellent  quality  in 
the  market  below  this  average.  Stock  thrives.  Scenery  varied, 
ordinary,  picturesque  and  grand.  Wheat  harvested  June.  Corn 
ripe  in  Sept. 

CLIMATE  varied,  warm  and  moist  in  low  sections;  cool  and 
dry  in  mountains,  with  all  iMtermediate  conditions.  Average 
winter  temperature,  49  deg.;  summer,  78  deg.  to  79  deg.  Frosts 
light  and  seldom  come  till  the  end  of  fall.  Rainfall,  including 
some  snow  in  mountains,  45  deg.  Health  good. 

CHIEF  CITIES.— Wilmington,  pop.  13,446;  Raleigh  (capital), 
pop.  7,790;  Charlotte  contains  assay  office,  pop.  4,473;  pop.  New 
Berne.  5.849. 

INDUSTRIES.— Agriculture  principal  occupation.  Fish- 
ii!.'.  inamnactureof  turpentine  and  lumber, mining,  etc.  Num- 
bor  of  different  industries,  3,800.  Number  boats  engaged  in  fish- 
eri"s.  about  3.000.  Copper  mined,  1,640,000  Ibs. 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution:  personal  to  value 
of  $.-,00.  Homestead  to  value  of  $1,000.  Assignment  relieves 
debtor  from  irnpri*onment,  but  does  not  discharge  debts.  Pre- 
ferences may  be  made.  Suits  to  recover  real  estate  barred  after 
JiO  years;  alter  21  years  where  adverse  claim  is  stt  up;  after  10 
years  on  judgments  or  mortgages;  after  7  years  on  Justice  of  the 
Peace  judgments;  afterOyearson  official  bond  orfor  injury  to  real 
estate ;  after  3  years  on  contracts,  or  for  fraud,  and  after  1  yer»P 
for  assault,  libel,  imprisonment,  etc.  Wife's  property  absolutely 
exempt  from  husband's  debts.  Arrests  for  debt  may  be  made  if 
cause  is  shown  the  court,  upon  affidavit,  of  intention  of  debtor  to 
leave  state  or  conceal  himself  or  property. 


126  THE     WESTERN   WORLD 

LICENSE  CHARGES.— Drummers  $100  per  year;  $250  for 
sewing  machine  or  liquor  salesmen. 

LIENS  are  given  mechanics  in  all  cases,  and  for  materials 
when  notice  is  gi  veil  the  owner  before  settlement  with  contractor 
and  notice  is  filed.  Agricultural  laborers  and  persons  making- 
advances  have  liens  oh  crop.  Owners  of  studs  or  jacks  hold 
liens  and  judgments  are  liens  on  real  estate  for  10  years. 


SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

One  of  the  thirteen  original  states; 
named  for  King  Charles  II.  of  Eng- 
land ;  called  "Palmetto  state." 
Settled  by  French  Huwuenots  1563 
at  Port  Koyal;  abandoned.  Cre- 
ated a  province  1663.  Permanently 
Settled  by  English  1070,  on  Ashley 
river;  Charleston  platted  1680.  A 
proprietary  government  under 
John  Locke's  constitution  till  IV^'O; 
separated  from  North  Carolina 
1729;  revolutionary  rei-ord,  brill- 
iant. English  sei  ed  the  territory, 
but  were  thrashed  at  Cowpens  and 
Eutaw  Springs,  and  penned  up 
in  Charleston.  State  constitution 
adopted  March  26,  1776.  Fnitcd  States  Constitution  ratified  May 
23,  1788.  First  railroad  in  United  States  using  American  locomo- 
tive, 1830.  State  adverse  to  high  tariff,  and  passed  nullification 
ordinance  Nov.  19,  1882,  at  Columbia,  declaring  the  tariff  not 
binding  on  the  citizens  of  the  state.  The  affair  compromised. 
First  state  to  secede,  Nov.,  I860.  Sumter  bombarded  April  12-13, 
18(il.  Ordinance  of  secession  repealed  Sept.,  1865,  and  slavery 
abolished.  New  constitution  adopted  18fi8;  re  entered  the  Union 
June,  18H8.  Number  counties,  34;  miles  of  railroad,  1,570.  State, 
congressional  and  presidential  elections,  1  uesday  after  first  Mon- 
day in  November;  State  senators.  35;  representatives,  124;  ses- 
sions annual,  meeting  fourth  Tuesday  in  November;  term  of 
senators,  4  years;  of  representatives,  2  years.  Number  elect- 
oral votes,  9;  number  congressmen,  7.  Jnsane,  inmates  of 
asylums,  alms-houses  and  prison's.  United  States  army  and 
duelists  excluded  from  voting.  Number  colleges,  9;  school  age, 
6-16;  school  system .  fair.  Legal  interest  1%,  by  contract,  any  rate. 
POPULATION,  1880,  995,577 ;  male,  490,4C8 ;  female,  605,169 ; 
native.  987,89];  white,  391,10-.;  Indian?,  131;  slnves,  1800.  402,406. 

TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.- 
Greatest  length,  2-O  miles;  greatest  width,  210  miles;  area.  30,170 
square  miles,  or  19,308,800  acres,  exclusive  of  water  surface; 
coast  line,  212  miles,  with  several  good  harbors.  Many  small 
islands,  famous  for  "  Sea  Island  cotton."  Surface  mountainous 
at  west,  traversed  by  IJlue  Kidge.  Highest  point,  Table  Mount- 
ain, 4,065  feet.  Mountains  descend  rapidly  to  the  "  middle,"  or 
''sand  ridge"  section.  This  gives  place  to  the  const  section,  ex- 
tending inland  over  100  miles,  low  and  flat.  Principal  rivers. 
Savannah,  navigable  130  miles.  Great  Peedee,  Santee,  and  Edisto; 
many  lesser  streams.  Magnificent  water  power,  undeveloped. 
Scenery  grand  in  mountains,  ordinary  elsewhere.  Soil  various, 
ftoni  medium  to  very  rich.  Forests  extensive  and  valuable. 
Land,  cleared  or  uncleared,  averages  $7  per  acre;  much  is  offered 
at  $3  to  $5.  Hice  and  cotton,  best  crops.  All  other  cereals,  as 
well  as  vegetables,  fruits,  grasses  and  fibre  crops  grow  well. 
Phosphate  beds  enormous;  gold,  mica,  marbles  of  all  colors; 
building  stones  found  in  large  quantities.  Turpentine,  tar,  lum- 


GUIDE   AND   HAND-BOOK. 


127 


ber  and  oysters  largely  produced.  Stock  thrives.  Gold  mines  in 
Abbeville,  Edgelicld  and  Union  counties:  first  mint  deposits, 
$3,500,  in  1827.  White  and  variegated  marbles  found  in  Spartan- 
burgh  and  Laurens  counties.  Splendid  opportunities  for  homes 
or  investment. 

CLIMATE.— Temperature  ranges  15  to  96  degrees  F.;  aver- 


age0, summer,  82  degrees;  winter,  51  degrees.  Average  rainfall, 
48  inches,  decreasing  to  the  south.  Health,  good.  Epidemics 
rare,  and  confined  to  seaports:  resort  for  consumptives.  Changes 
slight  and  infrequent;  frosts  rare. 

CHIEF    CITIES.— Charleston,    pop.,    1880,  49,984;    port    of 
entry;  seat  of  a  Catholic  bishop.    "United  States  customs  dis- 


128  THE   WESTERN  WORLD 


tricts  at  Beaufort,  Charleston  and  Georgetown.  Capital,  Co- 
lumbia. 

PRINCIPAL  INDUSTRIES.— Agriculture,  mining,  fish- 
ing, quarrying,  lumbering,  turpentine  and  tar  making,  and  phos- 
phate digging. 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution:  Homestead  to 
value  of  $1,UOO  and  product  thereof,  personal  property,  S'>ch  as 
household  furniture,  tools,  implements,  stock,  etc.,  to  value  of 
$500,  and  wearing  apparel.  No  exemption  from  claims  for  pur- 
chase money,  but  on  y  articles  purchased  can  be  taken,  unless 
other  property  exceeds  exemptions  above  given  Assignments 
can  be  made,  but  no  preferences  given,  and  debtor  is  not  dis- 
charged, except  from  arrest.  Suits  for  land  barred  after  'M 
years;  after  six  years  on  notes  not  secured  by  mortgage,  for 
contracts,  damage  and  fraud;  after  three  years  for  penalties; 
after  two  years  for  libel,  assault,  imprisonment,  etc.;  and  after 
ten  years  on  all  other  actions.  Wife's  property  of  all  kinds 
exempt  from  husband's  debts.  Arrests  may  be  made  of  non- 
residents or  those  contemplating  removal  from  state  or  conceal- 
ment both  in  actions  for  debt  and  for  damage,  or  recovery  of 
property  wrongfully  detained. 

LICENSE  CHARGES.— Peddlers,  $10  a  year  to  the  county. 
Drummers  tax,  Oharlestown  $10  per  month;  Beaufort  $5  and 
Bennettsville  $1  per  week ;  Peeples  and  Walhalla  $1  per  day. 

LIENS  are  given  for  labor,  materials,  advances  on  crops, 
improvements  on  land  and  work  on  vessels. 

STATE  LANDS  include  vacant,  forfeited  and  Land  Com- 
missioners' lands,  and  aggregate  about  1,POO,000  acres.  The  lands 
are  all  for  sale,  and  the  method  of  procedure  and  information 
concerning  them  may  be  obtained  of  the  secretary  of  state  at 
<  Columbia.  They  are  found  in  almost,  if  not  every,  county  in  the 
state,  and  partake  of  every  variety  of  soil  and  characteristic 
known  to  the  state.  Many  of  them  are  extremely  desirable,  and 
the  valuation  is  comparatively  low.  Vacant  lands  are  those 
which  do  not  appear  on  the  tax  duplicates  as  belonging  to  any- 
one, and  may  either  never  have  been  granted  by  the  state  or  have 
been  granted  and  abandoned.  These  constitute  about  1  000,000 
acres.  Purchasers  locate  their  land  by  actual  survey;  make  a 
written  application  to  purchase  to  the  secretary  of  state,  describ- 
ing same  and  enclosing  one-quarter  of  the  amount  they  offer;  also 
paying  all  cost  of  survey,  etc.  If  the  bid  is  accepted  a  deed 
issues,  and  the  balance  of  the  purchase  money  with  a  fee  of  $3  is 
payable.  If  the  bid  is  rejected,  the  one-quarter  paid  is  returned. 
These  lands  are  also  rented  in  the  same  manner.  Forfeited  lands 
are  those  acquired  and  held  for  taxes.  They  aggregate  856,000 
acres,  some  of  which  is  very  valuable,  and  cannot  be  sold  for 
less  than  tae  tax,  penalties,  etc.,  due  on  them.  These  average 
about  $3  per  acre.  Bids  for  them  are  considered  and  accepted  or 
rejected,  the  same  as  in  the  case  of  vacant  land,  except  that  no 
location  or  survey  is  necessary.  A  deed  conveys  absolute  title. 
Failure  to  complete  payment  forfeits  amount  paid.  The  Land 
Commissioners'  lands  amount  to  some  57,001  acres.  They  are  sold 
for  one-quarter  cash,  balance  in  three  equal  annual  installments, 
with  1%  interest.  Blanks  supplied  by  the  secretary  of  state. 


GUIDE   AND   HAND-BOOK. 


139 


GEORGIA. 

One  of  the  thirteen  original 
s*  atcs.  Named  for  Kinar  George  II. 
of  England.  Called  the  "Empire 
State  of  the  South."  Originally  a 
part  of  South  Carolina  and  claimed 
by  Spain.  Charter  granted  to  trus- 
tees for  the  colony  June  9,  1732. 
Savannah  founded  by  Gen.  James 
Edward  Oglethorpe,  1735.  Spanish 
war.  1839-42.  Colonial  charter  sur- 
rendered 1752,  and  Georgia  became 
a  royal  province.  General  assem- 
bly established  1755.  State  con- 
stitution adopted  1777,  another  1789, 
and  a  third  1798.  Active  in  the  Revo- 
lution, suffering  badly  from  devas- 
tation by  English.  Severe  wars  with 

Creeks  and  Cherokees  settled  by  treaties  1790  and  1791.  Creeks 
ceded  their  lands  to  the  United  States  1802.  Georgia  also  ceded 
all  lands  west  of  present  state  line,  held  under  English  charter, 
to  United  States.  Cherokees  removed  to  Indian  Territory  1838,  and 
their  lands  acquired  by  the  government.  State  seceded  January 
19,  1861.  Constitution  C.  S.  ratified  March,  1861.  Many  hard 
fought  battles"  during  civil  war,  including  Atlanta,  etc.  New 
constitution  adopted  1868,  and  another  1H77.  He-entered  Union 
1"70.  Number  counties,  137;  miles  of  railroad,  2,687;  state  elec- 
tions, first  Wednesday  in  October;  number  senarors,  44;  repre- 
sentatives, 17*;  sessions  biennial,  in  even-numbered  years,  meet- 
ing first  Wednesday  in  November,  hold  forty  days;  terms  of  sen- 
ators and  representatives,  two  years  each.  Number  electoral 
votes,  12 ;  number  congressmen,  10.  Idiots,  insane,  criminals  and 
non-taxpayers  excluded  from  voting.  Number  colleges.  7 ;  State 
University  at  Athens,  organized  1POI;  public  schools  excellent; 
school  age,  6-1 *.  No  state  license  law  governing  commercial 
travelers ;  but  Atlanta,  Athens,  Augusta  and  Savannah  exact  a 
tax.  Legal  interest,  7# ;  by  contract,  8£;  usury  forfeits  excess  of 
interest. 

POPULATION,  1880, 1,542,180 ;  male.  762,981 ;  female,  779,199; 
native,  1,531,616;  white,  816JSOO ;  Indians,  VM. 

TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.— 
Greatest  length  N.  and  S.,  321  miles;  greatest  width,  255  miles; 
area,  58,980  square  miles,  or  37,747,200  acres,  exclusive  of  water 
area.  Surface  diversified.  At  the  north  are  the  Blue  llidge, 
Etowah,  and  other  mountains.  The  center  is  elevated  table  land, 
gradually  descending  to  low,  swampy  country  near  the  coast  and 
along  the  Florida  border.  In  the  southeast  is  the  Okeflnokee 
swamp,  150  miles  in  circumference.  Coast  irregular  and  indented; 
shore  line  about  500  miles ;  three  sea-ports.  Principal  rivers,  the 
Savannah  and  Altamaha,  entering  the  Atlantic,  and  theOgeechee. 
Ocmulgee,  Oconee,  Satilla,  Allapaha,  Chattahoochee  and  Flint, 
are  all  navigable.  Mountain  streams  nre  rapid  with  picturesque 
eitaracts  and  immense  basins.  The  chief  falls  are  the  Tallulah, 
in  Habersham county,  Toccoa,  in  theTugalo,  180  feet  high;  Tow- 
aliga,  in  Monroe  county,  and  the  Amicolah, which  descend  400  feet 
in  a  quarter  mile.  Scenery  everywhere  picturesque;  often 
grand.  Plenty  of  good  water.  Soil  very  fine  in  central  region; 
rocky  at  north,  but  superior  in  the  valleys;  sandy  and  rich  at  the 
south.  Corn,  wheat,  oats,  cotton,  rice,  sweet  potatoes,  tobacco, 
sua-ar  and  melons,  cHef  agricultural  staples.  Fruit,  both  tem- 
perate and  semi-tropical,  thrives.  Stock  flourishes.  Wool-grow- 
ing important.  Gold  is  extensively  mined.  Coal,  iron,  marble, 
exist.  Cleared  land  averages  §8,  and  woodland  $5.EO  per  acre. 


130 


THE  WESTERN  WORLD 


Attractions  very  inviting  to  homeseckers  and  capital.  One-fourth 
area  heavily  timbered  with  yellow  pine  of  great  value  for  lum- 
ber, turpentine,  etc.;  natural  grass  abundant  and  nutritious. 

CLIMATE.— At  the  north  mild  and  extremely  healthy; 
hotter  in  the  lowlands.  Ranjreof  temperature,  30deg.  to  105  deg.; 
average,  winter.  49  deg. ;  summer,  82  deg.  Rainfall  averages  55 
inches.  Lowlands  malarial  at  certain  seasons. 


MAP  OF 
GEORGIA 

opulation  -.1.549,359 
;.miles_.  56.980 


CHIEF  CITIES.— Savannah,  pop.  21,S°0;  Brunswick, 
pop.  2,900.  and  St.  Mary's,  pop.  fiOO,  ports  of  entry.  Colum- 
bus contains  the  largest  cotton  mill  in  the  South  ;  pop.  10,123. 
Atlanta,  capital ;  pop.  37.409. 

PRINCIPAL,  IWDITSTBIES.— Three-fourths  population 
engaged  iu  agriculture.  Remainder  iu  various  pursuits.  Maim- 


GUIDE  AKD  HAND-BOOK.  131 


factoring  important.  Raw  materials  becoming  more  abundant 
and  cheap. 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution:  Arms,  horses 
and  equipment  of  militia,  wearing  apparel,  tools  of  trade.  $30 
worth  of  provisions,  one  mule  or  cow  worth  $50,  and  ten  swine. 
Each  head  of  family,  or  guardian  or  trustee  of  minors,  is  entitled 
to  a  homestead  to  the  value  of  $l,OuO,  in  either  personal  or  real 
property.  Assignments  may  be  made  and  give  preference.  If 
all  property  is  surrendered  a  discharge  is  granted.  Suits  iuvqlv- 
ing  title  to  land  barred  or  on  bond  after  twenty  years ;  after 
seven  years  when  written  evidence  of  title  exists;  after  six 
years  on  notes  or  written  contracts;  after  four  years  on  ac- 
counts for  damage  for  injury  to  person  or  property,  and  after 
one  year  for  injury  to  reputation.  \Vife's  property  entirely  ex- 
empt from  husband's  debts.  Imprisonment  for  debt  not  per- 
mitted, but  arrest  may  be  made  on  affidavit  of  intention  to  secrete 
property.  Wages  cannot  be  garnisheed. 

LICENSE  CHARGES.-Peddlers,  per  year,  $30  to  the 
county.  Drummers  license,  Savannah,  $100  per  year;  Ilartwell 
and  .Tes'un,  £5  per  day. 

LIENS  are  given  mechanics.but  must  be  filed  in  3  months  after 
work  is  complete,  and  suit  begun  within  a  year  after  debt  is  due. 
Liens  are  also  given  to  machinists  for  labor  and  supplies,  to  em- 
ployes and  officers  of  boats  and  all  classes  of  laborers,  millwrights, 
ston  ^-cutters,  etc. 

STATE  LANDS.— Georgia  has  no  lands  to  dispose  of  except 
what  is  known  as  "  Head  llights,"  granted  only  to  residents. 


FLORIDA. 

Named  for  its  flowers  or  for 
"  Flowery  Easter,"  having  been 
occupied  on  Easter  Sunday.  Called 
the  "  Peninsula  State.1'  Visited 
1513,  by  Ponce  de  Leon  in  search  of 
a  supposed  fount  of  Eternal  Life. 
Granted  by  Charles  V,  of  Spain, 
1526,  to  Pamfilo  de  Narvaez.  Indi- 
ans resisted  colonists  till  lf>65,  when 
first  settlement  was  made  by  Span- 
ish at  St.  \ugustine.  French  Pro- 
testant refugees  disputed  territory 
with  Spanish,  1560  to  1570  England 
laid  claim  to  northern  part, '584,  and 
captured  St.  Augustine,  1586.  Wars 
withCarolina  and  Georgia  frequent, 
1700  to  1800.  Spain  ceded  entire 

territory  to  Prtffkuid  in  exchange  for  Cuba,  1763.  Ceded  back  to 
Spain,  1783.  Portion  west  of  Perdido  river  occupied  by  United 
States,  1811.  Pensacola  taken  from  England  by  Gen.  Jackson 
d»ring  war  of  1812.  Entire  province  ceded  to  United  States, 
1819.  Organized  as  a  territory.  1832.  Seminole  war,  1835  to  1842. 
Admitted  as  a  state,  March  3,  1845.  Seminoles  removed  west  of 
Mississippi  river,  1858.  State  seceded  Jan.  10, 1861.  New  constitu- 
tion adopted  and  state  re-entered  Union  July  4, 1868.  Number 
counties,  39;  miles  of  railroad,  1,331;  all  elections,  Tuesday  after 
tirst  Monday  in  November;  number  senators,  32;  representa- 
tives, 76;  sessions  of  legislature  biennial,  in  odd-numbered  years, 
meeting  lucsday  after  first  Monday  in  January;  ho  <'s  60  days; 
term  of  senators,  4;  of  representatives,  2  years.  Number  elec- 
toral votes,  4;  congressmen,  2.  Idiots,  insane,  criminals,  betters 
on  elections  aivl  duelists  ex<Muded  from  voting.  Schools,  fair; 
school  age,  4-21.— Legal  interest  8;»;  by  contract,  any  rate. 


132 


THE   WESTERN    WOULD 


POPULATION,  1880.  209,493  ;  male,  136,144;  female,  133,049; 
native,  259,584;  white,  142,' 05;  Indians,  JoU;  slaves,  18tO,  61,745. 
Estimated  increase.  1885,  U%. 

TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.- 
Four-fit'ths  of  Florida  is  in  the  peninsula,  which  is  about  850 
miles  N.  und  S.  and  105  miies  F..  and  W.  Remainder  is  the  nar- 
row Strip  alcmg  the  Gull',  34^  miles  E.  and  W.  aiid  30  to  50  miles 


6 


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MAP  OP 

FLORIDA 

Population 21-0,493 


'  '  S*       rt-JUaa  11ll~r;," — V  Qyontia        /v 


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North-western     N^ 

Portion  of  %\\' 

FLORIDA  %^j 


I 


N.  and  R.  Area,  59,268  sq.  miles,  37,931.520  acres:  21«t  state  in  size. 
State  surrounded  by  sea  except  on  north,  toast  line  over  1,200 
miles.  Good  harbors  rare,  mostly  on  Gulf.  South  and  west  at 
the  head  of  the  peninsula  are  the  Kcj'S  and  Tortug-as,  Coral 
islands.  At  the  north  surf  ace  is  fla"  rises  gradually  to  center,  250 
feet  being  the  greatest  elevation,  and  sinks  southward  as'aiu  into 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK.  133 


the  Everglades.  The  northern  section  is  a  limestone  formation, 
aifordingafairsoil.  In  the  middle  section  are  found  tracts  of  great 
richness,  interspersed  with  sand  ridges.  At  the  south,  the  soil 
•when  dry  or  reclaimed,  is  inexhaustible.  Extending1  south  as  far 
as  Charlotte  Harbor  through  the  center  of  peninsula  is  the  Back- 
bone ridge,  Ii5  feet  high  and  50  miles  wide.  Shores  very  low, 
frequently  not  two  feet  above  tide  water.  Coral  growth  at 
south  continues.  The  surface  is  dotted  with  lakes,  many  small 
and  several  of  large  area.  Drainage  of  these  an  1  the  Everglades 
is  progressing  on  a  mammoth  scale,  and  the  reclaimed  lands  will 
eventually  become  very  valuable.  The  rivers  are  sluggish.  The 
navigable  ones  are  the  St.  Johns,  Appalachicola,  Perdido,  Char- 
lotte and  Suwanee.  Many  lesser  ones  exist.  Canals  connecting 
the  larger  lakes  and  the  gulf  and  Atlantic  are  projected.  The 
excellence  of  soil  and  clim-ite,  the  cheapness  of  iand,  etc.,  are 
attracting  a  large  northern  immigration.  Opportunities  for 
homes  or  enterprise  are  excellent.  The  scenery,  excepts  in  its 
perpetual  summer,  is  uninteresting.  The  staple  products  are 
corn  (most  valuable  crop),  sugar,  molasses,  rice,  cotton,  oats, 
tob.tcco,  vegetables  of  all  kinds,  peaches,  oranges,  and  all  tro- 
picul  and  semi-tropical  fruits,  cocoanuts,  lumber,  fish,  oysters, 
etc.  Poultry  and  stock  raising  are  successful.  Cleared  land 
averages  SIS,  wood  land,  $3,  swamp,  $',  and  school  land  $1.25  per 
acre.  Much  forest  remains.  Timber  chiefly  pine,  of  moderate 
sizo,  f roe  from  undergrowth.  Game  abounds. 

CLIMATE  superb.  No  snow.  Frosts  rare  at  north,  un- 
known at  south.  Thermometer  ranges  30  deg.  to  100  de»r.,  rarely 
above  90.  Winter  averages  59  deg.  Summer,  81  deg.  Breezes 
blow  across  from  gulf  to  Atlantic  and  vice  versa,  temper  the 
heat  and  keep  air  dry  and  clear.  Averatre  rainfall,  55  inches, 
chiefly  in  summer.  Groat  resort  for  invalids.  Some  malaria  at 
the  south,  but  not  pprious. 

CHIEF  CITIES.— Key  "West, good  harbor  and  naval  station; 
pop.,  9,890.  Jacksonville;  pop.,  7,650.  St.  Augustine,  oldest 
town  in  United  States.  Tallahassee,  pop.,  3,000,  capital.  Pensa- 
cola,  pop..  fi.K4.">. 

PRINCIPAL  INDUSTRIES.— Almost  the  entire  laboring 
population  is  engaged  in  agriculture  and  fruit  growing.  Fish- 
ing for  fish  and  oysters  and  lumbering  largely  followed 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution  :  Homestead  of  160 
acres,  with  improvements  in  country,  or  a  residence  and  half 
acre  in  city,  and  in  both  cases  SI, 000  worth  of  personal  property. 
An  additional  81,000  is  exempt  from  debts  made  before  May  10, 
1885.  Assignments  may  be  made  with  or  without  preference, 
but  does  not  discharge  the  debtor.  Suits  on  real  estate  barred 
after  7  years,  after  20  years  on  judgments  or  sealed  writings,  after 
5  years  on  other  writings,  after  3  years  on  liability  created  by- 
statute,  except  for  fraud.  After  2  years  on  accounts,  or  for  libel, 
slander,  or  assault.  Wife's  property  exempt  from  all  debts  of 
husband.  No  arrost  allowed,  except  for  f-tmd. 

LICENSE  CHARGES.— Drummers,  $25  per  year ;  peddlers 
on  foot,  $10,  with  horse  and  cart,  $2J  ;  with  boat,  20  tons  bu.den 
or  loss,  Sr.'O;  over  20  tons,  $W. 

GOVERNMENT  LANDS.— There  are  government  lands  in 
almost  every  county  in  Florida  subject  to  pre-emption,  home- 
stead and  cash  entry.  They  partake  of  all  the  characteristics 
of  the  state,  and  range  from  sandy  or  swampy  to  excellent  in 
quality,  and  include  timber  lands  and  a  few  small  prairies.  Near 
the  towns  they  have  been  picked  over,  but  in  the  interior  good 
tracts  may  be  found.  THE  LAXD  OFFICE  for  the  state  is  at 
Gainesville. 

STATE  LANDS.— Florida  owns  several  million  acres  of 
J;md  of  varying  quality,  which  are  offered  at  nominal  prices. 
They  are  located  throughout  the  state.  Under  this  head  may  be 
mentioned  also  the  school  lands,  comprising  a  very  large  area. 

RAILROAD  LANDS.— Several  grants  of  land  have  been 
made  in  aid  of  railroads,  and  these  are  offered  at  $1.25  per  acre  up. 


134 


THE  WESTERN  WORLD 


ALABAMA. 

Name,  Indian;  means,  "We  rest 
here."  Visited  by  De  Soto,  1541. 
Mobile  founded  by  French,  1702. 
Ceded  to  England  by  France,  lit*]. 
All  south  of  31  deg.  ceded  to  Spain 
by  England  1783.  The  remainder 
became  a  part  of  United  States  by 
success  of  the  Revolution.  Terri- 
tory originally  part  of  Georgia,  and 
included  Mississippi.  Separated 
from  Georgia  17"i8,  under  name  of 
Territory  of  Mississippi.  Spanish 
portion  acquired  by  conquest  in 
war  with  England  1812,  the  English 
being  expelled  from  Mobile,  which 
they  had  ser/ed.  Cre^k  war  insti- 
gated by  English,  1813,  who  as- 
sisted in  massacre  of  Ft.  Mims.  liattles  of  Tulladega,  Emuck- 
faw  and  Horseshoe  Bend  broke  power  of  Creeks.  Mississippi 
separated,  1817,  and  Territory  of  Alabama  formed.  Admitted  to 
Union  Dec.  14, 1819.  Seceded  Jan.  11,  1861.  Montgomery  made 
capital  of  Confederacy  Feb.  4, 1861.  Same  subsequently  removed 
to  Richmond,  Va.  New  constitution  adopted  Feb.,  1868,  and  the 
state  re-entered  Uni9n  July  H.  Present  constitution  adopted 
1875.  Number  counties,  66;  miles  of  railroad,  2,191.  State  elec- 
tions biennial,  first  Monday  in  Aug.;  number  senators,  33;  re- 
presentatives, 100;  sessions  of  Legislature  biennial,  in  even- 
numbered  years,  meeting  Tuesday  after  second  Monday  in 
\ov.,and  holding  50  days;  term  of  senators,  4  y«ars;  of  repre- 
sentatives, 2  years.  Number  of  electoral  votes,  10;  congressmen, 
8.  Indians,  idiots,  convicts  of  crime  excluded  from  voting. 
Number  colleges,  4;  school  age,  7-21;  schools  good.  Legal  interest, 
8$;  usury ^forfeits  entire  interest. 

nat 
sla 

TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.— 
Lenuth  N.  and  S.,  332  miles;  width  averugcs  !->..  miles,  area  51,r>4iisq. 
miles,  32,935,600  acres.  Surface  at  N.  E.  rugged, extending  into 
Allegheny  mountains,  gradually  descends,  forming  rollirg 
prairies  at  center  of  state  and  flat  low  stretches  at  the  south. 
Sea  coast  68  miles.  Mobile  bay  best  harbor  on  the  gulf  Princi- 
pal rivers,  Tennessee,  Chattahoochee,  Coosa,  Tombigbre  and 
Alabama;  the  latter  two  uniting  from  the  Mobile:  1,600  miles  of 
navigable  waterways:  smaller  streams  abundant.  The  mount- 
ainous section,  80x165  miles  square,  has  fair  soil,  and  is  enor- 
mously rich  in  coal,  iron,  lime  and  sandstone,  timber  and  various 
minerals.  The  growth  here,  as  yet  but  begun,  is  marvelous. 
Middle  section  soil  fertile  and  varied.  Coast  region  sandy,  but 
by  proper  cultivation  prolific.  Vegetable  farming  near  Mobile 
very successfu I.  Cotton,  mules,  iron,  coal,  sugar,  rice,  tobacco, 
hay,  oats,  corn,  staple  products.  Fruits  are  a  good  crop.  Much 
forest  remains.  Cleared  hind  averages  S7.,  and  woodland  $4  per 
acre.  State  ranks  fourth  in  cotton,  fifth  in  mules  and  molasses, 
sixth  in  iron  ore  and  s-ugar,  seventh  in  rice.  Opportunities  for 
homes  and  Investment  superior. 

CLIMATE.—  Temperature  mild;  cold  at  north;  warm  at 
south;  average,  winter,  47  <leg.;  summer,  81  deg.;  July  hottest 
month:  range  of  thermometer,  20  to  95  deg.,  sometimes  for  a 
day  reaching  102  dear  Rainfall,  50  inches.  Snow  or  ice  very 
rare.  Trees  bloom  in  Feb.  Health  as  good  as  the  average,  a*> 
least. 


GUIDE   AND   HAND  BOOK. 


135 


CHIEF  CITIES.— Montgomery  (capital),  pop.  16,713;  Hunts- 
ville,  pop.  4,977:  Sehnn,  pop  7.529;  Mobile,  pop.  29,132. 

LEADING  INDUSTRIES.— Agriculture  and  kindred  pur- 
suits, mining,  iron  making,  lumbering,  etc.  Number  industries, 
2,070. 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution:  personal  property 
to  value  of  §1,000;  homestead  not  exceeding  80  acres,  or  house 


CC  •     I.K      ¥     ^^GmmslWuKh/ 

I.Urf&JoB  Jb. A     ^-4»ri<,n   lPl«tn«mtX    — *p0^. 
•^J       l-V        .,,    mori'^-^3\Vetuoipl:^" 

rk  ^  ^UrS^^^^iO^ 
-^1  Vj>ttyton       **«.  ^"V^^-Aro  n^  /^5G       nr^_^— « 


Ur.lrtK 


and  lot  in  town  to  value  of  $2,100.  Assignments  cannot  give 
preference,  and  do  not  release  debtor.  Suits  lor  land  and  on 
judgment  barred  after  20;  on  sealed  contracts  and  against  officers 
after  10;  for  trespass,  etc..  alter  0;  on  contract  after  5;  on  account 
after  3.  and  on  actions  founded  on  wrongs  after  1  year.  Wife's 
estate  exempt;  she  cannot  do  business.  If  widow  has  no  sepa- 


136  THE  WESTERN   WORLD 


rate  estate  she  takes  one-third  land  of  which  husband  died  seized 
in  fee,  or  half  if  he  left  no  children.    No  arrest  for  debt. 

LICENSE  CHARGES.— Peddlers  in  wagon,  $50;  on  horse, 
$20;  on  foot,  $10,  in  each  county,  except  when  products  of  the 
state  are  sold.  Drummers'  tax,  glO  to  state,  £5  to  county  and  30 
cents  fee;  Mobile,  $3  per  day,  $7;25  per  week  (rarely  enforced). 

LIENS. — Advances  for  crops  if  so  stated  in  note  and  re- 
corded in  60  days  in  probate  judge  s  office  are  liens  on  crop. 
Landlords  have  liens  on  crop  tor  rent.  Liens  are  als  >  given  for 
labor  and  material.  To  enforce  these  suit  must  be  brought  by 
laborers  in  1,  contractors  in  6,  and  all  other  persons  in  4  months. 

GOVERNMENT  LANDS,  subject  to  cash,  homestead  and 
pre-emption  entry,  exist  to  a  large  extent  in  Alabama.  They 
comprise  every  variety  of  mineral,  agricultural  and  grazing 
lands,  and  are  scattered  through  almost  every  county,  with 
every  variety  of  soil.  The  LAND  OFFICES  are  at  Huntsville  for 
land  in  the  northern  portion,  and  at  Montgomery  for  lauds  in  the 
southern  part  of  the  state. 

STATE  LANDS,  with  the  exception  of  swamp  and  over- 
flowed lands,  in  dispute,  and  some  limited  tracts  of  school  land, 
are  disposed  of. 

RAILROAD  LANDS  to  the  extent  of  many  thousand  acres 
are  otfered  low  on  good  terms. 


MISSISSIPPI. 

Indian  name  moaning  Father  of 
Waters.  Called  "  liayou  State." 
Visited  by  De  Soto,  1542;  by  La 
Salle,  1683.  Settled,  Biloxi,  1699,  by 
M.  de  Iberville.  Formed  a  part  of 
the  territorv  of  Louisiana,  and  be- 
longed to  France.  Yazoo  settle- 
ments made  1703;  others  followed. 
All  settlers  killed  by  Indians,  1728. 
Chickasaws  subdued,  1733.  North- 
ern portion  acquired  by  England, 
17t'3.  Oulf  section  transferred  to 
Spain  a  short  time  after.  Kegion 
claimed  by  Georgia  at  time  of 
Revolution,  and  what  is  now  Ala. 
and  Miss  was  organized  as  Terri- 
tory of  Mississippi  alter  peace  was 

secured.  Georgia  ceded  to  U.S.,  18(2.  all  possessions  south  of  Ten- 
nessee line.  Gulf  Coast  acquired  by  conquest,  1811.  Separated 
from  Ala.  and  state  constitution  adopted,  1817.  Admitted  us  a 
state.  Dec.  10, 1817.  Seventh  state  admitted.  Capital  alternately 
at  Washington,  Columbia  and  Natchez  till  fixed  at  Jackson,  ISfci. 
State  active  in  war  of  1814  and  with  Mexico.  Seceded  1861. 
Corinth,  Shiloh,  the  most  notable  battles  of  the  rebellion  in  the 
state.  Constitution  amended,  1865;  new  constitution  adopted, 
1869,  and  amended.  1877.  State  re-entered  Union,  1870.  Number 
counties,  74:  number  miles  of  railroad,  1,844.  State  officers 
elected  quadrennially,  and  legislature  every  two  years ;  all  elec- 
';ons,  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  Nov.;  sessions  of  legislature 
biennial,  in  even-numbered  years,  meeting  Tuesday  after  first 
Monday  in  Jan.;  number  senators,  37;  representatives.  120;  term 
of  senators,  4  years ;  of  representatives,  2  \  ears  ;  number  electoral 
votes,  9;  congressmen,  7 ;  voters,  238,532 ;  colored,  190^78;  loreign 
white,  5,674.  Idiots,  insane  and  criminals  excluded  from  voting. 
Number  colleges,  3;  school  age,  5-21 ;  school  system,  fair.  Legal 
interest,  6£  ;  by  contract,  1055;  usury  forfeits  excess  of  interest. 
Miles  railroad,  1844,26. 


GUIDE   AND  HAND-BOOK. 


137 


POPULATION,  1880, 1,131,597:  male,  567,177:  female,  564,420; 
native,  1,1£J,388;  foreign,  9,209  ;  white,  479,398  ;  colored,  650,291; 
Chinese,  51 ;  Indiaus,  1,857;  slaves,  1860,  436,rt31.  Estimated  in- 
crease, 1885. 

G 

are 


312  miles.  Harbors,  IMIoxi,  Mississippi  City,  Pascagoula  and 
Shieldsburg1.  Surface  undu  lilting-  with  a -gradual  slope  from  ele- 
vation of  700  feet  at  N.E.,  W.  and  S.  to  the  Mississippi  and  Gulf. 
Some  hills  reach  SO'1  feet  above  surround  ing1  country  From  Tenn. 
line  S.  to  Vicksburg-,  Mississippi  bottoms  wide,  flat,  with  more  or 
less  swamp  and  covered  with  cypress  and  oak.  Soil  an  iuexhaust- 


138  THE  WESTERN  WORLD 


ible  alluvium.  Central  and  southern  portions  100  to  250  feet  above 
the  sea,  hilly,  with  stretches  of  prairie  ;  soil  light  but  productive, 
at  south  sandy  with  pine  growth.  Islands,  Cat,  Ship,  and  smaller 
ones  10  miles  from  coast,  all  sandy.  Rivers  Mississippi,  Yn/oo, 
Big  Black,  Bayou,  Pierre,  Pearle,  Pascagoula,  Cold  Water,  Ten- 
nessee, Tombigbee,  with  one  or  two  exceptions,  all  navigable  by 
large  boats.  Smaller  streams  innumerable.  All  bottoms  ex- 
tremely fertile.  Cotton  most  prolific  in  bottoms.  Staple  crops, 
cotton,  rice,  sugar,  molasses,  tobacco,  corn,  sweet  potatoes, 
grapes  for  wine.  Fruits  and  vegetables  are  splendid  crops,  but  are 
neglected.  Forest  area  large ;  pine,  oak,  chestnut,  walnut  and 
magnolia  grow  on  uplands  and  bluffs,  long-leafed  pine  on  islands 
and  in  sand  Lumbering  important  industry;  mules  raised  with 
great  success  State  ranks  second  in  cotton,  filth  in  rice.  Oyster 
and  other  fisheries  valuable.  Cleared  land  averages  $7.50  per  acre : 
woodland,  J3.  No  state  offers  easier  means  of  success  to  settlers. 
No  minerals  i<re  found. 

CLIMATE  mild,  snow  and  iee  unknown.  Summers  long  and 
•warm  ;  July  and  August,  hottest  months.  Temperature  averages, 
summer,  80  deg.;  winter  50  deg.  Rainfall,  40  in.  at  north,  58  in.  at 
south  Highlands  very  healthy.  Malaria  in  bottoms. 

CHIEF  CITIES.— Jackson,  (capital),  pop.,  5,204 ;  Natchez, 
pop.,  7,058  ;  yfcksbursr,  nop..  11.814. 

LEADING-  INDUSTRIES.— Agriculture,  lumbering,  fish- 
ing and  canning 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution:  team  or  yoke 
cattle,  2  cows  and  calves,  5  hogs  or  sheep,  150  bu.  corn,  300  Ibs. 
meat,  300  bundles  fodder,  10  bu.  wheat  or  rice,  vehicles  to  value 
of  $100,  sewing  machine,  household  furniture  to  value  of  $ldO, 
growing  crops,  tools  of  irade,  books,  etc.,  of  profession,  arms  of 
militia,  homestead  of  ICO  acres,  or  to  value  of  $2,000.  Assignments 
administered  by  courts.  Suits  for  land  barred  after  10:  on  notes, 
bills  and  written  contracts,  trespass,  etc.,  after  6;  on  judgments 
after  7;  for  verbal  contracts  after  3,  and  for  assault,  slander,  etc., 
after  1  year.  Wife's  estate,  income  and  earnings  exempt.  She 
can  contract  and  sue  and  be  sued  separately.  No  arrest  for 
debt. 

LICENSE  CHARGES.— Peddlers  on  foot,  $5;  with  1  hor--e, 
$10:  with  horse  and  cart,  $20;  with  2  horses  and  cart,  J25  in  <  ach 
county.  Peddlers  of  tin  and  pottery  made  in  the  state  pay  no 
license.  Drummers  pay  at  Natchez  $2.50  per  day. 

LIENS  are  given  on  crops  for  rents  of  land,  advances  and 
labor;  on  building  for  labor  and  material.  Suit  must  be  brought 
in  t;  month's.  Judgments  are  liens  on  all  property. 

GOVERNMENT  LANDS  are  found  in  smaller  or  kmrer 
areas  in  a  majority  of  the  counties  of  the  state,  but  the  bulk  of 
them  are  in  the  pine  district  and  on  the  Gulf  coast,  and  partake 
of  the  character  of  the  section  in  which  they  are  found.  They 
offer  inviting  opportunities  to  homesteaders,  pre-emptors.  or  cash 
buyers  for  a  cheap  home.  The  soil  is  generally  good.  The  LAND 
OFFICE  for  the  entire  state  is  at  Jackson. 

STATE  LANDS  to  the  extent  of  over  1,000,000  acres  are  held 
for  sale  by  the  auditor  of  public  accounts  at  Jackson,  and  i're 
purchasable  at  low  figures.  They  nre  chiefly  lands  forfeited  for 
tax,  and  are  dotted  all  over  the  state.  Titles  are  good. 


9UIDE   AND    HAND-BOOK. 


139 


LOUISIANA. 

Named  for  Louis  XIV.  of  France. 
Called  the  "  Pelican  State"  and  the 
"Creole  State."  Visited  by  La  Salle 
1691.  First  settled  by  French  on 
lower  Mississippi  and  Gulf.  Origi- 
nally included  all  ter  itory  west  of 
the  Mississippi  river  to  the  Rocky 
mountains  and  north  to  British 
America,  with  a  large  area  on  the 
gulf  east  of  the  Mississippi.  Propri- 
etary charter  issued,  1717,  to  Missis- 
sippi Company  und  John  Law,  and 
government  formed.  New  Orleans 
founded  by  the  French,  1718  Pro- 
prietary government  collapsed,  1733. 
First  sugar  cane  cultivated  in 
United  States  neur  New  Orleans, 

1751.  First  sugar  mill,  1758.  Province  ceded  to  Spain,  17^2.  First 
shipment  of  cotton  abroad,  1784.  Ceded  back  to  France,  1800,  and 
purchased  by  United  States,  1803,  for  815,000,000.  What  is  now 
Louisiana  organized  as  Territory  of  Orleans.  Remainder  of  the 
district  still  retaining  name  of  Louisiana.  All  east  of  the  Missis- 
sippi claimed  by  Spain.  Occupied  by  United  States,  1811.  Name 
of  the  territory  north  of  present  state  changed  to  Territory  of 
Missouri,  1812,  and  Louisiana  admitted  as  a  state  under  present 
name  April  8,  1813  :  capital  at  New  Orleans.  In  the  war  with 
England  immediately  following,  the  state  made  a  glorious  record, 
and  at  the  battle  of  New  Orleans,  Jan.  8,  1815,  humiliated  the 
British  and  ended  the  war.  Capital  removed  to  Baton  Rouc-e, 
1847.  Increased  rapidly  in  wealth  and  population  till  I860. 
Seceded  Jan.  30, 1861.  Some  fighting  on  the  river  between  boats 
and  forts.  New  Orleans  captured,  May  1,  1863.  New  constitution 
ratified,  1868,  and  in  June  state  re-entered  Union  and  capital 
moved  to  New  Orleans.  State  constitution  amended,  1874,  and 
present  one  adopted,  1879.  Capital  moved  back  to  Baton  Rouge, 
1881.  Number  of  parishes  or  counties,  58;  miles  railroad,  1,316. 
Legislature  and  state  officers  elected  quadrennially ;  members 
congress,  biennially;  state  elections,  Tues  lay  after  third  Monday 
in  April;  number  senators,  36 ;  representat.ves,  98;  sessions  bien- 
nial, in  even-numbered  years,  meeting  second  Monday  in  May. 
holds  60  days ;  terms  of  senators  and  i  epresentati  ves,  4  years  each. 
Number  electoral  votes,  8;  congressmen,  6 ;  voters,  216,787;  col- 
ored, 107,977;  native  white,  81,777;  foreign  white,  27,033.  Idiots; 
insane  and  criminals  excluded  from  voting.  Legal  interest,  5£; 
by  contract,  8^;  usury  forfeits  entire  interest.  Educational 
facilities,  averaare. 

POPULATION,  1880,939,  946;  male,  468.754;  female,  471,197; 
native,  885,800;  foreign.  54,l4t5;  white,  4">4,954;  colored,  483,655; 
Chinese.  4>9;  Indians,  «48;  slaves,  18  0,  331,7 >(>. 

TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PBODTJCTS,  ETC.- 
Extreme  length  E.  and  W.,  204 miles;  breadth,  348  miles;  aiea, 
45,420  sq.  miles.  29,('68,»on  acres.  Surface  at  the  south  low  i-.nd  flat, 
with  inexhaustible  soil.  In  the  northwest  are  ranges  of  hills  at- 
taining- an  altitude  of  300  feet.  Similar  elevations  are  found  on 
the  east  bank  of  the  Mississippi.  The  soil  of  the  hiils  is  good  and 
is  more  largely  in  cultivation  than  the  lowlands.  Const  line,  1.376 
miles ;  very  irregular  navigable  rivers,  3.700  miles.  Mississippi 
flows  in  or  on  ttie  borders  of  the  state.  ( >tln>r  navigable  streams, 
Kcd,  <  hiachita,  Amite.  Atcliat'aiaya  and  Pearl  rivers.  Chief  laUcs, 
Ponchartrain,  Verret,  Uorgue,  Grand,  Washa,  Saline,  White, 
Maurepas,  Black,  ('atahoula  and  Bistineau.  Mays  numerous  on 
coast  but  harbors  indifferent.  Many  small  islands  in  Gulf.  Staple 


140 


THE   WESTERN  WORLD 


products,  sweet  potatoes,  susrar,  molasses,  rice,  corn,  cotton, 

frasses,  oats,  etc.  All  fruits  of  the  semi-tropical  climate  thrive, 
tate  ranks  first  in  sugar  and  molasses  and  third  in  rice.  Forests 
almost  inexhaustible.  Timber  superior  in  kind  and  quality;  lum- 
bering'important  industry.  Salt  produced  on  a  large  scale.  Iron 
recently  discovered.  Cleared  land  averages  $i  2.50,  woodland  83® 
$4  per  acre.  Keclamatioii  of  marshes  very  profitable  and  begin 


ning  to  be  done  on  large  scale.  Moss-gathering  profitable  and  in- 
vites more  attention.  Inducements  offered  immigrants  of  the 
firgt  order. 

CLIMATE.— Temperature  ranges  from  44  to  100  deg-.;  average 
summer,  XI  deg.;  winler,  5-5  deg.  Rainfall,  57  inches,  chiefly  in 
spring  and  summer.  Summers  long  and  occasionally  hot.  Health, 


CODE  AM)  HANDBOOK. 


141 


average.    Actual  death  rate  lower  than  in  many  northern  sec- 
tions.   Occasional  yellow  fever  in  the  cities. 

CHIEF  CITIES.— New  Orleans,  port  of  entry  and  largest 
cotton  market  in  the  world,  pop . .  216,OuO ;  Baton  Rouge  (capital), 
pop.,  7,197  ;  Shreveport,  pop.,  8,009;  Morgan  City,  port  of  entry. 
State  institution  for  insane  tit  Jackson  ;  for  deaf  mutes  and  blind, 
Baton  Koujre. 

INPTJSTRIES.— Three-fifths  of  laboring  population  en- 
gaged in  agriculture.  Average  income  of  rural  population 
amonar  hitrhest  in  T'nion  Numner  industries,  l,t/00. 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution  :  Apparel,  neces- 
sar3'  furniture,  arms,  tools  musical  instruments,  team,  2  cows,  25 
hogs,  1.000  Ibs.  bacon ;  corn  and  fodder  for  current  year ;  home- 
stead, all  not  to  exceed  82,000.  No  exemption  if  wife  has  $2,000. 
Assignment  releases  only  on  consent  of  two  thirds  creditors. 
Suits  for  land  barred  after  fO,  on  judgment  and  stated  account 
after  10,  on  notes  after  5  and  on  open  account  after  3  years. 
Wife's  property  exempt  and  she  hold  mortgage  on  husband's 
estate  for  all  receipts  by  him  for  her  account.  She  must  con- 
tribute to  household  expense  and  can  do  business.  Arrest  mav  be 
made  for  debt,  but  under  conditions  th«t  render  same  of  no  effect. 

LICENSE  CHARGES.— Peddlers  in  boat,  $100;  with  2  horses, 
$20;  with  more  than  2  horses,  $25;  wi<h  1  horse,  $1(1;  on  foot,  go. 

LIENS  held  on  crop  for  salary  of  overseer,  for  rent,  labor 
and  advances:  on  buildings  for  labor  and  material.  Judgments 
are  liens  on  real  estate. 

GOVERNMENT  LANDS  to  the  extent  of  nearly  6,000,000 
acres  remain  subject  to  cash,  homestead  and  timber  culture  entry. 
They  are  scattered  over  the  entire  state,  but  lie  mostly  in  the 
prairies,  good  uplands,  pine  hdls  or  pine  flits.  The  LAND  OFFICES 
are  at  Natchitoches  for  the  northwestern  13  counties  and  New 
Orleans  for  rest  of  the  state. 

STATE  LANDS  aggregate  9/00,000  acres,  mostly  low  and 
unflt  to  live  on,  but  enormously  fertile;  they  are  both  prairie  and 
magnificently  timbered  and  lie  near  hill  sections  of  government 
land.  Settlers  can  enter  160  acres  state  lands  at  12Ms  cents  per 
acre,  and  by  combining  with  government  homestead  and  timber 
culture  480  acres  cun  be  had  for  $50.40.  State  Land  Office  at  Baton 
Rouge. 


TEXAS. 

Origin  of  name  unknown;  called 
"  Lone  Star  State."  Settled  first  by 
French,  under  LaSalle,  1686;  was  a 
p  irt  of  Old  Mexico,  and  formed 
the  states  of  Texas  and  Coahuila. 
Trouble  with  Louisana  over  border 
1SIW;  settled  18  9;  Saline  river  fixed 
as  boundary  between  states.  Mexi- 
can government  granted  extensive 
area  to  Moses  Austin  1820,  and 
confirmed  them  to  his  son,  S.  F. 
Austin,  who  formed  colonies  of 
Americans.  Coahuila  nnd  Texas 
consolidated,  and  revolted  against 
discriminating  'aws  is:<5.  Defeated 
Mexicans  at  biittle-sof  Concepcion, 
Goliad  and  Gonzales,  Oct.  same 

year.  Sam.  Houston  made  commander  of  army.  Mexicans  ex- 
pelled after  battle  of  Sail  Antonio  de  Bexar,  Dec  10,  ]K.%5.  Inde- 
pendence declared  Dec.  20.  Houston  inaugurated  as  President 
Oct.,  183->.  Independence  of  the  Republic  recognized  by  United 
Stare.-.  March,  1837;  by  European  powers,  ISo'.i  and  '40.  Continued 
wars  with  Mexico;  embarrassed  finances.  Proposition  for  union 


142 


THE  WESTERN  WORLD 


with  United  States,  1845,  and  admitted  as  a  state  Dec.  29.  State 
paid  810,000,000  by  United  States  tor  all  lands  outside  present 
limits,  1850.  Seceded  Feb.,  1861.  Houston,  who  refused  to  secede, 
deposed.  Military  operations  small.  Last  battle  of  the  war  near 
Rio  Grande,  May  13. 1*65.  He-entered  Union  1870.  Present  con- 
stitution adopted  1875.  Number  counties,  £?8;  miles  of  railroad, 
6,198.  All  elections  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  iu  Nov.;  number 


senators,  31:  representatives,  106:  sessions  of  legislature  biennial, 
in  odd-ninnbert'd  years  meeting-  second  Tues  ay  in  Jan.;  holds  60 
days;  tern:  of  senators,  4  years:  of  representatives,  2  years. 
Number  electoral  votes,  13;  congressmen,  11;  voters,  380,376. 
United  States  army,  lunatics,  idiots,  paupers  and  convicts  ex- 
cluded from  voting.  Number  colleges,  10;  school  age,  8-14. 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK.  143 


School  endowment  enormous;  includes  23,470,377  acres  yet 
unsold.  Legal  interest  8£,  by  contract  li£;  usury  forfeits  entire 
interest. 

POPULATION,  1880, 1,591,749;  male,  837.MU;  female,  753,00r>: 
native,  1,477,133;  foreign.  114,61*5;  white,  1,197,237;  colored,  3i«,3.- 4; 
Chinese.  13H:  Indiana,  998.  Estimated  incrca.se  25#. 

TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.— 
Extreme  length  E.  and  \V.,  83u  miles:  extreme  width,  750  mil es; 
area,  Ui7,8f>5,<>;)0  acres;  largest  of  the  states  and  territories;  in- 
cludes many  small  islands.  Coast  line,  412  miles:  irregular,  an-l 
bordered  by  lagoons;  Galveston  bay  largest,  has  13  feet  of  water, 
35  miles  inland.  Rio  Grande  (navigable  440  milep).  Pecos,  Ked, 
Nueces,  Angelina,  Trinity  .all  navigable  streams),  Canadian, 
Brazos,  Colorado,  Gaudaloupe  and  San  Antonio  are  the  chief 
rivers.  Some  small  lakes;  one  remarkable  one,  with  a  bed  of  salt 
at  S.  E.  corner  state.  Surface  laried;  mountains  between  the 
Pecos  and  Kio  Grande,  reach  6,000  feet  high,  with  broad  valleys 
between.  West  and  N.  W.  a  h  gh  table  land;  from  latter  the 
surface  slopes  gradually  to  the  Gulf  and  lower  Rio  Grande,  being 
low  and  level  at  south  and  east.  Lands  extremely  fertile,  except 
in  the  N.  W.,  where  water  is  scarce  Lands  on  Kio  Grande  and 
at  south  require  irrigation  for  good  results,  although  crops  will 
grow  to  some  extent  without.  Entire  state  covered  with  rich 
grasses,  affording  pasture  the  year  round.  Water  plenty  at  a  shal- 
low depth;  quality  good.  All  cereals,  root  crops,  vegetable-", 
fruit  and  stocks  flourish.  Cotton  best  crop.  Other  staples: 
sugar,  molasses,  sweet  potatoes,  corn,  wheat,  grapes  and  fruits. 
Dairying  extensive.  Cattle,  sheep,  goat  and  hog  raising  011 
mammoth  scale.  Ootton  picking,  July  to  Dec.;  corn  planting, 
middle  of  Feb.;  grain  harvest,  May;  corn  harvest,  July.  Hunks 
first  in  cattle  and  cotton;  second  in  sugar,  sheep,  mules  and. 
horses.  Coal  area,  6,000  sq.  miles;  quality  good.  Iron  ore  and 
salt  deposits  extensive.  Other  minerals  found,  but  extent  un- 
known Improved  land  averages  $8,  and  unimproved  $3@;4  per 
acre.  No  state  offers  more  or  better  chances  for  homes  and 
wealth.  Uncultivated  and  timber  land  seven-eighths  of  area; 
timber  area,  one-fourth;  quality  moderate. 

CLIMATE  varies;  temperate  at  north,  semi-tropical  at 
south.  Health  everywhere  most  excellent.  Thermometer 
ranges  from  35  to  93  deg.,  but  seldom  rises  to  the  latter  tempera- 
ture. At  Austin  averages,  winter.  50  deg.;  summer,  80  deir. 
Rainfall  averages  at  Austin  35  inches;  increases  on  coast  and  to 
the  south:  decreases  to  13  inches  in  N.  W. 

CHIEF  CITIES.— Brownsville,  El  Paso,  Indianola  and  Gal- 
veston (ports  of  entry);  Houston   'important  railroad  center) 
pop.   16,513;  Galveston  (metropolis,  best  harbor,  chief  shipping1 
point),  pop.  22,218;    Austin  (capital),  pop.  11,013;    San  Antoui 
(oldest  town),  pop.  20,550;  Dallas,  pop.  10,358. 

INDUSTRIES  number  3,000.  Leading  ones,  grazing  and 
agriculture,  lumbermr.  mining,  dairying,  milling,  etc. 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution:  Homestead,  200 
acres  or  lot  in  town,  value  not  to  exceed  85,0 X)  at  time  of  desig- 
nation as  homestead;  subsequent  improvements  also  exempt; 
furniture,  tools,  books,  and  limited  quantity  of  stock  to  heads  of 
families;  horse,  saddle,  bridal,  apparel  and  tools  to  single  men. 
Assignments  may  prefer  those  who  discharge  debtor.  Actions 
for  re  1 1  estate  oarred  after  10  years  when  held  without  title; 
after  5  years  when  held  under  deed;  after  3  years  when  held 
under  chain  of  title;  after  10  years  on  judgments;  after  4  years  on 
written  contract  or  account  between  merchants:  after  2  years 
on  other  accounts,  and  after  1  year  for  personal  damages. 
Wife's  property  exempt.  She  cannot  do  business  separately.  No 
imprisonment  for  debt. 

LICENSE  CHARGES.— Peddlers  on  foot,  $10  per  year  in 
each  county;  with  one  horse.  $85;  with  two  horses,  $40;  drum- 
mers' tax,  $210  per  year,  remitted  if  employer  pays  occupation 
tax  in  the  state. 


144 


THE  WESTERN  WORLD 


LIENS  hold  on  buildings  for  labor  and  materia'.;  on  crops  for 
rent  or  supplies  advanced;  on  property  of  tenants  for  rent  in 
cities;  on  baggage  for  board:  and  livery  stables  have  lien  on 
teams  for  feed.  Judgments  are  liens  for  ten  years  on  real  estate. 

STATE  LANDS.— There  is  no  government  land  in  Texas.  The 
state  lands  include  School  Lands  23,470,377  acres,  located  in  every 
oounty;  University  Lands,  2,000,000  acres  in  Pecos,  Crockett 
and  Tom  Green  counties,  and  some  remnants  scattered  through 
Cook,  Grayson,  Fannin  and  McLennan  counties  belonging  to  the 
same  interest,  both  governed  by  the  same  rules  of  sale,  etc.,  and 
endowments  of  elemosynary  institutions.  Sales  of  educational 
lands  suitable  for  agriculture,  are  limited  to  one  section  for  each 
purchaser,  at  S2  per  acre,  without  competition,  the  purchaser 
making  affidavit  that  he  will  settle  on  same  within  six  months,  and 
paying  in  advance  one-thirtieth  of  the  purchase  money,  and 
annually  thereafter  five  percent  interest  on  the  balance,  and,nt 
his  option,  he  may  withhold  the  payment  of  such  balance  until 
the  end  of  30  years,  or  at  the  end  of  3  years,  pay  in  full  and 
obtain  a  patent  Grazing  lands  are  sold  in  quantities,  not  to 
exceed  three  sections  to  any  one  purchaser,  the  purchaser  paying 
to  the  state  in  advance  one-thirtieth  of  the  purchase  money,  as 
above,  and  annually  thereafter  for  30  years  5#  interest  on  the 
balance  of  the  debt,  but  he  cannot  pay  in  full  and  receive  a 
patent  until  the  expiration  of  seven  years  from  date  of  pur- 
chase. The  minimum  price  for  grazing  lands  per  acre  is  $2,  but 
competition  between  applicant?  for  the  same  tract  is  allowed.  A 
paper  designating  the  land  and  the  amount  per  acre  bid  is  by 
each  competitor  filed  with  the  surveyor  of  the  county  in  which  the 
land  lies,  and  11  days  before  final  award  is  to  be  made,  the  sur- 
veyor makes  a  public  outcry  of  the  bids.  Should  any  higher  bid 
or  bids  be  then  offered,  he  transmits  them  along  with  those  pre- 
viously filed  in  his  office  to  the  Land  Board  in  Austin.  That 
Board  awards  the  land  so  competed  for  to  the  highest  bidder  on 
tiie  first  Tuesday  in  each  month.  Lands  containing  water  are 
not  now  offered,  either  for  sale  or  lease.  Leases  tor  the  term  of 
five  years  are  made  by  the  Land  Board,  at  the  minimum  price  of 
six  cents  per  acre  per  annum. 


TENNESSEE. 

Takes  its  name  from  Indian  name 
for  the  Tennessee  River.  Called 
"  Big  Bend  State."  First  settled, 
17,54.  Fort  London,  near  Knoxville, 
established  1756.  Territory  called 
"  Wataug  Association,"  1769.  Be~ 
came  a  part  of  North  Carolina,  1777. 
Organized  as  the  State  of  Franklin, 
ITS"),  but  again  became  part  of  North 
Carolina,  1788  Ceded  to  United 
States  by  North  Carolina,  1789. 
District  now  comprising  Tennes- 
see and  Kentucky  formed  into  the 
"  Territory  of  the  United  States 
south  of  the  Ohio,"  1790.  Tennessee 
territory  organized  17M.  Admitted 
as  state  June  1,  17P6.  State  Consti- 
tution framed,  17%.  Amended.  1834, 1853,  18(io  and  1870.  Capital. 
Knoxville,1794,removed  to  Nashville,181 '.  Returned  to  Knoxville, 
1817.  Removed  to  Murfreesboro,  ls-19,  and  returned  to  Nashville, 
present  seat,  1826.  Creek  war,  1813,  ended  'by  breaking  their 
power  at  battle  of  Tallapoosa  March  27,  1814.  First  railroad  part 
of  N.  &  C.,  1853,  Nashville  to  Bridgeport,  Seceded,  June  8, 1861. 
Battles  of  Forts  Henry  and  Donelson,  T>b.  6  and  16, 1862.  Fort 
Pillow  and  Island  No.  10,  March,  1862.  Chicamauga, Sept.  19, 1863. 


GUIDE  AKD   HAND-BOOK.  145 


Lookout  Mountain,  Nov.  24,  1863.  Missionary  Ridge,  Nov.  25. 
Ue-entered  Union,  1866.  Number  counties,  96.  State,  congres- 
sional and  presidential  elections,  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in 
November;  number  senators,  33:  representatives,  99;  sessions 
biennial,  in  odd-numbered  years,  meeting  first  Monday  in  January; 
holds  75  days ;  terms  of  senators  and  representatives,  2  years 
each.  Number  electoral  votes,  12;  number  Congressmen,  10; 
number  voters,  571,244;  native  white,  240,939;  foreign  white, 
250,055 ;  colored,  80,250.  Non-payers  of  poll-tax  excluded  from, 
voting.  Legal  interest  6£ ;  by  contract,  any  rate  ;  usury  forfeits 
excess  of  interest  and  $100  fine.  Schools  fair.  Miles  railroad, 
2,  lot!. 

POPULATION,  1880, I,5i2,359:  male,  769,277;  female,  773,<182; 
native,  1/85,857 j  foreign,  16.702 ;  white,  1,138,831 ;  colored,  403,151 ; 
Chinese,  25:  Indians,  352.  Slaves,  I860,  27.">,r<>9. 

TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.— 
Extreme  length  B.  and  \V.  4:jO  miles;  width,  110  miles.  Area, 
4 1,750  sq.  miles,  26,720.000  acres.  Mountainous  at  E.  where  Apa- 
lachians  separate  state  from  North  Carolina.  Succeeding  this  to 
the  westward  is  a  table  land  which  terminates  in  the  "  great 
central  basin  "  of  Middle  Tennessee.  West  of  this  is  a  plateau, 
region  to  the  Mississippi  river.  Chief  rivers,  Mississippi, 
Tennessee,  Cumberland,  Clinch,  Hqlston,  Forked  Deer,  JJig- 
Hatchie  and  Wolf.  First  three  navigable,  others  afford  enor- 
mous water  power.  Small  streams  very  numerous.  Soil  fair, 
except  in  central  basin,  where  it  is  very  productive.  State 
abounds  in  coal,  iron,  fine  marbles  and  building  stones,  copper 
and  other  minerals.  Possesses  one  of  the  finest  areas  of  virgin 
forest  in  the  Union.  Principal  timbers,  walnut,  oak,  poplar,  ash, 
hickory,  etc.  Staple  products,  mules,  hogs,  peanuts,  corn,  wheat, 
cotton,  vegetables  of  all  kinds,  potatoes,  tobacco,  hemp,  flax, 
broomcorn,  iron,  copper,  coal,  marbles,  etc.  Kanks  second  in 
peanuts  and  third  in  mules.  Resources  but  little  developed  and 
plenty  of  room  and  opportunities  for  home  and  fortunes  exist. 
5,000  sq.  miles  of  coal  field,  with  3  to  7  workable  veins.  Cleared 
land  averages  812.50,  forest  §5  per  acre.  Grape  growing  pays. 

CLIMATE  one  of  healthiest  in  world.  Mild  and  pleasant, 
and  owing  to  varying  elevation  very  diverse.  Snow  light  and  lays 
briefly.  Ice  rarely  more  than  a  mere  film  in  thickness.  Average 
temperature,  winter  38  deg.;  summer,  75  deg.  Extremes  seldom, 
occur.  Rainfall.  45  to  47  inches.  Air  bracing. 

CHIEF  CITIES.— Nashville,  capital ;  pop..  43,350.  Memphis, 
pop.,  33,593;  Chattanooga,  pop.,  12,892;  Jackson,  pop.,  8,377; 
Knoxville,  pop..  9.693. 

INDUSTRIES  chiefly  agricultural,  mining,  lumbering  and 
iron  makinir. 

PROPERY  EXEMPT  from  execution:  Two  beds  and 
clothing  and  an  additional  bed  for  each  3  children,  each  be'1  not 
to  exceed  $25  in  value ;  1  cow;  1  calf,  or  if  family  contains  6  per- 
sons, 2  cows  and  2  calves ;  12  knives  and  forks,  12  plates,  6  dishes, 
set  of  table  and  set  of  tea  spoons,  bread  tray,  2  pitchers,  waiter, 
coffee-pot,  tea-pot,  canister,  cream  jug,  12  cups  and  saucers, 
dinlng-table,  two  table  cloths,  12  chairs,  bureau  to  $40;  safe  or 
press,  wash  basin,  bowl  and  pitcher,  kettle,  2  tubs,  churn,  looking- 
glass,  axe,  spinning-wheel,  loom  and  gear;  pair  cotton  car<ls,  pair 
wool  cards ;  cooking-stove  and  utensils  to  $25;  cradle,  Bible  and 
school  books ;  2  horses  or  mules,  wagon,  to  $75;  harness,  man's 
saddle,  woman's  saddle,  2  bridles  ;  2i  bbls.  corn,  20  bu.  wheat,  500 
bundles  oats,  500  bundles  fodder ;  hay,  to  $20 ;  1,250  Ibs  pork  alive 
or  slaughtered,  or  900  Ibs.  bacon;  poultry  to  §25;  home-made 
carpet ;  6  cords  wood,  or  100  bu.  coal ;  reasonable  provisions 
designated;  carpet  to  $25;  200  bu.  cotton  seed,  2  plows,  2  hoes, 
grubbing  hoe,  cutting-knife ;  harvest  cradle,  plow  gears,  pitch- 
fork, rake,  wedge,  5  sheep,  10  stock  hours ;  mpchanics  tools,  gun ; 
to  head  of  family  or  female,  sewing  machine;  50  Ibs.  picked  cotton, 
2.5  Ibs.  wool,  leather  for  shoes,  $50  in  material  to  mechanics.  In  ad- 
dition to  the  above,  $250  in  personal  property  is  exempt  and  home- 


146 


THE  WESTERN  WOULD 


stead  to  vaiue  of  81.WO-  Exemptions  extend  to  estate  of  house- 
holder in  favor  of  widow  or  children.  Assignments  cannot  pre- 
fer. Suits  barred  after  7  years  1  or  real  estate  or  for  claims  against 
deceased  person  :  nfter  10  years  on  official  or  administrative  bond 
or  judgments;  after  H  years  for  malfeasance,  on  notes,  accounts, 
contract,  etc.;  alter  3  years  for  injury  to  property;  after  (i  months 


for  slander ;  after  1  year  for  injury  to  person.    Wife's  property 
exempt.    No  imprisonment  for  debt. 

LICENSE  CHARGES,  per  year:  Peddlers  on  foot,  §20;  with 
horse  or  vehicle,  $50,  and  &50  additional  for  each  vehicle  and  $13 
for  each  additional  horse.  Licenses  issued  quarterly.  Drummers 
pay  §50  per  year  to  state,  and  counties  may  chai  ge  §5.  Memphis 
charges  $10  per  week,  $£>  per  mouth. 


GUIDE  AND  HAXD-BOOK.  147 

LIENS  hold  on  structures  and  lot  for  labor  or  material. 
Claimants  against  contractor  must  notify  owner.  Lien  precedes 
mortgage  if  latter  is  notified.  Liens  also  hold  on  crop  for  rent  or 
supplies ;  on  property  for  house  rent ;  on  baggage  and  teams  for 
board  or  food.  Judgments  are  liens  on  real  estate  for  10  years. 


KENTUCKY. 

Name  Indian.  Signifies  dark  and 
bloody  ground,  because  the  state 
was  the  hunting  and  battle  ground 
of  the  tribes.  Called  "Corn  Cracker 
State."  Explored  1V67  by  John  Fin- 
)ey  and  others  from  North  Carolina. 
Boone  settled  1769,  and  penetrated 
to  the  Ohio  1771.  Indians  resisted 
settlement  vigorously.  Pacified  by 
treaty  with  Cherokees,  March,  1775. 
Organized  as  "  Colony  of  Transyl- 
vania," but  claimed  by  Virginia, 
and  became  Kentucky  county,  Va., 
1776.  Louisville  founded,  1780.  Be- 
came, with  Tennessee,  1790,  "  Terri- 
tory of  U.  S.  South  of  the  Ohio," 
and  in  same  year  Territory  of  Ken- 
tucky organized.  Admitted  as  a  State  June  1, 1793.  State  con- 
stitution adopted  same  year.  Replaced  by  new  one,  18uO.  State 
furnished  7,OUO  troops  in  war  of  1812,  and  13,700  in  Mexican  war. 
Won  trreat  credit  in  latter.  New  constitution,  1850,  and  amended 
1877.  Neutral  at  beginning  of  civil  war.  State  the  scene  of  con- 
tinuous cavalry  raids  during  the  war,  and  some  sharp  battles  at 
Perryville,  Hichmond,  etc.  Put  under  martial  law,  1864.  Civil 
government  restored,  1865.  Union  soldiers  furnished,  75,760. 
Number  counties,  118.  State  elections  biennial,  first  Monday  in 
August,  in  odd-numbered  years.  Number  senators,  38:  repre- 
sentatives, 100 ;  sessions  of  legislature  biennial,  in  even-numbered 
years,  meeting  last  day  of  December,  holds  60  days.  Term  of 
senators,  4  years ;  of  representatives,  2  years.  Number  electoral 
votes,  ,'3;  number  congressmen,  11;  number  voters,  376,221. 
Bribers,  robbers  and  forgers  excluded  from  voting.  Number 
colleges,  15 ;  public  school  system  framed,  1838 ;  good  schools, 
school  age  6-20  years.  Legal  interest  6£ ;  by  contract,  10% ;  usury 
forfeits  excess  over  10  per  cent.  Miles  of  railroad,  1,887. 

POPULATION,  1880,  1,648,690  ;  male,  832,590  ;  female,  816,100; 
native,  1,589,173 ;  foreign,  59,517 ;  white,  1,377,179;  colored,  271,451; 
Chinese,  10;  Indians,  50;  slaves,  1860.  225,481 

TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.— 
Extreme  length  E.  and  \V.  3oU ;  width,  179  miles;  area,  40,000 sq. 
miles,  25,600,000  acres.  River  frontage,  832  miles ;  navigable  water 
ways,  4, 120  miles.  Surface  mountainous  at  southeast  and  east, 
and  slopes  gradually  westward.  It  is  throughout  hilly,  except  in 
the  river  bottoms,  which  are  narrow.  Average  elevation  about 
850  feet.  Average  elevation  eastern  half  1,100  feet.  Soil  fair,  ex- 
cept in  the  famous  "  Bluegrass  region,"  extending  for  40  or  50 
miles  around  Lexington,  and  one  of  the  most  beautiful  sections 
on  the  globe.  River  bottoms  also  extremely  fertile.  Principal 
rivers,  Mississippi,  Ohio,  Kentucky,  Green,  Salt,  Tennessee, 
Cumberland,  Licking,  Big  Sandy  and  Big  Barren.  Smaller 
streams  fed  by  perennial  springs  abound.  Natural  wonder  Mam- 
moth Cave,  greatest  in  the  world.  Kentucky  ranks  high  as  an 
agricultural  and  stock  state.  Staple  crops,  corn,  wheat,  tobacco, 
oats,  barley,  hemp,  rye  and  vegetables ;  fruits  do  fairly.  Famous 
for  thoroughbred  horses  and  cattle.  Mules  and  hogs  largely 


148 


THE  WESTERN  WOULD 


raised.  At  the  east  In  the  mountains  are  immense  forests  of  virgin 
oak.  poplar,  ash,  chestnut,  elm,  walnut,  cucumber  and  other  val- 
uable timber  trees.  Coal,  marbles,  minerals,  oil,  stone,  etc.,  also 
ab9und.  Iron  deposits  of  immense  magnitude  are  known  to 
exist.  The  lands  are  cheap,  and  this  section  is  destined  to  become 
one  of  the  richest  in  the  Union.  The  state  is  making:  an  effort, 
and  possesses  splendid  opportunities  for  immigration  and  capi- 
tal. Cleared  land  averages  820  and  woodland  $5  per  acre.  The 
average  of  the  former  is  raised  materially  by  the  high  prices, 
often  $100  or  more  per  acre  in  the  bluegrass  section.  Mountain 
lands  rich  in  timber  and  minerals  and  not  without  agricultural 
value,  rate  $2  to  $5  per  acre.  The  state  ranks  first  in  tobacco, 
and  fourth  in  malt  and  distilled  liquors. 

CLIMATE  variable,  favorable  to  health  and  agriculture; 
healthful  liens  not  surpassed;  thermometer  ranges  from  5  deg. 
below  zero  to  98  deg.  acove  ;  rarely  grrater  extremes  are  known; 
temperature  averages,  summer,  75  deg.,  winter,  3b  deg  :  rainfall  50 
inches.  Snows  fan  but  disappear  in  a  few  days.  Sleighing  only 
for  a  day  or  so.  Winters  moderately  long.  Malaria  very  rare, 
except  on  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  rivers. 

CHIEF  CITIES.— Louisville,  pop.  125,758  ;  Frankfort  (capi- 
tal), pop.  H.958 ;  Covinsrton,  29,720;  Lexington,  former  capital, 
founded  1776,  pop.  16,656 ;  Newport  connected  with  Covington  by 
bridge,  pop.  20.431.  Louisville  and  Paducah  ports  of  entry. 

CHIEF  INDUSTRIES.— Agriculture,  stock-raising,  lum- 
bering, iron-making,  mining  and  distilling. 

.  PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution :  Homestead,  $1,000; 
horse  or  yoke  of  oxen,  2  cows,  5  sheep,  apparel,  household  furni- 
ture, $100;  sewing  machine;  professional  library  and  instru- 
ments, $500;  wages,  850;  mechanics  to^ls,  $100.  Assignment  can- 
not prefer.  Suits  barred  after  30  years  for  real  estate;  after  15 
years  on  contract  in  writing,  official  bond  or  judgment ;  after  5 
years  for  trespass  on  bill?,  notes,  stated  accounts  or  for  fraud  ; 
after  2  years  from  succeeding  January  on  merchants  accounts; 
after  1  year  for  personal  damage.  Wife's  property  exempt  She 
cannot  do  business.  Arrest  for  debt  may  be  made  on  affidavit  of 
concealment  of  property,  fraud,  etc.,  but  plaintiiff  must  give 
bonds.  Bail  flllowedor  release  secured  by  insolvent  debtor's  oath. 

LICENSE  CHARGES,  per  year  :  Peddlers,  $100  for  state,  or 
65  cents  for  each  100  voters  in  any  county.  License  issued  by 
county  clerk.  Drummers  tax,  Newport,  $1  per  month. 

LIENS  hold  for  labor  and  material  if  statement  is  filed  in  60 
days  and  suit  brought  in  1  year.  Sub-contractors  and  laborers 
must  notify  owner.  Judgments  are  not  liens  on  real  estate. 


OHIO. 

Indian  name  meaning  "Beau- 
tiful River,"  called  "  Buckeye 
State."  Explored  by  La  Salle,  1679. 
Region  claimed  by  France  and  held 
by  force.  Title  of  England  settled 
by  treaty  of  Paris,  1763.  Became 
with  all  the  northwest  territory  a 
part  of  Virginia,  although  claimed 
under  old  English  charter  by  New 
York,  Connecticut  and  Massachu- 
setts. First  settled,  17K2,  by  Mora- 
vians on  the  Muskingum.  These 
expelled  by  British,  1781.  Expedi- 
tion of  Bouquet,  1764.  Dunmore 
war,  1774.  Cornstalk's  warriors  de- 
feated on  the  Sciota.  Cincinnati 
founded,  1789.  Clarke  .overcame 
Miamis,  1782.  Marrietta  founded,  1788.  Miami  Indians  conquered 


GUIDE    AND    IIAXD-UOOK. 


149 


by  Gen.  "Wayne,  1794.  Virginia  ceded  region  to  the  United  States 
under  condition  that  the  northwest  territory  should  be  divided 
into  not  less  than  five  states,  and  Ohio  became  part  of  Territory 
of  the  Northwest.  Ohio  Territory  organized  May  7,  1800.  Ad- 
mitted HS  a  state,  ApriJ  30, 1803.  Capital  fixed  at  Chillicothe,  1800, 
removed  to  Zanesville,  1810,  returned  to  Chillicothe,  1812.  aud  re- 
moved to  Columbus,  ldl.6,  where  it  remains.  Constitution  re- 


vised. 1851.  Number  Union  soldiers  furnished,  313,180.  Number 
counties.  88.  State  and  congressional  elections,  second  Tuesday 
in  October ;  number  senators,  33 ;  representatives,  105 ;  sessions 
biennial,  but  "adjourned  sessions  "  practically  amount  to  annual 
meetings ;  assembles  first  Monday  in  January ;  terms  of  senators 
and  representatives,  2  years  each.  Number  electoral  votes,  23; 


150  THE    "WESTEKN    WORLD 


number  congressmen,  21 ;  number  voters,  826.57? ;  insane  and 
idiots  excluded  from  voting.  Number  colleges,  33;  school  age, 
6-21 ;  school  system,  first-class.  Legal  interest  rate,  6% ;  by  con- 
tract. 82  ;  usury  forfeits  excess.  Miles  of  railroad,  7,2".  6. 

POPULATION,  1880,3,198,062;  male,  1,613,931  ;  female,  1,584,- 
126;  native,  2,803,119;  foreign,  394,913;  white,  3,117,920;  colored, 
79,900:  Chinese,  109;  Indians,  130. 

TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.— 
Extreme  length  E.  and  \V..  225  miles;  breadth, 200  miles.  Area, 
40,760  sq.  miles,  25,686,400  acres.  Includes  Kelley's  and  Bass' 
islands  in  Lake  Erie.  Lake  frontage,  230  miles.  Ohio  river  front- 
age, 432  miles.  A  great  ridge  or  divide  traverses  the  state  from 
Trumbull  Co.  in  the  N.  E.  to  Mercer  Co.  at  the  W.,  having  an  ele- 
vation averaging  about  1,200 feet.  The  surface  of  the  state  slopes 
north  from  the  divide  to  Lake  Erie  (elevation  565  feet)  and  south 
to  the  Ohio  river  (elevation  440  feetat  Cincinnati).  Main  streams, 
Ohio,  Muskingum,  Sciota,  Big  and  Little  Miami,  Mahoning, 
Hocking,  Maumee,  Ouyaboga,  Huron,  Kocky,  Chagrin,  San- 
dusky,  Portage,  etc.  Entire  state  well  watered.  Valleys  ex- 
tremely productive.  Uplands  fertile  as  a  rule.  Scenery  beautiful, 
but  with  no  prominent  features.  Ohio  ranks  first  in  agricult- 
ural implements  and  wool ;  second  in  dairy  products,  petroleum, 
iron  and  steel ;  third  in  wheat,  sheep,  coal,  malt  and  distilled 
liquors ;  fourth  in  printing  and  publishing,  salt,  miles  railway 
and  soap ;  fifth  in  milch  cows,  hogs,  horses,  hay,  tobacco  and 
iron  ore.  Cpal,  building  stones,  iron  ore  and  salt  are  found  in 
vast  quantities.  Staple  crops,  wheat,  corn,  oats,  potatoes, 
tobacco,  buckwheat,  etc.,  vegetables,  apples  and  the  hardier 
fruits.  Cleared  land  averages  $45,  woodland  §40  per  acre.  Little 
forest  valuable  for  lumber  remains  except  in  small  reserves. 

CLIMATE  as  healthful  as  any  in  the  United  States.  Warm- 
est on  Ohio  river.  Temperature  for  state  averages,  winter,  35 
deg.;  summer,  77  deg.;  range  of  temperature,  16  deg.  below  zero 
to  101  deg.  above.  Changes  sometimes  sudden.  Snowfall  con- 
siderable. Average  rainfall,  including  snow,  42inches,  decreases 
to  37  inches  at  north  and  increases  to  47  inches  at  south. 

CHIEF  CITIES.— Cincinnati,  "  Queen  City  of  the  West;" 
pop  ,  2i5,139.  Cleveland,  pop.,  160,146.  Columbus,  capital,  pop., 
61,6*7.  Chill  icothe,  Zanesville,  Toledo,  Sandusky,  Cleveland  and 
Cincinnati  ports  of  entry. 

LEADING-  INDUSTRIES.— Agriculture,  dairying,  min- 
ing, quarrying,  iron  mnkintr.  pork  packing,  manufacturing 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution:  To  single  women, 
apparel  $100,  sewing  machine,  knitting  machine,  books  $25.  To 
head  of  family,  necessary  apparel,  beus  and  bedding  for  family, 
2  stoves,  60  days' fuel,  tools  of  trade  to  «100;  domestic  animals 
and  60  days'  feed,  or  furniture  to  ?(>">;  books,  picture'*,  provisions 
to  $50,  sewing  and  knitting  machines,  earning  for  three  months, 
homestead  to  value  of  $1,000,  or  if  none  possessed,  gr.OO  in  per- 
sona' property  in  addition  to  the  above.  Assignments  cannot 
prefer  and  do  not  release.  Suits  for  real  estate  barred  after  21 
years,  after  2  years  for  forcible  entry  and  detaining,  after  15 
years  on  bond  and  written  contract,  after  6  years  on  verbal  con- 
tract and  statute  liability,  except  penalty;  after  4  years  for 
trespass  or  injury  to  person  or  property,  alter  1  year  for  assault 
or  slander.  Wife's  property  exempt.  Her  separate  note  good. 
Arrest  for  debt  may  be  made  on  affidavit  of  fraud,  concealment 
or  removal. 

LICENSE  CHARGES.— Peddlers  on  foot,  $12;  on  horseback, 
$20;  with  horse  and  cart,  $20;  2  horses  and  cart,  $28;  in  boat  or  by 
rail,  $60.  License  issued  by  county  auditors. 

LIENS  hold  for  two  years  on  structures  or  vessels  for  labor 
and  materials  if  statement  is  filed  in  county  recorder's  office  in  4 
months;  judgments  are  liens  on  real  estate  for  5  years. 

PUBLIC  LANDS.— A  few  isolated  tracts  of  government 
and  school  lands  may  remain.  The  former  is  in  charge  of  the 
General  Land  Office,  Washington,  D.  C. 


GUIDE  AND  HAND  BOOK.  151 


INDIANA. 

Called  the  "  Hoosier  State."  Set- 
tled at  Fort  St.  Vincents,  now  Vin- 
cennes,  1702,  by  French-Canadian 
voyagers.  Region  belonged  to 
France.  Acquired  by  England, 
1763,  and  became  a  part  of  Virginia 
by  capture  by  the  expedition  of 
Clarke,  1776.  Ceded  to  U.  S.  by  Vir- 
ginia, 17«i3,  and  formed  part  of  the 
Northwest  Territory.  Organized, 
1787.  Indian  wars,  1788  to  1791,  end- 
ing in  the  enforced  submission  of 
the  tribes.  Indians  ceded  large 
bodies  of  land  to  government  by 
treaty  of  Greenville,  1795.  Ohio 
cut  out  of  Northwest  Territory, 
1800,  and  the  territory  of  Indiana  organized,  which  included  all 
section  west  of  Ohio  to  the  Mississippi  river,  and  north  of  the 
Ohio  river  to  British  possessions.  Michigan  cut  out  as  separate 
territory,  1805,  and  Illinois,  1809,  leaving  Indiana  with  its  present 
boundaries.  War  with  Shawnees  under  Tecumseh,  1811.  Battle 
of  Tippecanoe  ended  struggle  in  defeat  of  Indians.  Admitted  as 
a  state  Dec.  11, 1816.  Sixth  state  admitted.  State  constitution 
adopted  June  19,  181«.  New  constitution  1851;  amended  1881. 
soldiers  furnished  in  Mexican  war,  5,000.  Union  soldiers,  196,363. 
Number  counties,  93.  All  elections  Tuesday  after  first  Monday 
in  November;  number  senators,  50;  representatives,  100;  sessions 
of  legislature  biennial,  in  odd-numbered  years,  meet  Thursday 
after  first  Monday  in  January,  holds  60  days ;  term  of  senators, 
4  years  ;  of  representatives,  2  years ;  number  electoral  votes,  15 ; 
number  congressmen,  13;  number  voters,  498,437.  Fraudulent 
voters  and  bribers  excluded  from  voting.  Number  colleges,  15, 
State  University  at  Bloomington  ;  medical  school  at  Indianap- 
olis; university  at  Notre  Dame;  flourishing  common-school 
system;  school  a?e,  6-21.  Legal  interest  rate,  6# ;  by  contract, 
8<;  usury  forfeits  excess  of  interest.  Miles  of  railroad,  5,534. 

POPULATION,  18*0,  1,978,301;  male,  1,010,361;  female,  967,- 
940;  native,  1.834,123:  foreign.  144,178;  white,  1,938,798;  colored, 
39,228;  Chinese.  29 :  Indians.  246.  Estimated  increase  8  per  cent. 
TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS  ETC.— 
Extreme  length  N.  and  S.  275  miles ;  width  averages  150  miles ; 
area,  35,910  sq.  miles,  22,982,400  acres.  Surface  usually  level  or 
rolling,  sometimes  hilly.  No  mountains.  Skirting  the  river  bot- 
toms are  ranges  of  hills  and  bluffs,  notably  so  on  the  upper 
Ohio.  Hills  200  to  400  feet  above  the  surrounding  country.  Gen- 
eral slope  of  the  state  south  to  west.  Frontage  on  Lake  Michigan 
41  miles;  lake  shore  low  a^dsandy^except  at  Michigan  City.  Chief 
rivers.  Ohio,  Wabash,  White,  Kankakee,  Maumee ;  small  streams 
everywhere  ;  river  bottoms  wide  and  unsurpassed  in  fertility  ; 
highlands  when  level,  rich,  black  or.  sandy  soil;  hills  sand  or 
limestone,  with  thin  but  productive  soil,  except  at  southeast, 
where  hill  lands  are  poor.  All  crops  and  fruits  of  the  temperate 
zone  do  well  both  in  yield  and  quality.  State  highly  favored  for 
agriculture  and  manufacturing.  Ranks  second  in  wheat;  fourth 
in  corn,  hogs  and  agricultural  implements ;  fifth  in  coal.  Cattle, 
hogs,  eheep,  horses,  etc.,  are  most  successfully  raised.  Corn, 
wheat,  oats,  staple  crops.  Timber  still  abundant  at  south,  but  in 
scattered  tracts.  Coal  fields  in  southwestern  portions  of  stiite  over 
7,000  sq.  miles,  on  much  of  which  are  3  workable  veins.  Kinds  of 
coal,  block,  cannel  and  ordinary  bituminous,  cokes  veil, superior 
for  gas.  Building  stones  varied  and  of  unsurpassed  quality,  in- 
cluding the  famous  Bedford  stone.  Supply  unlimited.  Land  is 


152 


THE    WESTERN    WORLD 


cheap,  cleared  averaging  $18,  and  woodland  $14  per  acre.  In 
rich  section  to  southwest  cleared  land  Sl-r>,  woodland  $10@12. 
Chances  for  making'  homes,  comfort  and  advantages  considered, 
not  excelled  elsewhere.  Iron  ore  is  found. 

CLIMATE  changeable  in  winter,  but  seldom  severe;  winds 
from  north  and  west;  summers  moderately  long,  and  sometimes 
hot;  temperature  averages,  winter,  Si  deg.,  summer,  1$  deg. 


Trees  blo°som  in  March.  Rainfall  40  inches.  Health  excellent. 
Malarial  disappearing1  from  bottoms  before  proper  drainage. 

CHIEF  CITIES.— Indianapolis  (capital),  contains  deaf  and 
dumb,  blind  and  insane  asylums,  pop.  75,056 ;  Terre  Haute,  26,042; 
Evansviile.  "9.2*0  ;  Fort  Wayne,  28,880.  Michigan  City,  lake  port. 

INDUSTRIES.    Agriculture,  mining  and  manufacturing. 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK.  153 

-  PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution:  Real  or  personal 
to  value  of  $600.  Property  sold  must  bring  two-thirds  appraised 
value,  unless  the  law  is  waived  by  contract.  Assignments  do  not 
release.  Suits  barred  after  20  years  for  injuries  to  person  or 
character,  on  written  contracts,  for  real  estate;  after  10  years  on 
notes,  bills,  etc.;  after  6  years  on  accounts,  for  rents,  injury  to 
property  and  relief  from  fraud;  after  15  years  on  actions  not 
•especially  limited.  Wife's  property  exempt.  She  can  sue,  be 
sued,  make  will,  etc.  She  takes  instead  of  dowry  one-half  in  fee 
simple  in  lands.  Arrest  for  debt  legal  on  affidavit  of  removal 
with  property  subject  to  execution  with  intent  to  defraud. 

LICENSE  CHARGES.—  Non-resident  peddlers  selling  goods 
made  out  of  the  state  pay  to  county  treasurer  $5  on  $1,000  capi- 
tal; $7.50  on  more  than  $1,000  and  less  than  $2,000;  $10  on  capital 
up  to  $5,000,  and  $20  on  capital  greater  than  $5,000. 

LIENS  hold  on  structures,  railroads  or  boats  for  labor  or 
material,  on  crops  for  rent  when  rented  on  shares,  on  laud  for 
benefits  from  drains,  levees,  etc.  Liens  must  be  filed  in  county 
recorder's  office  in  60  days  after  completion  of  work.  Judg- 
ments are  hens  on  real  estate  for  10  years. 

PUBLIC  LANDS.— A  few  isolated  tracts  of  Government 
Land  may  exist.  Transactions  relating  to  them  are  in  the  hands 
of  the  General  Land  Office  at  Washington,  D.  C.  State  Lands, 
including,  swamp,  university  and  college  fund  lands  are  held  for 
sale  to  a  considerable  extent.  They  are  in  small  tracts  scattered 
over  the  state,  and  are  controlled  by  the  Auditor  of  State. 


ILLINOIS. 

Name  derived  from  Illini  tribe  of 
Indians,  meaning  Superior  Men, 
and  also  said  to  be  French.  Called 
"Prairie  State"  and  "Sucker  State." 
Discovered  June  20,  1673,  by  Mar- 
quette  and  Joliet.  Settled  first  at 
Kaskaskia  (later  seat  of  govern- 
ment of  N.W.  territory)  by  Jesuits, 
1682.  Formed  part  of  Louisiana 
territory  and  belonged  to  France. 
Transferred  to  England  by  Treaty 
of  Paris,  1765.  Seized  and  British 
expelled  by  Clarke's  Virsrinia  ex- 
pedition, July  4,  1778,  and  became  a 
part  of  Virginia,  being  called  Illi- 
nois county.  Became  part  of  the 
"  Northwest  Territory  "  organized 
17^7.  Ohio  cut  out  of  territory,  1800,  and  what  is  now  Indiana, 
Wisconsin.Illinoisand  Minnesota  (east  of  Miss.  river)was  organized 
as  Indiana  territory.  Illinois  territory  formed,  1809.  Kaskaskia, 
capital.  Fort  Dearborn  (Chicago)  massacre,  1812,  by  Pottawato- 
mies.  Admitted  as  state,  1818.  Capital  removed  to  Vandalia, 
1818.  State  constitution  adopted  same  year.  Black  Hawk 
war,  1831.  Capital  moved  to  Springfield,  1836.  Mormon 
troubles,  1839.  Mormons  expelled,  1844.  New  constitution, 
Irus.  Soldiers  in  Mexican  war,  5,000.  Union  soldiers,  259,092. 
N  umber  counties,  102.  All  elections,  Tuesday  after  first  Monday 
iii  Nov.;  number  senators,  51 ;  representatives,  153 ;  sessions  bien- 
nial, in  odd-numbered  years,  meeting  first  Monday  in  Jan.;  term 
of  senators,  4  years ;  representatives,  2  years.  Number  electoral 
votes,  22 ;  congressmen,  20 ;  number  voters,  796,847 ;  convicts  ex- 
cluded from  voting.  School  system  excellent ;  number  colleges, 
28 ;  school  age,  6-21.  Legal  interest,  6% ;  by  contract,  8% ;  usury 
forfeits  entire  interest.  Miles  of  railroad,  8,909. 

POPULATION,  1880,  3,077,871 ;  male,  1,586,523 ;  female,  1,491,- 


154 


THE   WESTERN   WOULD 


348;   native,  2,494,295;   foreign,  583,576 ;  white,  3,031,151 ;   colored, 
46,3tiK;  Chinese,209;  Indians,  140.    Estimated  increase  !K 

TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.- 
Bxtreme  length  N.  and  S.,  3bt>  miles ;  extreme  width,  218  miles. 
Average  elevation,  4&J  feet ;  elevation  at  Cairo, 340  feet;  highest 
point,  1,140  feet  in  northwest  portion.  Area,  56.000  sq.  miles, 
35,840,000  acres ;  miles  of  navigable  water- ways,  4,100.  Frontage 


on  Lake  Michigan  110  miles.  Principal  streams,  Mississippi, 
Ohio,  Wabash,  Kankakoe,  Calumet  and  Illinois.  Surface  ex- 
tremely level  and  much  of  it  prairie.  Slopes  to  east  and  south. 
Soil  superior.  Among  first  agricultural  suites  of  Union.  Staple 
crops,  corn,  wheat,  oats,  rye,  barley,  broomcorn,  vegetable's,  hay, 
potatoes,  etc.  Fruits  and  grapes,  except  Catawba,  do  well  at 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK.  155 


south.  Yield  of  all  crops  cultivated,  large.  Coal  area,  two-thirds 
state.  First  coal  mined  in  America  at  Ottawa;  quality  moderately 
fair.  Considerable  forest  of  hardwoods  at  south  on  hills  and  in 
bottoms.  Superior  quality  limestone  on  Fox  and  Desplaines 
rivers;  lead,  most  important  mineral ;  Galena  in  center  of  richest 
diggings  in  N.  W.  Rich  salt  wells  in  Saline  and  Gailatiti  counties, 
75  gallons  brine  making  50  Ibs.  salt.  State  ranks  first  in  corn, 
•wheat,  oats,  meat  packing,  lumber  traffic,  malt  and  distilled 
liquors  and  miles  railway;  second  in  rye,  coal,  agricultural  im- 
plements, soap  and  hogs ;  fourth  in  hay,  potatoes,  iron  and  steel, 
mules,  milch  cows  and  other  cattle.  Cleared  land  averages  $28, 
and  woodland  or  raw  prairie,  818  per  acre.  Land  cheaper  at 
south,  which  offers  excellent  inducements  to  immigration. 

CLIMATE  healthful  as  a  rule ;  subject  to  sudden  and  violent 
changes  at  north.  Temperature  ranges  from  30  deg.  below  zero 
to  101  deg.  above.  Average  temperature  at  Springfield,  30  deg. 
winter ;  78  deg.  summer.  At  Chicago,  25  deg.  winter ;  72  deg. 
summer.  At  Cairo,  38  deg.  winter ;  80  deg.  summer.  Frosts  come 
last  of  September.  Vegetation  begins  in  April.  Rainfall.  36  inches. 

CHIEF  CITIES.—  Chicago,  pop.  503,185.  Peoria,  pop., 29,259. 
Quiru-v,  pop  27.2tiS.  Springfield  (capital), pop.  19,743. 

INDUSTRIES.— Agriculture,  mining,  stock-raising  and 
manufacturing  of  ali  '?y.  .-. 

PROPERTY  JBX£M.'l'  from  execution:  homestead  to  value 
of  $1,000.  Exemption  ex  «;r,ds  after  death  till  youngest  child  is 
21  years  old;  apparel,  bor  is  and  pictures ;  $100  mother  property, 
and  when  debtor  is  head  of  family,  S300  in  other  property,  not 
money;  wages  of  laborer  exempt  to  $25.  Assignments  cannot 
prefer  and  do  not  discharge.  Suits  for  land  and  on  judgement 
barred  after  20  years,  after  7  years  wken  title  is  held  by  record, 
after  10  years  on  notes,  bills  and  written  contracts,  or  mortgages, 
after  2  years  for  personal  injury,  after  1  year  for  slander,  and 
after  5  years  on  all  other  actions.  Wife's  property  exempt.  She 
may  do  business,  make  will,  and  change  her  estate.  Arrest  for 
debt  only  in  cases  of  fraud  or  refusal  to  surrender  property. 

LICENSE  CHARGES.— Peddlers  and  drummers  not  taxed. 

LIENS  hold  on  building  and  lot,  and  raijroad,  for  labor,  ma- 
terial and  services.  Sub-contractors  have  lien  for  amount  due 
contractor.  Notice  must  be  given  by  contractor  in  6  months,  by 
sub-contractor  in  40  days.  Judgments  are  liens  on  land  for  7  years. 

PUBLIC  LANDS.— A  few  isolated  tracts  of  government 
may  exist,  and  is  controlled  by  the  General  Land  Office  at  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.  The  state  has  no  lands.  The  counties  hold  unim- 
portant areas  of  forfeited  school  land. 


MICHIGAN. 

Name  Indian,  meaning  "Land  of 
Lakes."  Called  "Wolverine  State." 
First  settlement  by  Father  Mar- 
quette,  1668,  at  Sault  Ste.  Marie. 
Fort  Michimackinac  (Mackinaw) 
built  by  French,  1671.  Detroit 
founded,  1701.  Territory  belonged 
to  France.  Passed  to  possession  of 
England,  1763,  followed  by  Pontiac 
conspiracy  and  massacre  at  Macki- 
naw. Became  part  of  Virginia  at 
close  of  Revolution.  Ceded  by  Vir- 
ginia to  U.  S.,  and  formed  part  of 
Northwest  Territory.  Became  part 
cf  Indiana  territory,  1800.  Michi- 
gan territory  forme'd  1805,  did  not 
include  upper  peninsula,  but  ex- 
tended west  to  ..lissouri  river.  Devastated  by  Indians  and 


156 


THE  WESTERN   WORLD 


English  in  war  1812-14,  until  run  off  by  Gen.  Harrison.  Wiscon- 
sin included  in  the  territory  of  Michigan.  1818,  and  separated 
from  it  1S3*>.  State  constitution  adopted  1836.  Admitted  as  state 
Jan.  2<i,  1837.  Thirteenth  state  to  enter  Union.  Received  upper 
peninsula  as  compensation  for  disputed  territory  same  year. 
Capital  fixed  at  Lansing-,  1847.  New  constitution  adopted  1850, 
still  in  force.  Union  soldiers  furnished,  87,364.  Number  couri- 


iies,  79.  Miles  railroad,  5.233.  All  elections  Tuppclny  nfter  first 
Monday  in  November.  Number  senators,  31 ;  representatives, 
JOO;  sessions  of  legislature  biennial,  in  odd-numbered  years, 
meeting  first  Wednesday  in  January ;  terms  of  senators  and  rep- 
resentatives, 2  years  each;  number  electoral  votes,  13;  number 
congressmen,  11.  Number  voters,  407,68..  Duelists  excluded 


GUIDE   AND   HAND-BOOK.  157 

from  voting:.  Number  colleges,  9:  efficient  public  schools  ;  school 
age,  5-20  years.  Legal  interest,  1% ;  by  contract,  1(# ;  usury  for- 
feits ex  cess  of  interest. 

POPULATION,  18^0. 1,636,937 ;  male,  862,355 ;  female,  774,5°2; 
native,  l,248,4i:9;  foreign,  388,508;  white,  1,614,560  ;  colored,  15,100 ; 
Indians,  7,349  Estimated  increase,  \\%. 

TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.- 
State  termed  of  two  peninsulas  and  number  small  islands.  Ex- 
treme length  lower  peninsula  north  and  south,  278  miles;  breadth, 
200  miles.  Extreme  length  upper  peninsula  east  and  west,  320 
miles ;  width,  24  to  166  miles ;  area,  57,430  sq.  miles,  or  36,755,200 
acres.  Length  shore  line  on  Lakes  Michigan,  Superior,  Huron, 
St.  Glair  and  Erie,  North  Channel  and  Green  Bay,  2,(iOO  miles. 
Lower  peninsula  consists  of  plains  and  table  lands,  heavily  tim- 
bered with  pine  and  hardwoods,  and  small  prairies,  with  eleva- 
tion of  600  to  750  feet.  At  south  are  ranges  of  hills,  and  border- 
ing Lake  Michigan  aro  sand-hills  and  bluffs  sometimes  300  feet 
high.  The  soil  is  generally  good,  but  patches  of  sand  occur. 
Saginaw  and  Thunder  bays  in  Lake  Huron  and  Grand  and  Little 
Traverse  bays  in  Lake  Michigan  form  splendid  harbors.  Fruit 
raising,  especially  apples,  peaches  and  grapes,  very  successful. 
All  cereals  make  good  crops,  except  corn  at  north.  Staples, 
wheat,  corn,  oats,  buckwheat,  potatoes,  barley,  etc.  Upper 
peninsula  broken,  rocky,  and  almost  mountainous,  rising  at  west 
to  2,000  feet  above  sea.  Western  portion  mining  region; 
eastern  portion  favorable  to  agriculture.  Rivers,  inlets 
and  small  lakes  numerous.  Water  good  and  well  dis- 
tributed. Chief  islands.  Isle  Royale  and  Grand  Island  in  Lake 
Superior,  Marquette,  Mackinaw  and  Bois  Blanc  in  Lake  Huron, 
and  Beaver,  Fox  and  Manitou  in  Lake  Michigan.  Copper  in 
Houghton,  Ontonagon  and  Keweenah  counties ;  valuable  iron 
ores  in  Marquette  and  Delta  counties ;  coal  in  Shiawassee,  Eaton, 
Ingham  and  Jackson,  counties.  Salt  abundant.  Timber  yet  in 
immense  tracts  of  virgin  pine  and  hardwoods.  Grand  Haven,  Au 
Sable  and  Detroit  are  centers  of  valuable  fishing  interests;  prin- 
cipal catch  is  trout  and  whiteflsh.  State  ranks  first  in  copper, 
lumber  and  salt ;  second  in  iron  ore;  third  in  buckwheat ;  fifth  in 
sheep,  hops  and  potatoes.  Inducements  to  farmers,  manufact- 
urers, miners,  and  all  classes  of  immigrant,  first  class.  People 
progressive,  Cleared  land  averages  $20  per  acre;  forest,  $10. 

CLIMATE.— Temperature  averages  at  Detroit,  winter,  30 
deg.;  summer,  70  deg.;  at  Sault  Ste.  Marie,  winter,  23  deg.;  sum- 
mer, 65  deg.  Rainfall  at  Detroit,  30  inches  ;  at  Sault  Ste.  Marie, 
24 'nches.  Health  excellent.  Temperature  at  Marquette  averages 
about:?  deg.  lower  than  at  Sault  Ste.  Marie. 

CHIEF  CITIES.— Detroit,  pop.  116,340;  Grand  Rapids,  pop. 
32016;  Lansing  (capital),  pop.  8,310:  Bay  City,  pop.  20,693;  East 
Saginaw.  l'j,0ld;  Jackson,  16,105;  Muskegon.  11,262:  Saginaw,  10.525. 
Detroit,  MarqiH-tte,  Port  Huron,  Grand  Haven  ports  of  entry. 

CHIEF  INDUSTRIES.— Lumbering,  mining,  farming, 
fruit  raising,  manufacturing,  fishing,  etc. 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution :  Spinning  wheels, 
looms  and  apparatus;  stoves  for  use;  arms,  etc.,  of  militft ; 
apparel ;  8150  in  books ;  family  pictures ;  10  sheep  and  fleecesand 
manufactures  thereof ;  2  cows ;  5  swine ;  6  months  provision  and 
fuel  for  family;  $250  in  household  goods ;  6  months  feed  for  stock 
named  above ;  tools  of  trade ;  team,  etc..  essential  to  occupation. 
Exemptions  do  not  hold  for  purchase  money  exceot  on  tools,  etc. 
There  is  also  exempt  $500  in  personal  property  and  homestead  to 
value  of  $1,500.  Assignment  under  insolvent  law  may  discharge 
debtor.  Suits  barred  after  20  years  for  land  if  person  was  out  of 
the  United  States  when  right  occurred  ;  otherwise  after  15  years; 
after  10  years  when  claimed  under  tax  deed,  and  also  on  judg- 
ments; after  6  years  on  contracts,  accounts,  etc.;  after  2  year* 
for  injury  to  person  or  reputation.  Wife's  property  exempt. 
She  may  dispose  of  same  separately,  do  business,  etc.  Arrest  for 
debt  permitted  where  it  involves  breach  of  trust  or  fraud. 


158  THE   WESTERN  WORLD 


LICENSE  CHARGES.— Peddler  on  foot,  815 ;  with  horse, 
$40;  with  2  horses,  875;  by  rail,  $100.  Travelers  taking  order, 
$50,  to  treasurer  of  state. 

LIENS  hold  on  structures  and  lot  for  labor  and  material. 
Notice  must  be  filed  in  county  register's  office  in  CO  days,  and 
suit  broujrht  in  CO  days  moiv. 

GOVERNMENT  LANDS  remain  subject  to  homestead, 
pre-emption  and  cash  entry  to  a  considerable  extent  in  Michigan. 
The  land  offices  are  located  at  Detroit  for  the  counties  of  Alpena, 
(10,000  acres  government  land).  Cheboygan  15.0UO  acres),  and 
Presque  Isle  (3,200  acres);  at  Keed  City  for  the  surrounding  sec- 
tion, in  which  50,000  acres  of  government  land  remains,  chiefly 
pine  plains;  at  Marquette  for  the  noitbern  peninsula,  area 
government  land  very  large,  and  at  East  Saginaw. 

STATE  LANDS  are  designated  as  swamp,  but  include  all 
classes  of  land.  They  are  held  at  $1.25,  except  in  a  few  northern 
townships,  where  the  price  is  $2,  and  lie  in  almost  every  county 
aggregating  over  ]tO,000  acres.  These  lands  are  sold  in  tracts  of 
80  acres  to  applicants  making  affidavit  of  intention  to  settle  on 
them  on  payment  of  J4  the  price,  the  balance  to  be  paid  in  10 
years  with  1%  inteiest  annually .  A  homestead  of  80  acres  or  less 
may  be  taken  free  if  the  homesteader  does  not  already  own  40 
acres.  In  all  cash  purchases  road  scrip  may  be  used  in  payment 
and  the  quantity  of  land  which  may  be  bought  is  unlimited  by 
law.  The  scrip  can  be  boughtata  discount  from  private  holders. 
School  lands.  The  state  also  holds  for  sale,  at  $4  per  acre,  310,- 
000  acres  of  school  land.  Where  timbered  it  must  be  paid  for  in 
cash,  otherwise  it  is  sold  on  time  at  1%  interest.  There  is  further 
about  125,000  acres  of  college  lands  held  at  $5  to  $12.50  per  acre, 
sold  on  same  terms  as  school  land.  The  educational  lands  are 
scattered  all  over  the  state.  Information  relating  to  them  may 
be  had  of  the  Michigan  State  Land  Office  at  Lansing,  where  they 
are  controlled. 


WISCONSIN. 

Indian  name  of  river;  means 
"Wild  Rushing  River."Called"Bad- 
ger  State."  Settled  first  by  French 
at  Green  Bay,  1669.  Belonged  to 
Virginia.  Ceded  to  United  States. 
Formed  part  of  Northwest  terri- 
tory. Included  in  Indiana  terri- 
tory, 1800.  Became  part  of  Michi- 
gan territory,  1805.  Wisconsin  ter- 
ritory organized  1836.  and  included 
Iowa,  Minnesota  and  part  of 
Dakota.  Present  boundaries  fixed, 
18,'JS.  Madison  made  capital,  1388. 
Applied  for  admission,  1846.  Ad- 
mitted as  state,  May,  1848.  Seven- 
teenth state  to  join  Union.  State 
constitution  adopted  1848;  still  in 
force,  but  amended.  Number  Union  soldiers  furnished,  91,327. 
Number  counties,  66;  miles  railroad.  4,2h9.  All  elections,  Tuesday 
after  first  Monday  in  Nov.;  number  senators,  33;  representa- 
tives, 100;  sessions  biennial,  in  odd-numbered  years,  meeting 
second  Wednesday  in  Jan.;  term  of  senators,  4  years;  of  repre- 
sentatives, 2  years.  Number  electoral  votes,  11;  number  con- 
gressmen, 9;  number  voters,  340,4^2;  insane,  idiots,  convicts, 
bribers,  betters  and  duelists  excluded  from  voting.  Number 
colleges.  7;  number  public  schools,  6,588;  school  age,  4-20  years; 
school  endowment  very  liberal.  Legal  interest,  1%;  by  contract, 
10#;  usury  f orfeits  entire  interest. 


GUIDE  AND  HAND  BOOK. 


159 


POPULATION,  1880,  1,315,407;  male,  680,069;  female,  635,428; 
native,  910,072;  foreign,  405.425;  white,  l,309,fi!8;  colored,  2,702; 
t}him>se,  16:  Indians.  3,161.  Estimated  increase  12$. 

TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.- 
Extreme  length  N .  and  S.,  2U8  miles;  width,  260  miles;  area,  54,450 
sq.  miles;  34,848,000  acres.  Surface  presents  varied  and  beautiful 
scenery,  without  any  grand  features.  Forms  a  great  plain  580  to 


MAP  OF 
\VISCOXSIN 

Population 1,315,501 

Area  sq.milea... 54,450 


I 


about  1,700  feet  above  sea  level,  highest  points  being  at  the  N.W.; 
gradual  slope  to  Lake  Michigan  and  the  south.  Chief  rivers, 
Mississippi,  Fox,  Wisconsin;  these,  with  innumerable  smaller 
fetreams,  furnish  such  picturesque  scenery  as  the  famous  "  Dells," 
etc.,  and  afford  a  multitude  of  valuable  water  powers,  many  of 
which  are  still  unutilized.  Besides  the  great  lakes  Michigan  and 


160  THE  WESTERN  WORLD 


Superior,  the  state  contains  Green  bay,  Winnebago,  Geneva, 
Devil's  lake,  and  innumerable  other  lakes  in  the  central  and 
northern  sections  of  the  state,  of  unsurpassed  beauty,  making' 
the  state  a  favorite  place  of  summer  resort.  Mississippi  river 
navigable  throughout  S.  W.  boundary;  excellent  harbors  in  Lake 
Superior  and  Michigan.  Port  Washington,  one  of  the  finest 
natural  harbors  in  the  world.  Much  of  state  prairie,  but  enor- 
mous stretches  of  magnificent  pine  and  hardwood  timbers 
remain  untouched.  The  soil  is  excellent  and  adapted  to  diversi- 
fied farming,  dairying  and  stock  raising.  The  hardier  fruits  grow, 
and  berries  are  a  fine  crop.  Cranberries  are  largely  raised.  Wheat 
is  the  best  crop;  flax,  buckwheat ,  hay,  corn,  oats,  staples.  Exten- 
sive lead  mines  in  Grant,  Lafayette  and  Iowa  counties;  native  cop- 
Eer  n  the  north,  in  Crawford  and  Iowa  counties.  Milwaukee  clay 
imous  for  making  crt-am-colored  brick.  Iron  ores  in  Dodge.Sauk, 
Jackson  and  Ashland  counties.  Ranks  second  in  hops,  third  in 
barley  and  potatoes,  fourth  in  rye  and  buckwheat,  fifth  in  oats 
and  agricultural  implements.  Improved  land  averages  S'8  and 
unimproved  $10  per  acre.  Much  government  and  railroad  land 
yet  untaken.  Opportunities  for  homes  and  enterprise  first-class. 

CLIMATE.— Temperature  averages,  winter,  20  deg.,  sum- 
mer, 71  deg.;  ranges  from  32  deg.  below  zero  to  95  deg.  Rainfall 
31  inches,  including  snow.  Snows  heavy,  especially  at  north; 
spring  late;  summeis  short;  falls  pleasant.  Milwaukee  river 
frozen  over  an  average  of  105  days  in  year.  Health  superior. 
Air  bracing  and  life  giving. 

CHIEF  CITIES.— Milwaukee,  port  of  entry,  great  pork 
packing  and  beer  brewing  center,  grain  and  wheat  market;  pop. 
125,000.  Madison  (capital),  pop.  12.063.  Eau  Claire,  pop.  21,653; 
Fond  du  Lac.  pop.  13.1)94:  Oshkosh,  21,947;  La  Crosse,  21,212. 

LEADING-  INDUSTRIES.— Lumbering,  farming,  mining, 
manufacturing,  brewing,  pork  packing,  dairying,  etc. 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution:  Family  pictures, 
books,  apparel,  ?200  in  household  furniture,  2  cows,  10  swine, 
yoke  oxen  and  horse  or  2  horses,  10  sheep  and  wool  of  same,  1 
years  feed  for  stock  named,  wagon,  etc.,  to  $50,  provisions  and 
feed  for  1  year,  tools,  stock  in  trade  or  professional  books,  etc. 
to  §200.  printing  materials  81,500,  life  insurance,  insurance  on  ex- 
empt property  when  destroyed,  homestead  40  acres  in  county  or 
J4  acre  in  town  with  improvements.  Assignments  may  prefer, 
but  do  not  discharge  debtor,  but  a  discharge  in  insolvency  may 
be  obtained;  suits  barred  after  20  years  on  bond  or  judgment, 
and  after  10  years  if  cause  of  action  accrued  out  of  the  state; 
after  6  years  on  contracts  and  liabilities.  Wife's  property  ex- 
empt. She  can  dispose  of  same  as  if  single.  Arrest  for  debt  may 
be  made  in  case  of  fraud,  malfeasance  or  removal. 

LICENSE  CHARGES  per  year:  Peddlers  on  foot,  815; 
with  horse.  $20;  with  2  horses.  $40:  with  more  than  2  horses,  $50. 
License  issued  by  Secretary  of  State. 

LIENS  hold  on  structures  for  labor  and  material.  If  petition 
of  same  be  filed  with  county  clerk  within  1  year.  Sub-con- 
tractors must  give  owner  30  days  notice  of  claim.  J  udgments  are 
liens  on  real  estate  for  10  years. 

GOVERNMENT  LANDS.-A  very  large  portion  of  Wis- 
consin is  yet  public  in  domain,  and  comprises  every  description 
of  land  found  in  the  state.  It  is  subject  to  homestead,  pre-emp- 
tion and  cash,  and  in  some  sections  to  timber  culture  entry. 
THE  LAND  OFFICES  are  at  Eau  Claire  for  the  region  included  in 
townships  25  to  40  north  inclusive,  and  ranges  1  to  11  east  inclu- 
sive, gt  Falls  of  St.  Croix  for  lands  lying  in  townships  38,  39 
and  40,  ranges  12  to  20  west  inclusive,  and  is  mostly  timbered 
with  pine  and  hardwood ;  and  at  Menasha.  Wausau,  Bayjield  and 
La  Cruise  for  the  districts  surrounding  each. 

STATE  LANDS  include  school  lands,  120,000  acres,  held  at 
$lto  §1.25  per  acre ;  University  lands,  1,700  acres,  held  at  $2  to  $3 
per  acre;  Agricultural  College  lands,  13,000  acres,  at  $1.25  per 
acre ;  Normal  School  (swamp)  lands,  470,000  acres,  at  50c.  to  $3  per 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOO.;.  161 

acre ;  drainage  land  (swamp),  500,000  acres,  at  50c.  to  $3  per  acre, 
and  Marathon  county  lands,  4,000  acres,  at  75c.  per  acre.  Tbe 
educational  lands,  except  Normal  school  lands,  are  sold  for  \-\ 
cash  balance  in  10  years  at  72  interest  in  advance  annually.  All 
other  lands  are  sold  for  cash. 


MINNESOTA. 

Name  Indian,  signifies  "Sky- 
like  water."  Called  "uopher  state." 
Explored  by  Fathers  Hennepiu  and 
LaSalle,  1680,  via  Mississippi  river 
to  Falls  St.  Anthony.  Portion  east 
of  the  Mississippi  river  a  part  of 
the  Territory  of  the  Northwest, 
covered  by  the  treaty  forced  from 
England,  1783.  The  western  por- 
tion acquired  from  France  by  pur- 
chase, 1803.  It  belonged  first  to 
Missouri  and  then  to  Iowa.  Fort 
Snelling  built,  1819.  Tract  between 
the  St.  Croix  and  Mississippi  ceded 
by  Indians,  1837.  Territory  organ- 
ized, 1849.  Sioux  Indians  ceded  all 
land  between  liig  Sioux  and  Missis- 
sippi rivers,  1851.  Admitted  as  state,  1858.  War  with  Dakotas, 
1862.  Indians  subdued;  3*  hanged  at  Maukato.  Foreign  immi- 
gration immense.  Number  Union  soldiers  furnished,  25,UC2. 
Number  counties,  80.  Miles  railroad,  4,193.  All  elections  Tuesday 
after  first  Monday  in  November;  number  senators,  47;  repre- 
sentatives, 103;  sessions  of  legislature,  biennial,  in  odd-num- 
bered years,  meeting  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  January ; 
holding  60  days ;  term  of  senators,  4  years ;  representatives,  2 
years.  Number  electoral  votes,  7;  congressmen,  5;  voters, 
213,485;  idiots,  insane  and  convicts  not  voting.  Number  colleges, 
5 ;  school  age,  5-21 ;  school  system,  first-class.  Legal  interest  rate, 


dians,  2,300.    Estimated  increase,  2 

TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.— 
Length  N.  and  S.,  378  miles;  average  width,  261  miles.  Area, 
79,205  sq.  miles,  50,691,200  acres.  Surface  rolling  plain  1,000  feet 
above  sea  level,  except  at  N.  E  ,  where  are  a  series  of  sand  hills 
called  "  Heights  of  Land,"  1,600  feet  high.  It  is  the  state  of  small 
lakes,  including  over  7,000,  varying  from  a  few  rods  to  32  miles 
across.  In  one  of  these,  Itasca,  the  Mississippi  rises  and  flows  800 
miles  through  the  state.  The  other  principal  r  i  vers  are  the  Min- 
nesota, Red  River  of  the  North,  and  the  St.  Louis.  Small  streams 
and  lakes  make  water  plentiful.  The  scenery  is  picturesque  and 
beautiful.  Thesoil  is  splendid,  as  a  rule,  and  the  accessibility  to 
market  and  general  attractions  render  the  state  especially  favored 
by  agriculturists.  The  forests  of  the  state  are  small  (2,000,000 
acres),  but  in  parts  are  rich  in  fine  timbers.  Two-thirds  of  the 
state  is  unoccupied.  Cleared  land  averages  $12. 5C  per  acre  and 
woodland  $8.  Wheat  is  the  great  crop.  Corn,  oats,  barley,  hay 
and  dairy  products  are  also  staples.  State  ranks  fourth  in  wheat. 

CLIMATE.— Healthful.  Air  pure  and  dry,  summers  warm, 
averaging  68-70  deg.;  winters  cold,  averaging  9-24  deg.  Rainfall 
36  incnes,  chiefly  in  summer.  Snowfall  medium.  The  dryness 
mitigates  the  cold  in  winter. 

CHIEF  CITIES.  —  Pembina,  port  of  entry  on  Red  river. 
St.  Paul,  capital ;  pop.  41,47:5.  Minneapolis,  pop.  46.887. 

CHIEF  INDUSTRIES.— Agriculture,  dairying,  milling, etc. 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution :  Books,  pictures 


162 


TIIE    WKSTEIIX    WOULD 


and  musical  instruments  of  family,  apparel,  household  furniture 
to  $500,  3  cows,  10  swine,  yoke  oxen  and  horse  or  a  team,  20  sheep 
and  wool  of  same,  1  year's  feed  for  stock  named,  wagon  and  farm 
implements  to  §300,  provisions  and  fuel  for  1  year,  tools,  books 
etc.,  of  trade  or  profession,  stock  in  trade  to  $4uO,  homestead  80 
acres  or  1  'ot  in  town  with  improvements.  No  exemption  from 
liens  for  labor.  Assignments  may  be  made  voluntarily  or  on 


Qui  ParVJ    « >™«  ;«»Sl£^P=a?r"a  ,-SFSS  water  ^  ^ 

&^ 


?,  T<\vrt°f^&i^i^^^^^^ 


'Sibley.NY) 


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i_U 


petition  of  creditor;  do  not  discharge  debts.  Suits  are  barred 
after  20  years  for  land  and  foreclosure,  after  10  years  on  judg- 
ments, after  6  years  on  contract,  after  2  for  slander,  assault,  etc. 
Wife's  property  exempt.  She  can  contract.  No  arrest  for  debt. 

LICENSE  CHARGES.— Drummers  and  peddlers  untaxed. 

LIENS  hold  on  structure,  boat,  etc.,  for  labor  and  material 
for  2  years  if  statement  is  filed  with  county  register  in  1  year. 


GUIDE   AND   HAND-BOOK.  163 


Sub-contractors  must  file  in  60  days.  Owners  may  avoid  liens  by 
proper  notii'f.  Judgments  are  liens  on  real  estate  for  ten  years. 

G-OVERMENT  LANDS  remain  unoccupied  to  the  extent 
of  about  13,000,000  acres,  and  include  fertile  prairie  and  timber 
tracts  or  iron  lands,  and  to  which  may  be  added  1,000,000  acres  of 
the  Pembina  and  lied  Lake  reservations,  all  fine  land.  The 
Land  Offices  are  at  Benson  for  the  surrounding  district  (no  gov- 
ernment laud  subject  to  entry  remains);  at  Worthlmrton  (vacant 
land  exhausted),  at  Crookston  for  the  counties  of  Kittson,  Mar- 
shall, Polk,  Norman,  Clay,  Becker  and  Beltrami  and  the  northern 
tier  of  township  in  Otter  Tail,  containing  about  1.000,000  acres 
chiefly  timbered  and  brush  prairie ;  at  Duluth,  for  that  part  of 
the  state  north  of  Pine  county  and  east  of  Itaskaand  Aitkin,two 
tiers  of  township  in  the  east  of  both  being  included,  and  inc'udes 
7.000,000  acres  of  vacant  land  one-third  unsurveyed,  all  rich  in 
minerals  and  timber;  at  St.  Cloud,  controlling  3,500,000  acres  be- 
tween ranges  25  and  35  from  town  130  to  Canadian  line,  two-thirds 
unsurveyed;  at  Fergus  Falls,  controlling  10.000  acres  chiefly  in 
Grant  and  Wilkin  counties;  at  Tracy,  controlling  1,000  acres  odds 
and  ends;  at  Redwood  Falls,  controlling  the  lands,  its  district  30 
miles  wide  and  reaching  across  the  state  east  to  west  60  miles 
north  of  the  Iowa  line.  At  the  west  are  some  fine  prairies;  at 
Taylors  Falls,  controlling  200,000  acres  vacant  land  in  Chisago, 
Anoka,  Ait  kin,  Isanti,  Kanabec,  Mille  Lacs,  Pine,  Ramsay,  Sher- 
burne  and  Washington  counties.  All  government  lands  in  the 
state  are  subject  t  >  pro  emption,  homestead  and  cash  entry. 

STATE  LANDS  include  School  lands  (16th  and  32d  section 
in  every  township),  minimum  price,  $5  per  acre ;  Internal  Im- 
provement lands,  240,000  acres,  average  price.  $5.29  per  acre ; 
University  and  Agricultural  College  lands,  about  75,000  acres, 
average  price,  S'<  per  acre ;  Public  Building  lands  not  yet  in  the 
market ;  Swamp  lands.  No  land  can  be  sold  for  less  than  the 
appraisement.  They  are  only  sold  at  public  auction  in  June  and 
October  of  each  year.  Terms  of  sale,  15#  of  the  purchase  money 
and  interest  at  the  rate  of  5£  on  the  balance  from  the  day  of  sale 
to  the  first  day  of  June,  next,  in  cash .  On  hardwood  lands  the 
the  value  of  the  timber  is  required  besides.  The  balance  of  pur- 
chase money,  in  full,  or  installments,  is  payable  at  the  option  of 
the  purchaser,  at  any  time  within  thirty  years,  on  school,  agricult- 
ural college  and  university  lands,  and  twenty  years  on  internal 
improvement  lands,  provided  that  interest  at  the  rate  of  5g  is 
paid  in  advance,  June  first,  each  year,  or  within  sixty  days  after. 


DAKOTA. 

Named  for  Dakota  Indians.  First  settled  at  Pembina,  1812,  by 
Lord  Selkirk  as  British  territory.  First  permanent  settlements 
of  Missouri  river,  1859.  Organized  as  territory  March,  IHiil,  and 
included  Wyoming  and  Montana.  First  legislature  met,  1SH2,  at 
Yiinkton,  which  was  made  tne  capital.  Immigration  became  act- 
ive, 1866.  Ca pital  removed,  1883,  to  Bismarck.  Chief  settlements 
in  Red  and  Missouri  river  valleys.  Propositions  pending  to  divide 
the  territory.  Railroad  building  active,  and  systems  mammoth 
in  their  scale.  Application  for  admission,  made.  Number 
counties,  129.  All  elections,  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  Nov.; 
number  senators,  12;  representatives,  24;  sessions  biennial,  in 
ocH-numbered  years,  meeting  second  Tuesday  in  Jan,  and  hold- 
ing 60  days;  terms  of  senators  and  representatives,  2  years  each. 
Legal  interest  rate,  7#;  by  contract  12£;  usury  forfeits  excess. 
School  endowments,  when  the  territory  shall  become  a  state, 
magnificent.  Miles  railroad,  2," "'.'. 

POPULATION.  IfWO.  135,177;  male,  82,296;  native,  83,382; 
•svhite,  133,147;  Indians,  27..VO  <2.3  OSioux).  Population  18S5, 413,759. 

TOPOGRAPHY,   AREA,    SOIL,  PRODUCTS,   ETC.— 


164 


\VOHLD 


Average  length  X.  and  S.,  451  miles;  width,  348  miles;  area,  149,112 
sq.  miles;  95,431,680  acres.  Indian  reservations  principally  west 
of  Missouri  river:  42,000,000  acres;  one-seventh  good  farming 
land.  Surface  high,  level,  plain,  950  to  2,600  feet  above  the  sea; 
traversed  by  ranges  of  lofty  hills,  which  at  the  S.  W.  reach  an 
elevation  of  7,000  feet  in  the  Black  Hills.  The  Missouri  river 
traverses  the  territory  diagonally  from  N.  W.  to  S.  E.,  and  is 


navigable.  Other  principal  rivers,  Yellowstone,  Little  Missouri, 
White,  Big  Cheyenne,  Niobrara,  Dakota,  Ked  Kiver  of  the  North, 
Vcrmillion  and  Big  Sioux.  Smaller  streams  are  very  numerous. 
Lakes  are  numerous,  especially  in  the  north  and  east;  Devil's 
lake  is  semi-salt,  12x40  in  extent;  other  large  lakes  are  Big  Stone, 
Albert,  PoinseTt,  Whitewood,  Traverse  and  Tchauchicaha.  The 
eoil  is  very  rich  and  peculiarly  suited  to  wheat,  which  is  the 


GUIDE  AND  HAND  BOOK. 


165 


staple  crop.  Corn,  oats,  grasses  and  potatoes  do  well.  Fruit  not 
a  good  crop.  Cattle,  and  especially  sheep  raising,  favored  and 
growing  industries.  Timber  scarce,  except  along  the  streams 
and  in  some  of  the  hills.  Gold  and  silver  extensively  mined. 
Black  Hills  very  rich  in  precious  minerals.  Ranks  fourth  in 
gold  output.  Good  coal  west  of  the  Missouri.  Not  much  devel- 
oped as  yet.  Scenery,  not  striking,  except  in  hills.  Deposits  of 
tin  said  to  be  of  great  value  exist.  Inducements  to  immigration 
first-class.  Price  of  land  $1.25  to  §20  per  acre  (latter  improved). 

CLIMATE.— Temperature  ranges  from  32  deg.  below  zero  to 
100  deg.  auove  ;  avenges,  winter,  4  to  20  deg  ;  summer,  65  to  75 
deg.  Winters  at  north  severe,  with  heavy  snow;  moderate 
at  the  south.  Air  clear,  dry  and  free  from  malaria.  Cold  not  so 
penetrating  as  in  moister  climates.  Springs  late  and  summers  of 
medium  length.  Rainfall  19  in.,  chiefly  in  spring  and  summer. 

CHIEF  CITIES.— Fargo,  northern  metropolis;  Bismarck 
(capital);  Yankton  and  Sioux  Falls  important  centers. 

INDUSTRIES.— Almost  entire  laboring  population,engaged 
in  agriculture  and  mining. 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution :  family  pictures, 
S100  in  books,  apparel,  provisions  and  fuel  for  one  year  81,500  in 
other  personal  property,  homestead  of  160  acres  land  or  1  acre  in 
town  regardless  of  value.  Assignment  cannot  prefer  and  does 
not  release  debtor.  Suits  barred  after  30  years  for  land  on  judg- 
ment or  sealed  instrument,  after  6  years  in  contract  or  liabiliiy, 
after  2  years  for  slander  or  assault.  Wife's  property'  exempt, 
she  can  sell,  contract,  etc.,  as  if  single.  Arrest  for  debt  per- 
mitted in  cases  of  fraud,  concealment,  removal  or  damage. 

LICENSE  CHARGES  may  be  fixed  by  county  clerks. 

LIENS  hold  on  ground  and  structure  for  labor  and  material 
if  filed  in  90  days  by  contractor,  or  in  60  days  by  sub-contractor. 
Judgments  docketed  in  clerks  office  of  county  where  land  lies 
are  liens  on  stme  for  ten  years. 

GOVERNMENT  LANDS  are  found  in  all  parts  of  Dakota. 
Near  towns  they  have  been  picked,  but  back  from  settlement 
choice  trade  are  yet  vacant.  The  LAND  OFFICES  are  located  at 
Bismark  for  the  surrounding  district  containing  18,OoO,_000  at-res 
vacant  land;  at  Grand  Forks;  at  Devils  Lake  for  district  92x102 
miles  in  area,  mostly  vacant;  at  Mitchell  (all  lands  taken  except 
those  in  Crow  Creek  reservation  now  open  to  entry) ;  at  Water- 
town  ;  Fargo,  Yankton,  Deadwood,  Aberdeen  and  Huron  for  the 
surrounding  districts.  All  government  lands  in  the  territory  are 
subject  to  homestead,  pre-emption  and  cash  entry.  Much  rail- 
road lands  for  sale.  No  territorial  lands  now  offered. 


IOWA. 


Stitution  modified  1837 


Indian  name,  means  "This  is 
the  place."  Called  the  "  Hawkeye 
State."  Settled  first  by  Dubuque, 
1788,  a  French  Canadian,  for  whom 
that  city  is  named.  First  settlers 
miners  of  lead.  Territory  belonged 
to  France.  Acquired  by  United 
States  by  "  Louisiana  Purchase," 
1803.  Formed  part  of  Louisiana  till 
1812,  when  it  was  included  in  Mis- 
souri territory.  Active  immigra- 
tion began  1833.  Became  part  of 
Michigan  1831,  and  of  Wisconsin 
1836.  Iowa  territory  organized 
July  4,  1838.  Burlington  made 
capital.  Removed  1839  to  Iowa 
City.  Admitted  as  state  1846.  Con- 
Union  soldiers  furnished,  76,242.  Num- 


166 


THE  WESTERN  WORLD 


ber  counties,  99;  miles  of  railroad,  7,510.  State  elections  annual, 
Tuesday  after  second  Monday  in  October,  excepting1  years  of 
presidential  elections,  when  all  elections  occur  together.  Num- 
ber senators,  50;  representatives,  100;  sessions  of  legislature 
biennial,  in  even-numbered  years,  meeting  second  Monday  in 
January.  Term  of  senators,  4  years;  of  representatives,  2  years. 


Number  electoral  votes,  13;  congressmen,  11;  number  voters, 
416,058.  Idiots,  insane  and  criminals  excluded  from  voting. 
Number  colleges,  19;  school  age,  5-21.  School  system  admirable 
endowment  liberal.  Legal  interest  rate,  6#;  by  contract,  10#; 
usury  forfeits  10  per  cent,  per  year  on  amount.  State  has 
adopted  prohibition. 

POPULATION,  1SSO,  1,024,015;  male,  848,136;  female,  776,479; 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK.  167 

native,  1,362,965;  foreign,  261,650;  white,  1,614,600:  colored,  9,516; 
Chinese,  33;  Indians,  466.  Estimated  Increase.  \n%. 

TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.— 
Extreme  length  E.  find  W.,  298  miles;  width,  20e>niiles:  area, 
55,470  sq.  miles,  35,500,800  acres,  (surface  almost  an  unbroken 
prairie,  without  mountains  and  with  very  few  low  hills.  Some 
hi  uit's  on  streams,  but  scenery  pretty  and  rather  monotonous. 
Niiniral  meadows  are  formed  everywhere,  and  water  fs  abun- 
dantly supplied  by  small  streams.  Many  small  picturesque  lakes 
at  north.  Highest  point.  Spirit  Lake,  over  1,600  feet  above  the 
sea.  Slopes  southeast,  and  elevation  at  mouth  of  Des  Moines  river 
410  feet.  Principal  streams,  Mississippi,  Missouri,  Des  Moines,  Towa 
and  Little  Sioux.  Soil  averages  superior.  Corn,  wheat,  oats, 
potatoes,  hay,  barley,  sorghum,  rye,  staples.  Apples  unsurpassed 
in  United  States;  pears,  plums,  cherries,  grapes  and  berries 
are  excellent  crops.  Cattle  and  other  stock  Interests  large  and 
thrifty.  Dairying  especially  attractive.  Torest  area  small  and 
scarcely  equal  to  home  requirements.  Coal  area,  fair.  Other 
minerals  unimportant.  Manufacturing  active.  / unproved  land 
averages  $20;  unimproved.  Including  railroad  and  government 
domains,  §12.50.  State  ranks  first  in  hogs;  second  in  milch  cows, 
oxen  and  other  cattle,  corn,  hay  and  oats;  third  In  horses;  fifth  in 
barley  and  miles  of  railway. 

CLIMATE  healthy,  but  subject  to  extremes.  Winter  severe, 
with  sharp  north  and  west  winds;  summers  pleasant.  Temperature 
averages,  summer,  72  deg.;  winter,  23  deg.;  ranges  from  10  deg.  be- 
low to  99  deg.  above  zero.  Rainfall,  42  inches.  Wheat  harvest  to 
August. 

CHIEF  CITIES.— Des  Moines,  metropolis  and  capital;  pop. 
22,408.  Pop.  of  Dubuque,  22,254;  of  Davenport,  21,831;  of  Burling- 
ton, 19,450;  of  Council  Bluffs,  18,063.  Keokuk,  Burlington  and 
Dubuque  are  United  States  ports  of  delivery. 

LEADING  INDUSTRIES.— Agriculture,  stock  raising  and 
manufacturing. 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution-  apparel  and 
trunks,  etc.,  gun,  tools,  books,  or  instruments  of  trade  or  pro- 
fession, horse  and  vehicle  of  physician,  minister,«offlcer,  farmer 
or  teamster,  library  and  pictures.  To  heads  of  family  fh  addition, 
cow,  calf,  5  hogs,  all  pigs  under  6  months  old,  horse,  60-day  feed 
for  animals  named,  flax  raised  by  debtor  and  manufacturer  of 
same,  $100  in  household  furniture,  weaving  devices,  bed  for 
every  2  in  family,  (i  months  fuel  and  provisions,  printing  press 
and  plant  to  $1,200,  90  days'  earnings  and  homstead  40  acres,  or 
half  acre  in  town  from  debts  accruing  after  its  acquisition. 
Assignments  cannot  prefer  and  do  not  release.  Suits  barred 
after  2  years  for  injury  to  person  or  reputation,  after  5  years  on 
verbal  contract  or  for  fraud,  after  10  years  on  written  contract 
and  for  real  estate,  after  20  years  on  judgment.  Wife's  property 
exempt,  her  control  of  it  is  same  as  if  she  was  single.  Arrest  for 
debt  permitted  only  in  cases  of  fraul. 

LICENSE  CHARGES  per  year:  peddlers  (if  aroods  are  not 
made  in  state)  on  foot,  $10;  with  jess  than  4  horses.  $25;  with  more 
than  4  horses,  §75.  Peddlers  selling  watches,  $30  ;  clocks,  S50. 

LIENS  hold  on  structures  and  land  for  labor  if  same  is  filed 
clerk  District  Court  in  90  days  by  contractor,  or  in  30  days  by 
sub-contractor.  Judgments  are  liens  on  land  for  10  years. 

PUBLIC  LANDS.— The  government  lands  of  Iowa  are 
about,  if  not  entirely  taken  up.  The  land  office  for  the  entire 
state  is  at  Des  Moines.  There  are  no  lands  for  sale  by  the  state. 
School  lands  yet  unsold  in  a  majority  of  the  counties  are  con- 
trolled by  the  Board  of  Supervisors  of  each  county  in  which  they 
lie.  The  largest  areas  are  in  the  northern  and  northwestern 
counties.  They  are  sold  at  public  auction  by  the  county  auditor 
at  not  less  than  §6  per  acre.  Lands  are  also  for  sale  under  the 
University  and  Saline  grants  by  the  Hoard  of  Regents  of  the 
Iowa  University  at  Jowa  City.  A  considerable  area  of  railroad 
land  remains  unsold. 


168 


THE   WKSTEllX   WOULD 


NEBRASKA. 


Name  Indian,  means  "Shallow 
Water."  Included  in  territory  ac- 
quired from  France  in  1803  by 
"Louisiana  Purchase."  Nebraska 
Territory,  organized  May,  1854,  in- 
cluded all  region  north  of  present 
state  to  British  possessions,  and 
west  to  Rocky  mountains.  Few 
settlements  till  1864.  In  1861,  ]H,000 
sq.  miles  cut  off  to  form  Colorado; 
nearly  250,000  sq.  miles  to  form  Da- 
kota, and  larg-e  strip  added  from 
Utah  and  Washington  Territories. 
Idaho  cut  off  March,  1863,  and 
present  boundaries  fixed.  Refused 
to  become  a  state  18PO.  Indian 
raids.  1864.  State  constitution  rati- 
fied June,  1866.  BIN  to  admit  July,  1H66,  unsigned  by  President 
Johnson,  and  another  Jan.  1867,  vetoed.  Bill  passed  over  veto 
Feb.  1867.  Admitted  that  year.  Lincoln  chosen  as  capital.  Con- 
stitutional convention,  1871 .  Present  constitution  adopted,  1875. 
Union  soldiers  furnished.  8,157.  Number  counties,  74.  Miles  of 
railroad  1865.  122;  1885,  2,794.  All  elections  Tuesday  after  first 
Monday  In  Nov.;  number  senators,  33;  representatives,  100; 
sessions  biennial,  in  odd-numbered  years,  meeting  first  Tuesday 
in  Jan.,  holding  40  days;  terms  of  senators  and  representatives, 
2  veai-s  each?  number  electoral  votes,  5;  number  congressmen.  3; 
number  voters,  129.042.  U.  S.  army,  idiots  and  convicts  excluded 
from  voting.  Number  colleges,  l»;  school  age,  5-21;  school  system 
superior;  school  endowments  liberal.  Legal  interest,  7jf;  by  con- 
tract. 10£:  usury  f  orf  eits  interest  and  cos-t. 

POPTHLATION,  1880.  452,402;  male,  249,241;  female,  203,161; 
native,  854,9H»;  foreign,  97.414;  white,  449,764;  colored,  2,385;  Chi- 
ne<-e,  18;  Tndtane.  2H5  Estimated  increase.  25£. 

TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.- 
Extreme  length  E.  and  \V.,  424  miles;  width,  210  miles;  area, 
76,lb5sq.  miles,  48.755,000 acres.  Surface  a  vast  plain,  undulating 
gently,  and  principally  prairie  with  a  few  low  hills.  At  extreme 
northwest  are  spurs  of  the  Rocky  mountains,  and  Black  Hill 
country  begins;  general  slope  fromW.toE.;  Missouri,  Platte, 
Nlobrara,  Republican  and  Blue,  principal  rivers,  and  are  fed  by 
numerous  smaller  stream*.  Platte  valley  stretches  across  entire 
length  of  state,  is  wide  and  very  fertile;  southern  portion  of 
state  peculiarly  favorable  to  all  kinds  of  crops;  western  half 
magnificent  series  of  pastures,  and  best  suited  to  grazing.  Whole 
eastern  two-fifths  a  great  natural  garden.  Corn  the  great  crop; 
wheat,  oats,  hay,  rye,  buckwheat,  barley,  flax,  hemp,  apples, 
plums,  grapes,  berries  staples  and  flourish.  Cattle  raising  of 
vast  importance  and  magnitude.  Good  herd  laws.  No  import- 
ant minerals.  Manufacturing  growing  wonderfully.  Improved 
land  averages  $9;  unimproved,  85,-  and  woodland  $18  per  acre. 
Inducements  to  settlers  first-class. 

CLIMATE  dry,  salubrious  and  free  from  malaria.  Temper- 
ature averages,  summer,  73  deg.,  winter,  20  deg.  Rainfall  east  of 
100th  meridian,  including  snow,  25  inches;  heaviest  in  May;  at 
west,  precipitation  falls  to  17  inches.  Rainfall  gradually  in- 
creasing 

CHIEF  CITIES.— Omaha,  U.  S.  port  of  delivery,  commer- 
cial center,  pop.  3",518;  Lincoln  contains  State  University,  pop. 
13,003:  Plattsmouth.  pop.  4,175;  Nebraska  City,  4,183. 

LEADING  INDUSTRIES.— Agriculture,  cattle-raising, 
dairying,  manufacturing,  etc. 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  exectiort  Homestead  $2.^00, 
and  160  acres  land  or  two  town  lots,  S500  in  personal  property  if 


GUIDE   AND    HAND-BOOK. 


169 


debtor  owns  no  land,  apparel,  6  months'  supplies,  3  months'  feed 
for  animals,  furniture  and  tools.  Exemption  not  good  against 
w^ges.  Assignments  can  prefer  wages  only,  and  do  not  release 
debtor.  Suits  barred  after  10  years  f«r  land,  after  5  years  on 
contract  or  foreign  judgment,  after  4  years  for  recovery  of  per- 
sonality and  for  fraud,  after  1  year  for  assault.  Wife's  property 


not  gift  of  her  husband  exempt;  her  note  not  good.  She  can 
make  will.  Arrest  for  debt  may  be  made  when  intent  to  defraud 
is  shown. 

LICENSE  CHARGES  per  year:  Peddlers,  §30  for  entire  state, 
issued  by  county  clerks. 

LIENS  hold  for  2  years  for  labor  and  materials  on  structure 
and  ground  if  filed  in  clerk's  office  within  4  mouths.  Judgments 
are  liens  on  real  estate. 


170  THE   WESTERN   ^  OKLD 


GOVERNMENT  LANDS  reaching-  a  very  large  aggregate 
area  are  open  to  entry  in  .Nebraska,  chiefly  in  the  north  and 
west,  and,  while  picked  over  in  sections,  offer  good  opportunities. 
The  LAND  OFFICES  are  located  at  Xelig-h  for  the  counties  of 
Boone.  Wheeler  and  Holt;  and  the  territory  west  of  said  counties 
to  Range  20;  at  Beatrice  (land  all  taken);  at  McCook  controlling 
800,000  acres  surrounding  vacant  lands;  at  North  Platte  for 
Lincoln,  Keith  and  Cheyenne  and  the  west  half  of  Dawsoii  and 
Custer  counties,  and  the  territory  north  of  Lincoln  and  Keith, 
south  of  Cherry  and  east  of  Cheyenne,  two-thir.is  of  the  entire 
district  being  vacant;  at  Bloomington  (comprising  Adams,  Web- 
ster, Kearney,  Franklin,  Phelps,  Harlan,  Furnas  counties,  all  of 
Hall  south  of  the  Platte  river,  south  half  of  Cooper  and  three 
southeast  townships  of  Frontier)  only  odds  and  ends  remain;  at 
Valentine,  Lincoln,  Nebraska  and  Grand  Island  for  districts 
around  each.  The  lands  in  Nebraska  are  subject  to  cash,  timber 
culture,  pre-emption  and  homestead  entrv. 

STATE  LANDS  include  about  1,450,000  acres  of  educational 
lands,  and  lie  in  sections  16  and  36  in  each  township,  to  which 
should  be  added  about  25.000  acres  of  University  lands.  The  lands 
are  controlled  by  the  commissioner  of  public  lands,  with  office  at 
Lincoln.  These  lands  are  leased  at  a  rental  of  at  least  &%  on  valua- 
tion, or  sold  either  at  public  or  private  sale,  but  not  more  than 
640  acres  to  one  person.  No  appraisement  can  be  made  at  less 
than  $7  per  acre,  and  no  sale  made  for  less  than  the  appraisement; 
terms,  d,  cash  for  prairie,  *4  cash  for  woodland,  balance  in  30 
years  at  6£  interest,  payable  yearly.  The  county  treasurer  is 
agent  for  the  lands  in  his  county.  Railroad  lands  are  for  sale  in 
large  quantities. 


MISSOURI. 

Name  means  "  Muddy  River." 
Originally  French  territory,  settled 
by  French  first  at  St.  Genevieve, 
1755.  Became  Spanish  •  property, 
1763.  St.  Louis  settled  under  the 
French.  Returned  to  France.  Ac- 
quired by  United  States  by  Louis- 
iana purchase,  1803.  Organized  as 
territory  under  present  name,  1812, 
included  Arkansas,  Indian  Terri- 
tory, etc.  Admitted,  March,  1821. 
Eleventh  state  admitted.  Admis- 
sion aroused  much  discussion.  "Mis- 
souri Compromise "  effected  and 
state  permitted  to  retain  slavery. 
State  divided  on  secession  and  was 
scene  of  perpetual  internal  war- 
fare. Battle  Wilson  Creek  Aug.,  1862  Martial  law  declared  Aug. 
31.  New  Constitution  adopted,  June,  1865.  Another,  Oct.,  1875. 
Union  soldiers  furnished,  109,111.  Number  counties,  115.  Miles 
railroad,  4,710.  State  officers  elected  quadrennially,  and  legisla- 
ture every  two  years.  All  elections  Tuesday  after  first  Monday 
in  November;  number  senators,  34;  representatives,  141;  ses- 
sions of  legislature  biennial,  in  odd-numbered  years,  meeting 
Wednesday  after  January  1;  holds  70  days;  term  of  senators,  4 
years ;  r  presentatives,  2  years.  Number  electoral  votes.  16 ; 
congressmen,  14;  number  voters,  541,207.  United  States  Army 
and  inmates  of  asylums,  pool-houses  and  prisons,  excluded  f  rom 
voting.  Number  colleges,  17;  school  age,  6-20;  school  system, 
good;  endowments  large.  Legal  interest  rate,  6#;  by  contract, 
usury  forfeits  entire  interest. 


GUIDE  A?;D  HAND-BOOK. 


171 


TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,    SOIL,    PRODUCTS,  ETC.- 

Lcnirth  N.  and  S.,  275  miies.  Average  width,  246  miles.  Area, 
(>S.-:r>  sq.  miles,  43,900,400  acres.  Surface  N.  of  Missouri  river 
alternately  level  and  rolling1  prairies  with  deep,  broad  river  val- 
leys :ind  a  general  southeasterly  slope.  Soil  variable,  but  gener- 
ally good.  Bottoms  extremely  productive,  but  suffer  from  over- 


flows  in  parts.  South  of  thf  last  named  river  the  surface  is 
more  broken  with  hills,  sometimes  1,000  feet  high.  The  most 
noted,  Iron  Mountain  and  the  Ozarks.  West  of  Ozarks  is  a 
prairie  region  with  wide,  deep,  fertile  valleys.  Soil  here  also 
good,  except  where  too  rugged.  Chief  rivers,  Mississippi  (500 
miles),  Missouri,  Osage  and  Gasconade.  Entire  area  well  watered 
by  small  streams,  springs,  etc .  Chief  crops,  corn,  wheat,  oats, 


172  THE  -WESTEKX   WORLD 


potatoes,  tobacco.  Fruits  do  splendidly.  Peaches  especially 
tine.  Vegetable  gardening  very  successful.  Improved  land 
averages  §12,  unimproved,  $7  per  acre.  Con\,  iron,  marble,  gran- 
ite, limestone,  lead  and  copper  found  in  enormous  deposits. 
Lead  area  5,000  sq.  miles.  Forests  magnificent.  Growth  walnut, 
poplar,  oak  and  the  hardwoods:  grazing  a  leading  business  1  oth 
in  extent  and  profit.  Stock  of  all  kinds  raised  with  success.  In- 
ducements to  settlers  first-class.  State  ranks  first  in  mules ; 
third  in  oxen,  hogs,  corn  and  copper:  fifth  in  iron  ore. 

CLIMATE  variable,  with  sudden  changes,  but  generally 
pleasant  and  healthy.  Summers  are  long  and  warm,  but  not 
enervating.  Winters  moderate,  with  occasional  severe  days. 
Average  temperature,  summer,  7i5  deg.;  winter,  39  deg.  Rainfall 
greatest  in  Msiy.  a  verages  34  inches. 

CHIEF  CITIES. -St.  Louis,  largest  city  west  of  the  Missis- 
sippi, port  of  entry  and  great  commercial  and  manufacturing 
point;  pop.  350.518.  Capital,  Jefferson  City  ;  pop.  55,785.  Pop. 
St.  Joseph.  32.431  :  Kansas  City.  55,787. 

LEADING  INDUSTRIES.— Agriculture,  mining,  manu- 
facturing, quarrying,  grazing,  fruit  and  vegetable  growing,  lum- 
bering, etc. 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution:  Apparel  and  tools, 
and  t<~>  head  of  family  lu  hogs,  10  sheep  and  their  product,  10  ewes, 
10  calves,  4  plows,  axe,  hoe,  harness,  farm  implements,  $150  in 
•work  stock,  25  llis.  each  of  hemp,  flax  and  wool  and  devices  for 
ni  niit'ucturing  same,  $100  in  household  furniture,  books,  tools, 
homestead  to  $3.000  and  18  sq.  rods  of  ground  in  cities  of  40,(KX) 
pop.:  to  §1,500  and  30  sq.  rods  ground  in  cities  10,00(1  to  40,000  pop.; 
in  other  towns,  to  Sl,5(iO  and  5  acres,  and  in  country  to  $1,500  and 
160  acres.  Assignments  do  not  release  debtors.  Suits  barred  after 
10  years  for  land  and  on  written  contracts,  after  5  years  on 
account,  verbal  contract  and  fraud  or  trespass:  after  2  years  for 
libel,  assault,  etc.  Wife's  property  exempt,  except  for  neces- 
saries; must  hold  through  a  trustee.  She  can  buy,  sell,  make 
notes,  etc.  No  arrest  for  debt. 

GOVERNMENT  LANDS  to  an  area  of  about  1,200.000  acres 
are  yet  open  to  cash,  homesteap  and  pre-emption  entry  in  Mis- 
souri. THE  LAND  OFFICES  are  at  Booneville  for  Benton,  Cedar, 
Crawford,  Camden,  Dallas.  Henry,  Hickory,  Laclede,  Maries, 
Miller,  Csage,  Phelps,  Polk,  Pulaski  and  St.  Clair  counties,  in- 
cluding about  340,000  acres,  two-thirds  in  Camden,  Benton  and 
Pulaski ;  at  Ironton  for  Butler,  Bollinger,  Carter,  Crawford,  Cape 
Girardeau,  Dent,  Dunklin,  Howell  (200,000  acres),  Iron,  Madison, 
Mississippi,  New  Madrid,  Oregon  (fiO.OOO  acres),  Penniscot,  Perry, 
Pulaski,  Phelps,  Reynolds,  Rlpley,  Scott,  Shannon  (50,000  acres), 
Stoddard,  St.  Francois,  St.  Genevieve.  Texas  (250,000  acres),  W»sh- 
ington  and  Wayne,  in  all  about  700,000  acres);  at  Springfield  for 
the  rest  of  the  state . 

STATE  LANDS  include  School  lands,  over  200,000 acres,  held 
at  an  average  of  about  S3  per  acre  and  sold  by  the  counties  to  the 
highest  bidder ;  a  large  area  of  Swamp  land  and  some  small  tracts 
of  Internal  Improvement  land.  Information  as  to  location  may 
be  had  of  the  county  officers  or  the  register  of  lands  at  Jefferson 
City, 


GUIDE   AJSD 


173 


KANSAS. 

Name  Indian,  means  "Smoky 
water."  State  named  tor  Kansas 
river.  Called  the  "  Garden  State." 
Visited  by  Spaniards,  1541;  by 
French,  1719.  Acquired  of  France 
by  United  States,  18i3,  by  "Louisi- 
ana purchase."  Formed  part  of 
Indian  territory.  Kansas  territory 
organized.  May,  1854.  Law  known 
as  "Missouri  Compromise,"  for- 
bidding slavery  in  states  formed 
out  of  Louisiana  purchase  north 
of  latitude  36  deg.  30  min.  repealed, 
and  question  of  slavery  left  to  the 
territory.  At  first  it  was  decided 
for  slavery.  Constitution  framed 
by  legislature  at  Wyandotte  pro- 
hibiting slavery  adopted  July,  1859;  ratified  Oct.  4,  and  with 
amendments,  is  still  in  force.  Admitted  as  a  state,  Jan.,  1861. 
Border  counties  scene  of  guerilla  warfare  on  both  sides.  Union, 
soldiers  furnished,  21,149:  number  counties,  95:  miles  railroad, 
4,305;  first  railroad  built,  1864, 40  miles  long.  All  elections,  Tues- 
day after  first  Monday  in  Nov.;  senators,  40;  representative 3, 
135;  sessions  biennial,  meeting  second  Tuesday  In  Jan.  in  odd- 
numbered  years;  limit  of  session,  50  days;  term  of  senators,  4 
years;  of  representatives,  2  years.  Number  electoral  votes,  9; 
congressmen,  7;  voters,  365,714.  Idiots,  insane,  convicts  and 
rebels  excluded  from  voting.  Number  colleges,  8;  number 
schoolhouses,  over  8,000;  school  age,  5-21  years;  school  system 
magnificent;  endowment  immense.  Legal  interest,  1%\  by  con- 
tract, 12S;  usury  forfeits  excess  of  interest. 

POPULATION.  1880,  996,096;  male,  53fi,667;  female,  459,439; 
native,  8.Sd,010;  foreign,  110,083;  white,  953,155;  colored,  43,107; 
Chinese,  19;  Indians,  815.  Estimated  increase,  16*. 

TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.— 
Extreme  length  E.  and  W.,  410  miles;  breadth,  210  miles;  area, 
81,700  sq.  miles;  53,388,000  acres.  Surface,  slightly  undulating 
plain,  with  a  gradual  slope  from  west  to  Missouri  river.  High- 
est land,  3,800  ft.;  lowest  (at  mouth  Kansas  river),  750  ft.;  average 
elevation,  2,300  ft.  No  mountains.  Scenery  rather  beautiful 
than  grand.  Bluffs  3JO  feet  high  on  Arkansas  and  Republican 
rivers.  Main  rivers,  Missouri,  Kansas,  Republican,  SmoKy  Hill, 
Saline,  Solomon,  Arkansas,  Osage,  Neosno  and  Cottonwood. 
There  is  little  navigable  water.  Water  powers  of  fair  propor- 
tions and  number  exist.  Small  streams  are  moderately  numer- 
ous at  east;  less  so  at  west,  and  irrigation  necessary  in 
large  sections.  Coal  area  of  moderate  extent;  veins  usually 
thin;  quality  fair.  Soil  usually  fine;  always  so  in  valleys;  patches 
of  hard  pan  occur.  Corn,  wheat,  oats,  hemp,  flax  and  rye, 
staples.  Castor  beans  and  cotton  grown  successfully.  Soil  of 
prairies  deep  loam  of  dark  color;  bottoms  sandy  loam.  Pecu- 
liarly favorable  to  stocK-raising.  Prairie  pastures  broad  and 
rich  in  nutritious  grasses.  Dairying  favored.  Fruits  moderately 
successful.  Forests  small;  limited  to  fringes  of  oak,  elm.  cotton- 
wood,  hickory,  etc.,  on  streams  and  artificial  groves.  Limestone 
and  colored  chalk  furnish  building  materials.  Value  improved 
land  averages  $12  per  acre,  woodland  $15.  Manufacturing  grow- 
ing. State  ranks  fifth  in  cattle,  corn  and  rye.  Homes  easily 
made. 

CLIMATE  salubrious;  winters  mild;  summers  warm:  air 
pure  and  clear.  Temperature  averages,  winter,  31  deg.;  summer, 
78  deg.;  ranges  8  deg.  below  to  101  deg.  above  zero;  such  extremes 
exceptional.  Rainfall  averages  45  inches  at  east,  33  inches  at 
west.  No  malaria. 


174 


THE  "WESTERN  WORLD 


'  CHIEF  CITIES.— Leavenworth.  pop.  15,546;  Topeka  (capi- 
tal), pop.  15.542;  State  University  at  Lawrence;  state  asylums  for 
insane  and  feeble-minded  at  Topeka  and  Ossawattomie;  institu- 
tion for  education  of  theblind,  Wyandotte;  f  or  deaf  mutes,  Olathe. 
INDUSTRIES.  —  Agriculture,  stock-raising,  manufactur- 
ing, etc. 


PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution :  Homestead,  160 
acres  or  1  acre  in  town,  with  all  improvements;  books,  pictures, 
musical  instruments,  apparel,  beds;  stoves  ai.d  their  furnishings; 
sewing  machine,  spinning-wheel,  implements  of  trade;  g.iOO  in 
other  household  furniture;  3  cows,  10  hogs,  yoke  oxen  and  horse  or 
team,  20  sheep,  1  years'  food  for  stock,  wagons, farm  implements, 
etc.,  to  $300,  supplies  for  1  year,  stock  in  trade  to  ^400,  and  library 


G«:iDE   AND   HAKD-BOOK. 


175 


of  profession  and  office  furniture.  Assignments  do  not  release 
debtor  and  cannot  prefer.  Suits  barred  after  15  years  for  land 
unless  sold  under  execution  or  by  executor:  after  5  years  if  sold 
for  taxes  and  on  written  contract ;  after  3  years  on  verbal  con- 
tract or  statute  liability ;  after  2  years  for  trespass,  injury  or 
fraud ;  after  1  year  for  slander,  assault,  and  after  5  years  for 
actions  not  otherwise  provided  for.  Wife's  property,  not  gift  of 
husband,  exempt.  She  controls  same  as  if  single  and  can  do 
business.  No  imprisonment  for  debt  except  for  fraud. 

LICENSE  CHARGES  may  be  fixed  by  cities. 

LIENS  hold  on  property  for  materials  and  labor  furnished 
for  construction  or  trees  planted  thereon  if  filed  in  4  months  and 
sued  on  in  1  year.  Sub-contractors  have  liens  to  amount  due 
contractor.  Judgments  are  liens  on  real  estate  for  5  years. 

GOVERNMENT  LANDS  to  a  very  large  area  are  still 
vacant  subject  to  cash,  homestead,  pre-emption  and  timber  cult- 
ure entry.  The  LAND  OFFICES  are  at  Larned  for  the  counties  of 
Itice,  Barton,  Stafford,  Pratt,  Pawnee,  Edwards  and  Hodgeman, 
containing  about  35,000  acres,  mostly  indifferent  land,  besides  t  lie 
Osage  reservation,  about  500,000  acres,  including  many  good  tracts; 
at  Oberlin  for  the  counties  of  Norton,  Graham,  Decatur,  Sheri- 
dan, Thomas,  Sherman,  Cheyenne  and  Rawlins,  containing  1,700,- 
000  acres,  chiefly  in  the  last  four  counties;  at  Topeka  (lands  about 
exhausted);  at  Kirwin  for  Jewell,  Mitchell,  Lincoln,  Smith,  ps- 
bortie,  Phillips,  Brooks,  Graham  and  Norton  counties,  containing 
about  40,000  acres,  chiefly  in  Graham  and  Norton ;  at  Independ- 
ence, (land  about  all  taken);  at  Concordia,  (only  a  few  scattering 
tracts  remain);  at  Salina  for  Ottawa,  Saline,  Lincoln,  Ellsworth, 
Russell,  Davis  and  Chase  counties,  containing  about  8,000  acres 
rousrh  land  ;  at  Garden  City  for  Hodgeman,  Ford,  Seward,  Finney 
and  Hamilton  counties,  and  contains  about  4,500,000  acres  vacant 
land:  at  Wakeeuey  for  Rooks,  Ellis,  Rush,  Graham,  Trego,  Ness, 
Sheridan,  Gove,  Lane,  Thomas,  St.  John,  Scott,  Sherman,  Wal- 
lace, Wichita  and  Greeley  counties,  and  east  8  townships  of 
Chautauqua,  Elk  and  Greenwood,  and  west  10  of  Barber,  and  em- 
braces some  60,000  acres,  chiefly  Osage  trust  lands. 

STATE  LANDS  include  School  lands  (1,400,000  acres)  lying 
in  sections  16  and  36,  sold  by  the  county  treasurer  at  public 
auction  at  actual  appraised  value,  the  purchaser  paying  one- 
tenth  cash  and  balance  at  pleasure  within  20  years,  paying  6£  in- 
terest annually  on  same.  If  offered  and  unsold  they  may  be 
bought  by  settlers  at  private  sale  in  tracts  not  to  exceed  160  acres 
to  one  person.  A  large  area  of  railroad  lands  are  also  available 
at  low  values. 


ARKANSAS. 

Name  Indian,  means  "Smoky 
water."  Called  the  "Bear  State." 
Visited  by  De  Soto ;  by  Mar- 
quette  and  Joliet,  1673.  Settled  at 
Arkansas  Post  by  French,  1685. 
Formed  part  of  grant  of  Duke  of 
Orleans,  regent  of  France,  to  John 
Law.  Acquired  by  Spain,  1763.  Re- 
acquired  by  France,  1800.  Sold  to 
U.  S.,  1803,  as  a  part  of  Louisiana 
territory.  Separated  from  Louisi- 
ana and  became  part  of  Missouri 
territory,  1812.  Arkansas  territory 
organized,  1819.  Admitted  as  a 
state,  June  15,  1836.  Slavery  ac- 
knowledged. Seceded  May  6,  1861. 
Witnessed  considerable  fightingdur- 

ing  the  war,  but  no  great  battles.    New  constitution  adopted, 
1868.    Re-entered  Union,  June  22.    Present  constitution  adopted 


176 


THE  WESTERN 


1874.  Number  counties,  75.  Miles  railroad,  1,764.  State  elections 
biennial,  in  evcn-n limbered  years,  first  Monday  in  Sept.;  number 
senators.  31 ;  representatives,  94 ;  sessions  of  legislature  biennial, 
in  odd-numbered  years,  meeting  second  Monday  in  J#n.,  holding- 
60  days ;  term  of  senators,  4  years ;  of  representatives,  2  years. 
Number  electoral  votes,  7;  congressmen,  5;  voters,  182,977;  native 


white,  129,675;  foreign  white,  6,475;  colored,  46,827.  Idiots,  In- 
dians, convicts  not  voting.  Number  colleges,  5;  school  system" 
progressive;  school  age,  6-21.  Legal  interest  rate,  $% ;  by  con-* 
tract,  1(K;  usury  forfeits  principal  and  interest. 

POPULATION,  1880,  802,525;  male,  416.729  ;    female,  386,246  ; 
native,  792,175;   foreign,  10,a50;  white,  591,531;  colored,  210,606; 
(Continued  on  page  194.) 


GUIDE   AND   HAND-BOOK. 

INDIAN  TERRITORY. 


177 


Acquired  by  Louisiana  purchase  from  France  1800;  set  apart 
for  peaceful  tribes.  Organized  1834;  no  territorial  government. 
Government  in  hands  of  tribes  which  include  Cherokees  and. 


Creeks,  removed  from  Georgia  183S;  Chiekasaws,  Natches,  .Ar- 
kansas and  Choctaws,  from  Gulf  region;  Sacs,  Illinois,  Foxes  and 
Puttawatoinies,  from  Illinois;  Seminoles,  from  Florida;  Miamis, 
from  Ohio:  lowas,  from  Iowa;  Osages,  Pawnees,  Kiowas,  Co- 
manches,  from  various  sections;  Arapahoes  and  Cheyennes, 
from  Montana,  and  Modocs,  from  Oregon,  and  others,  numbering 
twenty-two  in  all.  Also  contains  Oklahoma  and  public  land  strip. 
(Continued  ou  page  195.) 


178 


THE  'VV.fa.sr.fciK.X   WUiiLD 


NEW  MEXICO. 

Origin  of  name  not  definitely  known.  Supposed  to  be  that  of 
Aztec  god.  Settled  earlier  than  any  other  part  U.  S.  Visited  by 
Alvar  Nunez  before  1537.  Explored,  1539  and  1581,  by  expedition 


MAP  OF 

NEW  MEXICO 


from  Mexico  in  search  of  gold.  Permanent  settlement,  1596. 
Santa  Fe,  then  an  Indian  town,  chosen  as  seat  of  Spanish  govern- 
ment. The  natives  were  enslaved  and  forced  to  work  in  the 
fields  and  mines.  They  made  progress  in  the  arts  of  civilization 
and  still  retain  traces  of  their  acquirements.  They  revolted, 
1680;  expelled  whites  and  destroyed  churches,  etc.  Santa  Fe  re- 
occupied  by  Spanish,  1694.  Another  insurrection,  1837.  Santa  Fe 
(Continued  on  page  196.) 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK. 


179 


ARIZONA. 


Visited  by  Spanish  explorers,  1526.  Mineral  Wealth  found, 
but  no  important  settlements  effected  because  of  hostile  nativps. 
Little  attention  paid  the  section  by  Spanish.  All  north  of  Gila 


ff  MAP  OF 

ARIZONA 

Population 40,440 

Area  sq.mil«<— 113,929 


river  ceded  to  TT.  S.  by  Mexico,  by  treaty  of  Guadaloupe  Hidalgo, 
Feb.  2, 1848.  Kemainder  acquired  from  Mexico  by  purchase  under 
Gadsden  treaty,  Dec.  30,  1853.  Formed  part  of  New  Mexico. 
Organized  as  separate  territory,  Feb.  24,  18»>3.  Number  counties, 
11.  Miles  railroad,  906.  All  elections  Tuesday  after  first  Monday 
in  Nov.;  number  senators,  12;  representaves,  24;  sessions  of  legis- 
(Continued  on  page  197.) 


180 


THE  AVESTERN  WORLD 


COLORADO. 


Named  for  Colorado  river.  Tailed  "Centennial  State,"  because 
admitted  1876.  First  explored  by  Vnsquez  Coronado  for  Spain, 
1540.  .Region  east  of  Rocky  mountains  formed  part  of  Louisiana 


purchased  from  France,  1803.  Western  portion  acquired  from 
Mexico  by  conquest,  3848.  First  exploration  by  Americans  under 
Col.  Z.  M.  Pike,  1806.  Pike's  Peak  discovered.  Col.  S.  H.  Long's 
expedition,  1820,  and  John  C.  Fremont,  "  The  Pathfinder,"  crossed 
Rockies,  1843-44.  First  American  settlement  near  Denver,  1859. 
Mining  begun.  Organized  as  territory,  Feb.,  1861,  out  of  parts  of 
<Continued  on  page  199.) 


GUIDE   AND   HAND-BOOK. 


181 


UTAH. 

Belonged  to  Mexico,  and  acquired  by  U.  S.  1848.  Settled 
same  year  at  Salt  Lake  by  Mormons  from  Illinois.  March,  Ia49, 
state  of  "  Deseret "  organized.  Congress  refused  to  receive  con- 


MAP  OF 

U  T  AH 

Population  _  .  143,963 
sn.miles-  -82,190 


stitution  adopted.  Utah  territory  organized  Sept.  1850,  included 
Colorado,  part  of  Wyoming-  and  Nevada.  Brtgham  Young1, 
Governor.  Troubles  with  government  till  1858.  Young  removed, 
1854,  and  Col.  Steptoe  appointed  governor.  The  latter  was  re- 
sisted, and  Young  held  olliee  by  force.  Federal  olneers  driven 
from  territory,  1856.  Alfred  Cummings  appointed  governor, 
(Continued  on  page  200.) 


182  TiiE    WESTKHN    WOULD 

NEVADA. 


Name  Spanish,  meaning:  "  Snow 
Covered  "  Called  "Sage  Hen  State." 
First  settlements  in  Washoe  and  Car- 
son valleys  1&48,  by  Mormons.  Gold 
discovered,  1849.  Silver,  1859,  and 
brought  a  flood  of  emigration.  Terri- 
tory organized  out  of  part  of  Utah, 
March,  1861.  Received  additional  ter- 
ritory from  Utah,  1863.  Admitted  as 
state,  Oct.  J804.  Area  increased  May, 
1866,  to  present  ext- nt,  by  additions 
from  Utah  and  Arizona.  Number 
counties,  15.  Miles  rail  road,  948.  Gov- 
ernor and  State  officers  tlected  quad- 
rennially, and  legislature  every  2 
years,  on  Tuesday  after  first  Monday 

in  Nov.;  number  senators,  20;  representatives,  40;  sessions  of  leg- 
islature biennial,  in  odd-numbered  years,  meeting  first  Monday 


victs  excluded  from  voting.  School  age,  6-18  years.  Legal  in- 
terest rate.  10?»;  by  contract,  any  rate. 

POPULATION,  1880.  C-Vtiti;  male,  42,019;  female,  20,247; 
native,  3»>,t>13;  foreign,  25,653;  white,  53,566;  colored,  488;  Chinese, 
5,416;  Indians,  2.803. 

TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.— 
Extreme  length  N.  and  S.,  485  milt's;  width,  320  miles;  area, 
109,740  sq.  miles,  70,233,000  acres;  two-thirds  unsurveyed.  Surface 
elevated  table  land,  averaging  4,500  feet  above  the  sea,  and 
traversed  by  mountain  chains  north  and  south,  reaching  an  ele- 
vation of  5,500  feet  to  13,000  feet.  Sierra  Nevadas  at  West.  Hum- 
boldt  longest  river  (300  miles);  other  principal  streams  the  Col- 
orado. Several  smaller  streams  which  sink  in  earth  or  end  in 
lakes.  Lake  Tahoe,  1,500  feet  deep,  10x22  miles  in  area,  and  6,000 
feet  above  sea,  temperature,  year  round,  57  deg  ;  other  notable 
lakes,  Humboldt,  Pyramid,  Walker;  many  smaller  lakes,  a  large 
proportion  of  which  have  brackish  water.  A  feature  is  the 
"mud  lakes"  (some  100  sq.  miles  in  area),  which  are  thick  alka- 
line deposits  in  dry  season,  with  one  or  two  feet  of  water  in  he 
wet  season.  Many  mineral  springs,  both  warm  and  cold,  exist. 
Great  part  of  surface  unavailable  for  cultivation.  Considerable 
areas  of  grazing  land  (estimated  at  %  entire  state);  many  val- 
leys, offer  a  rich,  easily  worked  and  prolific  soil.  Corn,  wheat, 
potatoes,  oats  and  barley,  staple  crops;  horses,  mules,  cattle, 
hog«  and  sheep,  do  well.  Forests  extensive  and  valuable.  Min- 
eral resources  enormous,  <  omstock  iode  supposed  to  be  richest 
silver  mine  in  the  world  ;  Eureka  one  of  the  most  productivi . 
Amount  of  gold  produced,  1882,  82.000,000;  silver,  £6, 750,000.  Rich 
in  lead  and  copper;  zinc,  platinum,  tin  and  nickel,  plumbago,  man- 
ganese, cobalt,  cinnebar,  etc.,  found.  Extensive  deposits  of  borax 
in  Churchill  and  Esmeralda  counties.  Coal  and  iron  exist.  Ranks 
second  in  gold;  fourth  in  silver.  Kaolin,  building  stones,  slate, 
soda  and  salt  are  obtained.  But  little  land  improved.  Govern- 
ment IHTK!  everywhere.  Rivers  lull  of  tish. 

CLIMATE  mild  in  valleys;  little  snow  except  on  mountains. 
At  north  mercury  sometimes  falls  to  15  deg.  below  zero;  air 
bracing;  health  good;  at  south  frosts  rare;  extremes  of  cold  un- 
known; summer  heat  occasionally  reaches  above  100  deg.;  tem- 
perature averages,  summer,  71  deg.;  June  hottest  month;  winter, 
36  detr.  Rainfall  slight,  chiefly  in  spring. 

CHIEF  CITIES.— Virginia  City  chief  commercial  center, 
pop.  10,nl7.  Carson  City  (capital),  and  contains  a  branch  mint, 
pop.  4,229. 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK. 


183 


LEADING-  INDUSTRIES.— Mining-,  reducing  ores,  lum- 
bering-, agriculture,  etc. 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution :  Chairs,  desks  and 
books,  $M);  necessary  household  effects;  apparel;  30  days'  pro- 
visions and  fuel ;  farm  utensils,  2  oxen  or  team  and  harness,  2 
cows,  wagon,  30  days'  food  for  stock;  seed,  $400;  tools, 


AUbtl^P  SK«L  vai 

^Red£an».*/A'intfstoS|  *  j.^  '-Hai.fltW    |! 


Independence         \1      Belted  Mt.a  °    i^^lR?*0 


books,  etc.,  of  trade  or  profession;  dwelling  of  miner, 
$500;  outfit  of  miner,  $500;  sewing  machine,  arms,  etc.; 
homestead  to  $5,000.  Assignments  may  be  voluntary  or 
forced  and  release -debtor  if  there  is  no  fraud,  and  30$  dividend 
is  paid,  if  %  creditors  representing  l/&  debts  agree.  Suits  barred 
after  5  years  for  land,  2  years  for  mining  claims,  6  years  on  written 
contracts  and  judgment,  4  years  on  accounts  and  verbal  con-f 


184  THE   WESTERN   WOULD 


tracts,  2  years  for  slander  or  assault.  Wife's  property  acquired 
bo  fore  marriage  subject  to  her  separate  control  and  exempt 
from  husband's  debts.  Arrest  for  debt  may  be  made  in  cases  of 
fraud  or  concealment. 

LICENSE  CHARGES  per  month:  Peddlers  on  foot,  SO; 
wii  h  cart,  $20.  Licenses  issued  by  county  auditor.  Drummers' 
tuv,  $250  on  liquor  salesmen ;  cigars  and  tobacco,  $150;  boots 
ani!  shoes,  S75;  all  others,  8100  per  year. 

LIENS  hold  for  6  months  on  structures  for  labor  and 
materials,- and OD  wood  for  cutting  if  filed  in  OOdays  or  bysub- 
contnictor  in  r!0  days.  Judgments  hold  real  estate  2  years. 

GOVERNMENT  LANDS  comprise  the  greater  portion  of 
the  state  and  are  open  to  entry  under  the  various  forms  known 
to  the  law.  The  greater  portion  of  these  are  not  suited  to  agri- 
culture and  much  that  is  so  requires  irrigation.  THE  LAND  OF 
FIOES  are  at  Eureka  for  all  that  portion  of  the  state  east  of  range 
40  east  of  >It.  Diable  meridian  and  includes  both  minimum  and 
double  minimum  lands ;  at  Carson  City  for  the  rest  of  the  state. 

STATE  LANDS  include  1,750.000  acres  School  lands  (all 
farming  timber  or  grazing).  They  are  sold  in  tracts  of  40  to  t40 
acres  at  $1.26,  whether  within  or  without  the  limits  of  railroad 
grants,  one-fifth  down,  balance  in  25  years  at  §%  interest  payable 
yearly,  except  for  timbered  lands,  which  must  be  paid  for  in 
cash  at  $2.50  or  $1.25  per  acre  according  to  quality  of  timber. 
There  are  also  considerable  bodies  of  Internal  Improvement, 
Agricultural  College,  University,  Public  Building:  and 
State  Prison  lands.  All  state  lande  are  controlled  by  the  State 
Land  Office  at  Carson  City.  Railroad  lands  are  also  in  the  mar- 
ket upon  a  large  scale. 


CALIFORNIA. 

Name  Spanish,  means  Hot  Fur- 
nace. Called  "Golden  State."  Visited 
by  Cortez  about  1550.  First  settled 
by  Spanish  at  San  Diego,  ]768. 
Owned  by  Spain  and  formed  part  of 
Mexico,  and  with  latter  became  in- 
dependent of  Spain,  1822.  Chief 
trade  in  furs  about  this  time.  Few 
settlers.  Fremont's  expedition  to 
Settlers'  Fort  on  the  Sacramento, 
1844.  His  reports  »  roused  interest 
in  the  section.  Immigration  set  in. 
Acquired  by  U.  S.  from  Mexico  by 
conquest,  184S.  Gold  discovered, 
1S4.S.  Hush  of  immigration  set  in, 
1849.  State  constitution,  without 
the  preliminary  of  a  territorial 

organization,  framed,  Sept .  1849.  Admitted  as  a  state,  Sept.  9, 
1850.  Indimia  and  Mexicans  disappearing1  rapidly.  Constitution 
revised,  1878.  Number  counties,  52  Miles  railroad,  2,911.  Gov- 
ernor and  state  officers  elected  quadrennially,  and  legislature 
every  two  years;  number  senators,  40;  representatives,^;  ses- 
sions of  legislature  biennial,  in  odd-numbered  years,  meeting  first 
Monday  after  Jan.  1;  holds  «0  days;  term  of  senators,4  years;  of  rep- 
resentatives, 2  years.  Number  electoral  votes,  8;  congressmen,  6; 
white  voters,  262  583.  Idiots,  Indians,  convicts  and  Chinese  ex- 
cluded from  voting.  School  system,  very  fair ;  school  age,  5-17. 
Legal  interest,  7£;  by  contract,  any  rate. 

POPULATION,  1880,  864.694;  male,  518,176 ;  female,  346,518; 
native,  571,820;  foreign.  292,874;  white,  767,181;  colored,  6,018; 
Chinese.  75.132;  Indians.  16  2T7.  Estimated  increase.  1856. 

TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.- 
Extreme  length  N.  and  S.,  725  miles;  width,  330  miles;  area,  155,- 


GUIDE  AND   HAND-BOOK. 


185 


980  sq.  miles,  99.827,200  acres.  Coast  line,  over  800  miles.  San 
Francisco  Bay  (40  miles  long,  9  wide)  magnificent  harbor.  Much 
of  state  mountainous.  Coast  range  and  Sierra  Nevadas  run  entire 
length  of  state  and  are  connected  by  cross  ranges.  Between 
j-anges  are  the  San  Joaquin  and  Sacramento  valleys.  Yosemite, 
in  the  Sierras,  one  of  the  greatest  uaturaJ  wonders  of  the  world  and. 


•  *                 " 

c  Murphy  Uiikville 

— CT   R  Efo  G   O   N 

I"   \  "_*1     GOOK- I.ak.'        & 


the  greatest  marvel  of  the  state,  where  scenery  is  always  grand  or 
beautiful.  Mt.  Whitncv,  15,000  and  Mt.  Shasta  14,400  feet,  highest 
peaks.  Sierras  average  8,000  feet.  Coast  ranvre,  3,000.  Chief 
rivers,  Sacramento,  San  Joaquin,  Klamath  and  Colorado.  Princi- 
pal lakes,  Mono,  Tahoe,  Tulare.  Very  rich  agriculturally  and  in 
minerals.  Soil  \varm,  genial  and  rich.  Two  crops  may  be  raised 
in  a  season.  Irrigation  necessary  in  parts  and  almost  always  de- 
sirable; effected  by  canals  and  artesian  welis.  Wheat  most 


186  THE  WESTERN  WORLD 

valuable  crop;  all  cereals,  root  crops  and  grasses  do  well;  corn, 
barley,  grapes,  fruit,  nuts,  silk,  hops  and  oats  staples.  Mineral 
deposits  include  gold,  silver,  iron,  copper,  mercury,  coal,  stones, 
salt,  soda,  etc.  Ranks  high  as  a  fruit-growing'  state;  fruits 
of  temperate  climates,  sub-tropical  fruits  and  nuts,  grapes,  north 
to  41  deg.;  olives,  etc.,  «row  to  great_perfection.  Fine  sheep- 
raising  country;  Cashmere  goats  introduced  and  succeed.  Ranks 
first  in  barley,  grape  culture,  sheep,  gold  and  quicksilver;  third 
in  hops,  fifth  in  wheat  and  salt.  Noble  forests  of  redwood  and 
other  valuable  growths.  Land  runs  from  $1.25  to  several  hundred 
dollars  per  acre.  Improved  land  averages  $30  unimproved  $7.50 
per  acre .  It  is  the  paradise  of  the  small  farmer.  Plenty  of  room 
for  men  with  a  little  something  to  begin  on. 

CLIMATE  varies  with  elevation  and  latitude.  Mild  and 
pleasant  on  coast.  Men  work  in  shirt  sleeves  all  the  year.  Aver- 
age temperature  at  San  Francisco  in  summer,  62  deg.;  winter,  50 
deg.  Warmer  in  interior,  reaching  at  times  100  deg.  Rainfall, 
variable,  from  7  to  50  inches  at  San  Francisco.  Average  atS.,10 
inches.  Melting  snow  from  mountains  replaces  rainfall.  Frosts 
rare.  Health  unsurpassed. 

CHIEF  CITIES.— San  Francisco,  port  of  entry;  regular  line 
of  steamers  to  Australia,  Panama,  Mexico,  China  and  Japan ; 
pop.  233,959:  Sacramento  (capital),  pop.  21,420;  pop.  Oakland. 
3 >,555;  San  Jose,  12,567;  Stockton,  10,282,  Los  Angeles,  11,183;  U.  8 
navy  yard  at  San  Pablo  Bay. 

LEADING-  INDUSTRIES-— Agriculture,  stock  raising, 
fruit  culture,  mining,  lumbering,  etc. 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution  except  for  pur- 
chase recovery:  Chairs,  desks  and  books  to  $200;  necessary  fur- 
niture, etc.;  sewing  machine,  apparel;  3  months'  provisions,  3 
cows  and  calves,  4  hogs  and  their  pigs,  feed  for  animals  1  month, 
£2TO  in  seeds,  etc.;  75  beehives,  horse  or  vehicle  of  cripple,  tools, 
books  or  instruments  of  calling;  books  of  abstract,  miner's  cabin, 
to  $500;  mine  to  $1,000, 2  oxen,  mules  or  horses,  1  wag9n  or  vehicle, 
$25  in  poultry,  30  days'  earnings,  $1,000  worth  shares  in  homestead 
association  it  no  houiestead,  life  insurance  (premium  not  more 
than  $500  per  year),  arms,  homestead,  $5,000,  to  a  single  person, 
$l,fOO.  Assignments  cannot  prefer  and  do  not  release.  Release 
may  be  had  under  insolvent  laws.  Suits  for  land  barred  after  5 
years,  after  4  on  written  contracts,  after  2  on  simple  contract, 
after  3  for  fraud,  after  1  for  slander,  libel,  assault  and  seduction. 
Wife's  property  acquired  before  marriage  subject  to  her  separate 
control  and  exempt.  She  can  do  business  if  authorized  by  court. 
Arrest  for  debt  can  be  made  on  declaration  of  fraud,  removal  or 
concealment. 

LICENSE  CHARGES  per  month:  Peddlers  (unless  selling 
goods  made  in  state)  in  wagon,  $15;  on  foot,  §5,  to  county  auditor. 

LIENS  hold  on  premises  for  labor  and  material  of  all  kinds  if 
filed  in  60  days,  or  in  30  by  sub-contractor,  and  sued  on  in  90  days 
thereafter.  Judgments  hold  real  estate  2  years. 

GOVERNMENT  LANDS  to  over  40,000,000  acres  remain 
unoccupied,  chiefly  in  the  mountains,  barrens  and  foot  hills,  but 
includes  much  good  land,  and  is  subject  to  all  forms  of  entry, 
except  timber  culture.  The  LAND  OFFICES  are  at  Bodie,  Hum- 
boldt,  Los  Angeles,  Marysville,  San  Francisco,  Stockton,  Shasta, 
Susnnviile,  Sacramento  and  Visalia  for  surrounding  districts. 

STATE  LAKT.S,  also  hilly  and  back  from  railways,  are  for 
sale  at  nominal  figures;  TS  cash,  balance  in  10  years  with  interest. 
They  are  located  in  all  parts  of  the  state.  A  large  area  of  railroad 
laud  is  also  offered. 

WYOMING. 

Indian  name.  First  settlements.  Ft.  Laramie  and  Ft.  Bridger, 
1867.  Included  in  Idaho,  1863,  and  organized  as  a  territory  from 
portions  of  Dakota, Utah  and  Colorado,1868.  Present  number  coun- 


GUIDE  AND  HAND  BOOK. 


ties,  9;  all  elections,  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  Nov;  number 
senators,  12;  representatives,  24;  sessions  of  legislature  biennial. 


ft,     1U,IOU,    UHviVC     WJ1ILU,    U,''*^,    J-Ul^iyu     \viutu,  o.l&u,    v;wi»      ^>«, 

Good  school  system  started;  school  age,  7-21.    Legal  interest 


rate,  12^;  by  contract,  any  rate.  Reserve  of  land  for  school 
endowment  when  admitted  as  a  stnte,  one-eighteenth  of  entire 
area  of  agricultural  lands.  Miles  of  raflroad,  1885,  oiii. 

POPULATION,  1880, 20,78'.);  male,  14,15";  female, (J.(!37;  native, 
.iiM'.t;  foreign,  5,850;    white,  19,437;    colored,  298;    Chinese,  914; 
Indians,  2,400.    Estimated  increase,  295? 

(Continued  on  page  201.) 


188 


THE  WESTERN   WORLD 


MONTANA. 

Acquired  from  France  1803,  but  unexplored  during  first  half 
present  century.  Gold  discovered  1800.  Formed  part  of  Idaho, 
organized  1863.  Separated  from  Idaho  and  organized  as  Montana 
territory  May,  l£3i.  Area  increased,  1873,  by  2,OuO  square  miles  cut 


of?  Dakota.   Capital  first  at  Virginia  City;  removed  to  Helena  1875. 


.  , 

2;  representatives,  24;  sessions  of  legislature  biennial,  in  odd- 
(Contiiiued  on  page  202.) 


GUIDE   AND   HAND-BOOK. 


189 


IDAHO. 

Acquired  from  France,  1803,  by  Louisiana  purchase,  visited  by- 
trappers,  prospectors  and  missionaries  in  first  halt"  of  the  cent- 
ury. Gold  discovered,  1860,  in  Oro  Fino  creek.  Organized  as 
territory  March,  18(53,  out  of  parjp  of  Nebraska,  Dakota  and 


""«•"/    ;    •0C|M«'V«ll«y-.''  -  °.f!2o  BTCT."  /    U»  ^ 

ruvftfcSlore!        crfuaruyuC -.'.-,       --••«<' •).»«»" Creek  CaroMCr?     =      pj^,, 

^li^i^^Jp1 


a     .Caade  CiX"E^-"-:^->?T"       \  rXiTV      \         / 

.;  *•     €  ^^!^?» Fill> — 5^;^Shss^'4-w 

-•>•   .  :    ?B*Mi».F«ni  v^—^;r_nJ«lE22SS,2.t 


Washington  territories,  and  included  Montana  and  part  of  'Wy- 
oming1. Present  boundaries  fixed,  1868.  Present  number  couh- 
ties,  14.  All  elections,  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  NOT.;  num- 
ber senators,  13;  representatives,  24;  sessions  ol  legislature 
biennial,  in  even-numbered  years,  meeting  second  Monday  in 
,  (Contiuued  on  page  203.) 


190 


THE  WESTERN  WORLD 

WASHINGTON. 


Named  for  George  Washington.  First  sett!  ement  at  Tumwater 
1845;  preceded,  however,  by  Hudson  Bay  Co.'s  trading  posts. 
Formed  part  of  Oregon  (which  see);  separated  March,  1&53,  and 
organized  as  territory.  Comprised  all  region  from  Pacific  to 


summit  of  Rocky  Mountains  north  of  Columbia  river.  Parts  of 
Idaho,  Wyoming  and  Montana  added  1859,  giving  area  of  200,000 
square  miles,  subsequently  reduced  to  present  size.  First  legisla- 
ture assembled  at  Olympia  February,  1854.  Indian  wars  1855  and 
1858.  Gold  discovered  1855.  Island  San  Juan  in  dispute  between 
United  States  and  England  1859.  Rights  of  the  Hudson  Bay  and 
(Continued  on  page  2^4.) 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK. 


191 


ALASKA. 

Discovered  by  Vitus  Behring  1741,  an  became  Russian  terri- 
tory bv  right  of  discovery.  Called  first  Alayeska  by  natives, 
simplified  to  present  form.  Pu. chased  by  United  States  for 
$7,000,000, 1867,  as  a  deed  of  gratitude  to  Russia  for  her  course  in 


civil  war.  Has  paid  five  per  cent  on  investment  ever  since,  and 
promises  to  become  the  source  of  enormous  mineral,  fur,  agri- 
cultural and  timber  wealth.  Now  beginning  to  be  explored. 
Governor  appointed  by  the  president  of  the  United  States. 

POPULATION— Whites,  £,000:  Indians,  estimated,  Innuits, 
18,000;  Aleutian,  2,m;  Ninneh,  4,000;  Thlinket,  7,000;  Hyda.  800. 


192 


THE     WESTERN  WORLD 


TOPOGRAPHY,   AREA,   SOIL,   PRODUCTS,   ETC.— 

Extreme  length  north  and  south,  l.&tO  miles;  width,  bOO  miles. 
Area  (estimated,  unsurveyed),  531, 409  sq.  miles;  Arctic  division, 
125,000;  Yukon,  1£0,000 ;  Kuskokvim,  115,000;  Aleutian,  15,000; 
Kadiak,  75,000;  Southeastern,  40,000.  Yukon  Chief  river,  80 
miles  wide  at  mouth,  navigable  84.0  miles;  length  abuut  1,IKX) 


milca;  coast  line,  5,000  miles,  including  bays.  Aleutian  and 
bitka  districts  are  the  agricultural  regions.  Most  fertile  land 
near  Cook's  Inlet;  good  oats,  barley  and  root  crops  are  raised 
here  without  much  difficulty.  Rich  grass  land  in  the  valley 
of  Yukon,  but  extreme  dampness  and  want  of  summer  heat 
prevent  the  ripening  of  grain.  Timber  abundant  on  main- 


GUIDE   AXD    HAND-BOOK. 


193 


land ;  yellow  cedar  the  best,  being  of  great  value  for  boat-build- 
ing. Edible  berries  ai-e  plentiful.  A  fine  quality  of  white 
marble  is  found  on  Lynn  Channel ;  coal,  amber  and  lignite  on 
Aleutian  Islands,  the  best  coal  being  on  Cook's  Inlet.  Gold, 
silver,  copper,  cinnabar  and  iron  are  found  ;  sulphur  is  abun- 
dant in  volcanic  districts.  Noted  for  its  fur-bearing  animals, 
the  chief  of  which  are  beaver,  ermine,  fox,  marten,  otter, 
squirrel  and  wolf.  The  main  source  of  revenue  is  the  fur  seal, 
the  taking  of  which  is  regulated  by  law.  The  walrus  is  of  value 
in  furnishing  ivory  and  oil.  Whales,  cod,  herring  and  halibut 
and  salmon  are  abundant.  Land  not  open  to  settlement. 

CLIMATE.-  Pacific  coast  modified  by  Pacific  gulf  stream  and 
long  summer  days.  Temperature  Ht  Sitka  averages  winter 
about  that  of  Washington,  D.  C.  Rainfall  copious,  and  foggy 
weather  common  on  coa,-ts  and  isl«nds;  Sitka,  one  of  rainiest 
places  in  the  world  outside  the  tropics,  the  annual  precipitation 
ti.">  to  <HI  inches,  rainy  days  200  to  285  in  year. 

CHIEF  CITIES.— Sitka,  seat  of  Bishop  of  Greek  church, 
and  headquarters  of  governor.  Pop.  995  ;  white,  163  ;  Creole,  219 ; 
Thlinket,  613.  Fort  St.  Nicholas,  Cook's  Inlet,  Fort  St.  Michael 
and  Norton's  Sound  are  other  main  settlements.  Harbors  at 
Port  rinrence.  Michaelooski  and  Captain's  Harbor. 

INDUSTRIES.— Fishing,  canning,  trapping  and  mining. 


OREGON. 

Name  Spanish;  means  "  Wild 
Thyme."  So  named  because  of 
abundance  of  that  herb.  Visited 
by  Capt.  Robert  Gray,  of  Bos- 
ton, with  ship  Columbia,  1793,  who 
anchored  in  the  river  named  for 
his  vessel.  Trading  post  established 
at  Astoria  by  Pacific  Fur  Co.,  iSll. 
By  treaty,  1818,  jointly  occupied  i>y 
United  States  and  England,  and 
included  all  Pacific  coast  region 
between  42  deg.  and  54  deg.  40  miii. 
north  latitude.  Population  chietly 
Candaian  till  1833,  when  immigra- 
tion from  United  States  began.  49th 
parallel  fixed  as  line  i  etwetn  Brit- 
ish possessions  and  United  States. 

Or..- ron  territory  organized  August,  1848,  included  Washington 
territory;  the  latter  under  title  of  "  District  of  Vancouver'  < . ut 
off.  1852.  Indian  troubles.  1844,  '47  and  '54.  State  constitution 
adopted,  l»57.  Idaho  cut  off  and  added  to  Washington  territory, 
ls.v.1.  Oregon  admitted  as  a  state,  180  .  Modoc  war.  1873.  Num- 
ber counties,  25;  miles  railroad,  1,165.  State  officers  elected 
quadrennially,  and  legislature  every  two  years;  number  of  sena- 
tors, 30;  representatives.  60;  sessions  of  legislature  biennial,  in 
odd-numbered  years,  meeting  first  Monday  in  Jan.;  holds  40  days; 
term  of  senators,  4  years;  representatives,  2  years.  Number 
electoral  votes,  3;  congressmen,  J;  voters,  f>9,629,  including 
women.  United  States  army,  idiots,  insane,  convicts  and  Chinese 
not  voting.  Number  of  colleges,  7;  school  age,  4-20;  school 
system  good.  Legal  interest  rate,  »#;  by  contract,  10#;  usury 
forfeits  principal  and  interest. 

POPULATION, Ib80, 174,768;  male,  103,381;  native,  141,265;  white, 
163,075;  Chinese.  9.510;  Indians,  1,694.  Estimated  increase,  \\%. 

TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC  - 
Average  length  E.  and  W.,  362  miles;  average  width,  2iiO  miles, 
area,  94,560  sq.  miles;  60,518,4'Xl  acres.  Surface  divided'  into  E. 
and  W.  Oregon  by  Cascade  mountains,  4,00'  to  11,225  feet  high. 
Principal  peaks,  Mt.  Hood,  11,225;  Jefferson,  10,200;  Three  Sioters, 


194  THE   WESTERN   WORLD 


P,l-0;  Diamond,  9,420;  and  McLaughlin,  11,000  feet.  Eastern  Ore- 
gon, two-thirds  entiie  state,  mountainous;  at  N.  and  N.  E.  (Blue 
range),  with  wide  rich  valleys;  less  so  at  S.  and  S.  E.  Western 
Oregon  includes  Coast  Range  mountains,  parallel  with  ocean, 
averaging  25  miles  from  same.  Elevation  1,000  to  4,000  feet. 
Valleys  throughout  state  deep,  and  scenery  noble,  including 
canons  of  enormous  depth.  Columbia  river,  1,300  miles  long; 
navigable  175  miles,  full  of  cascades,  and  runs  through  entranc- 
ing scenery.  Snake,  Rogue  and  Umpqua  are  important  streams; 
smaller  ones  numerous.  Noted  harbors,  mouths  of  Columbia 
and  Kogue  rivers,  Tillamook  bay  and  Port  Oxford.  Lakes  chiefly 
in  Lake  and  Grant  counties;  Malheur,  Harlay,  Summer,  Albert, 
Christmas,  Goose,  Silver,  largest.  Soil  generally  superior. 
Wheat  the  best  crop;  superior  in  yield  and  quality;  other  crops 
do  well,  as  do  also  fruits  and  vegetables,  etc.  Extremely  favor- 
able to  cattle  and  sheep.  Kich  in  minerals;  gold  in  Jackson, 
Josephine,  Baker  and  Grant  counties;  copper  in  Josephine, 
Douglas  and  Jackson;  iron  ore  throughout  the  state;  coal  along 
Coast  range.  'limber  resources  enormous,  and  but  little 
touched  Salmon  fisheries  among  best  in  world.  Improved  land 
avernges  $17.50,  unimproved,  $4.  Area,  arable  two-fifths  state, 
forest  one-sixth  state. 

CLIMATE  in  western  Oregon  moist;  equable;  rainfall,  59 
inches.  In  eastern  Oregon  dry.  Both  pleasant  and  healthful, 
though  subject  to  occasional  extremes  at  east.  Crops  in  east  do 
not  suffer,  however,  from  drouth.  At  west  snow  and  ice  un- 
known, except  on  peaks,  where  it  is  perpetual.  Frosts  on  high 
lands.  Average  temperature,  summer,  65  deg.;  winter,  45  deg. 

CHIEF  CITIES.— Portland,  Astoria  and  Coos  Bay,  ports  of 
entry;  Roseburgh;  Portland,  pop.  17,577;  Salem,  capital. 

LEADING-  INDUSTRIES.— Agriculture,  grazing,  mining, 
fishing,  lumbering,  fruit  growing,  canning,  etc. 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution :  Books,  pictures 
and  musical  instruments  to  $75;  apparel,  $100,  or  §50  for  each 
member  of  family;  tools,  books,  instruments,  team,  etc.,  neces- 
sary to  occupation,  $400;  60  days'  feed,  for  all  animals;  to  house- 
holder, 10  sheep  and  fleeces;  2  cows;  5  swine;  furniture,  etc., 
$300;  6  months'  provisions.  Assignment  cannot  prefer  and  does 
not  release.  Suits  barred  after  10  years  for  land,  on  judgment 
and  sealed  instrument,  after  6  on  contract,  statute  liability  and 
injury  to  personal  property,  pfter  1  year  for  slander,  assault,  etc. 
Wife's  property  exempt.  She  can  contract  concerning  same. 
No  imprisonment  for  debt  except  in  cases  of  fraud. 

LICENSE  CHARGES  per  year:  Peddlers  not  less  than 
§10  nor  more  than  $200. 

LIENS  hold  first  year  on  structures  for  labor  and  materials, 
if  filed.  Judgments  hold  land  10  years. 

GOVERNMENT  LANDS  in  Oregon  aggregate  many  mill- 
ion acres,  chiefly  timbered  tracts  in  the  mountains  and  foot- 
hills, but  offering  many  desirable  locations  for  homestead,  cash 
or  pre-emption  entry.  The  LAND  OFFICES  are  at  The  Dalles  and 
Lake  View,  Oregon  City,  Koseburgand  Le  Grand  for  the  regions 
contiguous  to  each. 

STATE  LANDS  are  offered  to  a  considerable  extent,  as  are 
also  railroad  grant  lands.  The  price  and  terms  for  both  are  made 
with  a  view  to  assist  settlers. 


ARKANSAS. 

(Concluded  from  page  17  G.) 
TOPOGRAPHY,   AREA,   SOIL,    PRODUCTS,    ETC.- 

Length  N.  and  S.,  240  miles;  average  breadth,  212  miles;  area, 
53,845  sq.  miles,  34,460,800  acres.  Surface  low  and  level  in  eastern 
portion,  gradually  becomes  more  hilly  toward  west,  and  in  the 


GUIDE   AND  HAND-BOOK.    .  195 


Ozark  mountains  at  northwest  reaches  an  elevation  of  2,000  feet. 
The  extreme  western  portion  is  a  high  plain.  The  chief  streams 
are:  Mississippi  (415  miles).  Arkansas*  (SOO  miles  in  the  state),  Ked, 
Ouacbita,  St.  Francis  and  White,  all  navigable.  Into  the  large 
streams  flow  innumerable  lesser  ones.  The  scenery  is  varied  and 
l're<jui'iitl.v  charming.  Hot  Springs  (temperature,  140  deg.).  great 
natural  wonder  and  famous  for  medicinal  properties.  The  soil 
varies,  but  the  greater  portion  is  exceptionally  rich  and  suited 
to  all  crops,  especially  fruits,  berries  and  gardening.  Arkansas 
vegetables  and  fruits  reach  St.  Louis  and  Chicago  markets  early 
and  command  best  prices.  State  especially  favorable  to  agri- 
culture and  emigration.  All  parts  magnificently  timbered.  Pine, 
oak,  cypress,  cedar,  hickory,  walnut,  linn,  locust,  chief  growths. 
Cleared  land  averages  $10  and  woodland  S3  per  acre.  Coal  exists 
on  the  Ash  river,  iron  in  the  Ozarks,  salt  near  Ouachita.  Oilstone 
(celebrated  for  quality,  near  Hot  Springs;  kaolin  in  Pulaski 
county.  Staple  products,  corn,  wheat,  cotton,  tobacco,  oats, 
sweet  "potatoes,  mules,  tar,  turpentine,  lumber,  etc. 

CLI  MATE  genial ;  temperature  ranges  15  deg.  to  95  deg.,  on 
rare  occasions  going  to  100  deg  Averages,  winter,  45  deg.;  sum- 
mer, 80  deg.  Rainfall,  44  in.,  heaviest  in  S.  E.,  lightest  in  N.  W. 
Health  unsurpassed,  especially  in  N.  \V. 

CHIEF  CITIES.  —Little  Rock  (cap),  pop.,  13,138.  HotSpri  gs*. 

INDUSTRIES,  2,100  in  number.     Cuiefly  agricultural. 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution:  Apparel  to  un- 
married persons,  §200  m  personal  property;  to  heads  of  families!, 
§500  in  personality  and  homestead,  160  acres  or  one  acre  in  town, 
not  to  exceed  $250),  tools  of  trade,  etc.  Assignment  can  pre- 
fer, but  does  not  release  debtor.  Suits  barred  after  10  years  on 
judgment  and  bond,  7  years  for  land,  5  years  on  note  and  written 
instrument,  3  years  on  verbal  contract,  and  after  1  year  for 
wrongful  taking  of  goods.  Wife's  property  exempt.  She  can 
dispose  of  same  as  if  single. 

LICENSE  CHARGES  per  6  months:  Peddlers,  $25  to  state, 
and  $25  to  each  county. 

LIENS  hold  on  buildings  for  labor  and  material  if  filed  with 
county  clerk  in  3  months.  Judgments  hold  land  for  3  years. 

GOVERNMENT  LANDS  to  a  very  large  area  are  yet  open 
to  homestead,  cash  and  pre-emption  entry,  and  include  all  classes 
of  land  found  in  the  state.  THE  LAND  OFFICES  are  at  Little 
Rock,  controlling  1,500,000  acres  in  a  district  extending  20  mile; 
east  and  80  to  100  miles  west  of  the  city,  and  about  25  miles  wides 
at  Dardanelle,  controlling  1,500,000  acres  in  Crawford,  Franklin, 
Johnson,  Pope,  Logan,  Yell,  Scott,  Sebastian,  and  parts  of  Perry, 
Garland,  Saline  and  Montgomery  counties;  at  Camden.  con- 
trolling 1,600,000  acres  in  the  counties  of  Polk,  Pike,  Sevier, 
Montgomery,  Garland,  Hot  Springs,  Clark,  Howard,  Hempstead, 
Little  River,  Miller,  LaFayette,  Columbia,  Nevada,  Ouachita, 
Calhqun,  Bradley.  Drew.  Ashley,  Union,  and  part  of  Dorsey;  at 
Harrison,  controlling  2.5tiO,000  acres  in  remainder  of  state. 

STATE  LANDS  about  1,000.000  acres,  Forfeited  land*  held 
at  50  cents  per  acre;  14,000  acres  Internal  Improvement  land; 
15.000  acres  Saline  lands,  some  small  tracts  of  Seminary,  State, 
Bank,  and  Real  Estate  Bank  lands:  70,000  acres  of  Swamp 
lands,  and  a  large  area  of  School  lands.  All  except  the  latter 
are  controlled  by  the  Commissioner  of  State  Lands  at  Little 
Rock.  Forfeited  lands  are  free  to  settlers  who  improve  them. 


INDIAN  TERRITORY. 

(Concluded  from  page  177.) 

both  of  which  are  the  subject  of  a  move  to  open  them  to  settlers. 
Each  tribe  elects  officers,  legislatures  and  courts,  and  criminals 
are  punished  as  in  the  states.  No  laws  for  collection  of  debt.  All 
land  held  in  common,  and  any  Indian  may  cultivate  as  much  as 


196  THE   WESTERN  WORLD 


he  wants,  but  one-quarter  mile  must  intervene  between  farms. 
Whites  can  hold  land  only  by  marrying  an  Indian.  Miles  of  rail- 
road, 353.  School  system  excellent;  pupils  educated  and  supported 
by  the  tribes,  half  entire  revenue  being  set  aside  for  the  purpose. 
Three  colleges.  200  schools. 

POPULATION,  80,000;  Cherokees,  20,000;  Choctaws,  16.500; 
Creeks,  14,;">00;  chickasaws,  7,000;  Seminoles,  2,500;  Osages,  2,400; 
Cheyennes,  3,298;  Arapahoes,  2,676;  Kiowas,  1,120;  Pawnees,  1,438; 
Comanches,  1,475.  Two-fifths  of  entire  population  can  read. 

TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.-Ex- 
treme  length  east  and  west,  470  miles;  average  length,  320  miles; 
width,  210  miles;  area,  69,991  miles,  44,154,240  acres.  Surface, 
vast  rolling  plain  sloping  eastward.  Mountains,  Witchita,  at 
S.W.;  Ozark  and  Washita  at  east.  Valleys  timbered  heavily  with 
oak,  ash,  elm,  sycamore,  and  other  hard  woods.  Bluffs  skirt 
valleys ;  uplands  are  prairie  which  at  west  lack  fertility;  N.E. 
section  also  well  wooded,  but  rocky.  Beautiful  country  to 
look  upon.  Principal  rivers,  Arkansas,  Verdigris,  Neosbo, 
Illinois,  Canadian,  Cimarron,  Black  Bear,  Little  Arkansas, 
Poleau,  North  Fork,  Red,  Washita.  Ked  and  Arkansas  only 
navigable.  Small  streams  numerous  at  east,  but  scarce  at 
west.  South  of  Canadian  river  prairies  very  fertile:  valleys 
rich  and  productive  throughout  territory ;  grass  rich  and 
heavy  almost  everywhere.  Corn,  cotton,  rice,  wheat,  rye, 
potatoes  are  staples.  Grazing  interests  large.  Coal  is  found,  but 
extent  unknown.  Furbearing  animals  numerous.  Of  the  area 
Cherokees  own  5.000.000  acres  in  N.  and  N.E.;  Seminoles.  200,000  in 
E.  central:  Creeks.  3,215,495  in  E  ;  Chickasaws,  4,377,000  in  south. 

CLIMATE. — Mild  in  winter,  warm  in  summer.  Temperature 
averages  41  deg.  winter,  80  deg.  summer.  Rainfall,  at  east,  ;"0 
inches;  center,  36;  far  west,  22.  Health  as  good  as  anywhere  in 
Union. 

CHIEF  CITIES.— Tahlequah,  capital  of  Cherokees;  Tisho- 
mingo,  capital  of  Chiekasaws;  Tushkahoma,of  Choctaws;  Musco- 
gee.  of  Creeks;  Pawhuska.  of  Osages;  Seminole  Agency,  of  Semi- 
noles; Pawnee  Agency,  of  Pawnees;  Kiowa  and  Comanche 
Agency,  of  Kiowas  and  Comanches. 

LEADING-  INDUSTRIES.— Agriculture  and  grazing. 


NEW  MEXICO. 

(Concluded  From  page  17S.) 

and  an  New  ^.exico  conquered  from  Mexico,  Aug.  18. 1846,  and 
same  ceded  to  U.  S.  by  treaty  Guadaloupe  Hidalgo,  1848.  Re- 
volt. 1i<49.  suppressed.  Organized  as  Territory,  1850.  Arizona 
added  to  the  territory,  1853.  Separated.  1863.  14,000  sq.  miles  cut 
oft'  and  added  to  Colorado,  1861.  Santa  Fe  captured  by  Confed- 
erates, 1M>2,  tut  soon  abandoned.  Number  counties,  13.  All 
elections,  Tuesday  alter  first  Mondav  in  Nov.;  number  senators, 
12;  representatives,  24;  sessions  of  legislature  biennial,  in  even- 
numhered  years,  meeting  first  Monday  in  Jan.;  hold  60  days; 
terms  of  senators  and  representatives.  2  years  each.  Voters, 
34,07i> :  native  white,  26,423;  foreign  white,  4,558;  colored,  3,095. 
School  age,  7-18  years.  Legal  interest  rate,  t#;  by  contract,  12,<. 
Mile*  railro  >d.  1S7S  to  1885,  1.191. 

POPULATION,  1880,  119,565:  male,  64,496;  native,  111,514; 
white.  108.721 ;  Indians,  9,772.  Estimated  increase.  1885.  2!£. 

TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.— 
Average  length  N.  and  S.,  368  miles;  width,  335  miles.  Area, 
132,000  sq.  miles,  78,400.200  acres.  Elevation,  3.000  to  4,000  feet. 
Mountain  peaks,  12,000  feet.  Surface  T^ade  up  of  series  of  level 
plateaus,  traver-ert  by  mountains,  with  lofty  peaks  and  fertile 
valleys.  The  Rocky  mountains  divide  into  two  ranges,  the  one 
on  the  east,  the  loftier  of  the  two  endintr  near  Santa  Fe,  and  the 
other,  the  Sierra  Madre,  extending  to  the  southward,  to  the  Sierra 


GUIDE  AXD   HAXD-BOOK.  197 


Madre  of  Mexico.  Almost  two-thirds  of  the  Territory  is  east  of 
this  range.  The  region  to  the  west  consists  of  high  table  lands 
and  isolated  peaks.  East  of  the  eastern  range  the  land  slopes 
gradually  to  the  Mississippi.  The  Staked  Plain,  an  elevated  re- 
gion, unwatered  and  without  wood,  extends  into  the  southeast- 
ern part  of  the  territory.  Principal  rivers,  Rio  Grande  Del- 
Xorte,  Pecos,  Canadian,  Gila,  Mirubres  and  San  Franciso.  Scrall 
streams  are  few.  None  of  the  streams  are  navigable  within  the 
territory.  Timber  is  scarce,  except  in  a  few  sections.  The  moun- 
tains are  clothed  with  pine,  spruce  and  fir;  cedar  grows  in  font 
hills,  and  cottonwood  and  sycamore  in  valleys.  Soil  rich  where 
water  can  be  had  for  irrigation  or  on  streams.  Corn,  wheat,  oats, 
alfalfa,  grapes,  vegetables,  especially  onions  and  root  crops  and 
semi-tropical  fruits  are  prolific.  Sheep  raising  very  profitable. 
Grazing  interests  extensive.  Gold  found  in  Grant,  Lincoln,  Col- 
fax  and  Bernalillo  counties;  rich  copper  mines  in  Berualillo 
county,  and  in  the  Pinos  Altos  region.  Zinc,  quicksilver,  lead, 
manganese,  and  large  deposits  of  coal  have  been  found.  Irri- 
gable surface,  7,000  8Q.  miles.  Improved  land  only  jj-  of  terri- 
tory- Woodland,  3^5  of  surface,  unoccupied  j|  of  surface.  Koum 
in  all  callings  for  enterprise. 

CLIMATE  varies  with  different  elevations.  Temperature 
averages,  summer,  70  deg.;  winter.33deg.  Range  of  temperature, 
4  dour,  below  zero  to  90  degs.  above.  It  is  much  warmer  than  the 
average  in  the  lower  altitudes,  and  colder  in  the  higher.  Air  dry, 
rarefied  and  pure.  Rainfall,  9  to  11  inches.  Pneumonia  tome- 
times  prevails.  Health  average  good. 

CHIEF  CITIES.— Santa  Fe,  capital,  pop.  6,635.  Las  Vegas, 
Silver  City  and  Albuquerque. 

LEADING  INDUSTRIES.— Mining,  stock  raising  and 
agriculture. 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution:  To  heads  of  fam- 
ilies, apparel,  beds  and  bedding,  30  days'  fuel,  school  books,  pict- 
ures, $2)  in  provisions,  $10  in  furniture,  tools  to  S25,  and  home- 
stead §1, '0(1.  No  statute  on  assignment.  Suits  barred  after  20 
years  on  judgment,  after  10  years  for  real  estate,  after  6  on  notes, 
bonds  and  written  contracts,  after  4  on  accounts,  verbal  con- 
tracts, etc.  Wife's  property  exempt.  She  can  do  business. 
Arrest  for  debt  permitted. 

LIC  ?5NSE  CHARGES.— Drummers,  §350  per  year. 

LIENS  hold  on  buildings  for  labor  and  material  if  filed  in 
60  days  and  sued  on  in  1  year;  on  property  for  rent  and  freight. 
Judgments  are  lions  on  real  estate. 

GOVERNMENT  LANDS  include  the  greater  part  of  the 
territory.  LAND  OFFICES  at  Santa  Fe  and  Las  Cruces  for  their 
respective  sections.  All  forms  of  entry  apply.  Railroad  lauds 
are  offered  in  large  quantities. 


ARIZONA. 

(Concluded  from  page  179.) 

lature  biennial,  in  even-numbered  years,  meeting  first  Monday  in 
Jan.,  holds  60  days;  terms  of  senators  and  representative's,  2 
years  each;  voters,  20,398;  native  white,  9,790;  foreign  white, 
J\256;  colored.  2,ar)2.  School  age,  6-21  years.  Legal  interest  rate, 
]ivr;  by  contract,  any  rate;  no  penalty  for  usury,  School  endow- 
ment in  lands  reserved  very  large. 

POPULATION,  l&SO,  40,440;  male,  28.202;  female,  12,238;  na- 
tive. 24,391;  foreign,  16,049;  white.  35,160;  colored,  155;  Chinese, 
1,630;  Indians,  3.493.  Estimated  incrrase.  :'.\  . 

TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA.  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.- 
Extremo  length  north  and  south,  378  miles;  width  Ii-,9  miles;  area, 
113.9 "9  sq.  miles,  72.914,560  acres;  five-sixths  unsurveyei].  Surface 
at  northeast  and  center  elevated  plateau  3,000  to  8,000  feet  high, 


198  THK    WKSTKKN    WOULD 

witYi  volcanic  peaks  reaching  an  altitude  of  iO,500  feet.  Southern 
portion  a  plain,  dipping  occasionally  below  sea  level,  and  rising 
only  to  a  very  moderate  elevation  (200  to  000  feet  usually);  moun- 
tains numerous;  highest  point  San  Francisco,  11,05(3  feet.  Col- 
enido  only  navigable  river  (navigable  020  miles).  Flows  between 
perpendicular  walls  cut  in  solid  rock  in  places  7,0  0  feet  high. 
Other  important  rivers  the  Gila,  Little  Colorado,  Colorado 
Chiijuito  and  Bill  William's  Fork.  Smaller  streams  are  only 
moderately  supplied.  Agriculture  possible  only  in  the  valleys  <  >V 
where  irrigation  is  practicable.  One-twelfth  of  the  territory 
may  be  successfully  irrigated.  Soil  in  valleys  and  bottoms  very 
rich  and  prolilic.  Wheat,  barley,  potatoes,  nay,  corn,  onions  are 
staple  tield  crops;  corn  follows  wheat  or  barley,  giving  two  crops 
yearly.  Bottoms  of  Gila  river  and  its  tributaries  possess  largest 
area  of  farming  land.  Orangesnnd  all  semi-tropical  fruits,  grapes 
and  berries  do  very  well  where  water  is  obtainable .  A  large  por- 
tion of  the  territory  is  covered  with  rich  and  abundant  grasses, 
which  afford  nutritious  grazing  the  year  round,  and  cattle-raising 
is  extremely  profitable.  Desert  tracts  of  considerable  area  are 
found  formed  of  shifting  sands.  Timber  grows  on  the  moun- 
tains, foot-hills,  and  along  the  streams.  The  varieties  include 
pine  and  cedar  on  mountains;  cottonwpod,  walnut  and  cherry 
on  streams.  Size  of  trees  fair,  and  quantity  large.  On  plains  S.  of 
the  Gila  only  artemisia,  cactus  and  mesquite  are  found.  Abund- 
ant mineral  wealth  exists,  which  can  now  be  developed  with  pront, 
owing  to  completion  of  railways ;  nearly  all  mountain  ranges 
contain  gold,  silver,  copper  and  lead.  Superior  quality  of  lime 
found  near  Prescott  and  Tucson;  beds  of  gypsum  in  San  Pedro 
valley;  remarkable  deposits  of  pure,  transparent  salt  near  Call- 
ville.  Territory  ranks  second  in  production  of  silver.  Oppor- 
tunities in  agriculture,  fruit-raising  and  mining  goo<l. 

CLIMATE  exceptionally  healthful,  and  generally  mild,  ex- 
cept in  mountains;  temperature  averages  38  deg.  winter,  73  deg. 
summer;  much  warmer  at  south,  the  thermometer  reaching  oc- 
casionally 115,  and  rarely  falling  below  35  deg.  in  winter.  In 
central  portion  heat  seldom  exceeds  88  deg.  to  90  deg;  snow  in 
mountains,  but  melts  soon.  Rainfall  on  Gila  6  inches;  in  foot- 
hills 2S  inches;  heaviest  in  July  and  August. 

CHIEF  CITIES.— Tucson,  pop.  7,007.  Prescott,  the  capital, 
poi>.  :>,000. 

LEADING  INDUSTRIES.— Mining,  grazing  agriculture, 
lumbering,  smelting,  etc 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution:  Spinning  wheels 
and  looms,  stoves,  arms,  etc.,  apparel,  library  to  $150;  to  house- 
holder, 10  goats  or  sheep  and  fleeces  thereof,  2  cows,  5 
swine,  6  months'  provisions,  $000  in  furniture,  $600  in  tools,  stock, 
team,  etc.,  of  trade,  3  months'  feed  for  animals,  sewing  machine, 
musical  instrument,  homestead  to  $5,000.  No  assignment  laws. 
Suits  barred  after  5  years  on  judgment,  after  4  on  written  con- 
tract, after  Son  statute  liability  and  for  f  rand,  after  2  on  account 
or  verbal  contract,  and  after  1  year  for  libel,  slander  and  assault. 
Wife's  property  exempt.  She  can  dispose  of  same  as  if  single  if 
2i  years  old.  Arrest  for  debt  permitted  when  fraud  is  declared. 

'LICENSE  CHARGES  per  month:  Peddlers  (unless  goods 
made  in  Territory),  $10  ;  on  foot,  S5,  to  county  treasurer.  Drum- 
mers tax  $200  per  year.  Tucson,  $50  per  quarter;  Tombstone, 
$10  per  day. 

LIENS  hold  on  structures  and  personalty  for  labor,  material 
and  repairs.  Judgments  are  liens  on  real  estate  for  2  years. 

PUBLIC  LANDS.— The  greater  portion  of  Arizona  is  gov- 
ernment land  open  to  all  forms  of  entry.  The  LAND  OFFICES  are 
at  Prescott  for  the  northern  and  at  Tucson  for  the  southern  por- 
tions of  the  territory.  Much  railroad  land  is  for  sale. 


GUIDE   AXD   HAND-BOOK.  199 

COLORADO. 

(Concluded  from  page  ISO.) 

Kansas,  Nebraska,  Utah  and  New  Mexico.  Indian  troubles 
1863-4.  Union  soldiers  furnished,  4,903.  Admitted  as  a  state.  Aug. 
1,1876.  Youngest  state.  Number  counties,  39.  No  railioad  in 
1870.  Mileage,  1885,  2,842.  All  elections,  Tuesday  after  first  Monday 
in  Nov.;  number  senators,  26;  representatives,  40;  sessions  biennial, 
in  odd-numbered  years,  meeting  first  Monday  in  Jan.;  limit  of 
session,  40  days ;  term  of  senators,  4  years ;  of  representatives,  2 
years.  Number  electoral  votes,  3;  congressmen,!;  voters,  93,608; 
native  white,  65,215;  foreign  white,  26,873;  colored,  1,520.  Convicts 
excluded  from  voting.  Number  colleges,  3 ;  school  system,  fair 
endowment;  school  age,  6-21  years.  Legal  interest,  1W;  by  con- 
tract, any  rate. 

POPULATION,  1880,  194,327;  male,  129,131;  female,  65,196; 
native,  154,537;  foreign,  3P.790;  white,  191,126;  colored,  2,435; 
Chinese.  612;  Indians,  154.  Estimated  increase,  12^. 

TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.- 
Lengtta  E.  and  W.,  380  miles;  width,  2eO  miles;  area,  103,845 sq. 
miles.  66,460,800  acres,  three-fifths  unsurveyed.  Rocky  mountains 
travrrse  state  N.  and  S.  with  3  ranges  having  many  peaks  more 
than  13,000  feet  high.  Within  the  mountains  and  surrounded  by 
them  are  the  "  Parks  "  extensive  level  plains,  8,000  to  10,000  feet 
above  the  sea  and  valuable  for  agriculture.  The  mountains  have 
extensive  foot-hills.  The  plains  form  the  eastern  third  of  the 
state.  They  are  somewhat  alkaline,  but  make  fine  grazing 
grounds.  Colorado  scenery  is  famous.  It  is  bold,  striking  and 
grand  beyond  words.  Much  ricn  soil  along  streams  and  wher- 
ever Irrigation  is  possible.  Public  enterprises  on  a  large  scale 
looking  to  extensive  irrigation  under  way.  Cereals  do  very  well. 
Corn,  wheat,  oats,  hay,  staple  crops.  Cattle,  sheep  and  hog 
raising  safe  and  profitable.  Dairying  pays,  as  does  gardening. 
Timber  resources  moderate.  Mountains  fairly  clothed  with  pine 
and  other  trees.  Mineral  wealth  inexhaustible.  State  ranks  first 
in  silver,  fourth  in  gold.  Iron,  soda,  coal,  copper,  lead,  stone, 
mica,  etc.,  exist  in  Targe  deposits.  Principal  rivers,  Arkansas, 
South  Pliitte,  Snake,  White,  Green,  Rio  Grande  Del  Norte  and 
Colorado. 

CLIMATE  dry  and  range  of  temperature  comparatively 
small.  Winters  mild,  summers  cool.  Average  temperature, 
winter.  3ldeg.;  summer,  73  deg.  Rainfall,  mainly  in  May,  June 
and  July,  averages  18  inches.  On  mountains  winters  severe,  ac- 
companied by  heavy  snowfall;  violent  winds  common;  fogs 
unknown.  Health  unsurpassed. 

CHIEF  CITIES.— Denver,  capital  and  metropolis,  and  con- 
tains a«uy  ollice  ;  pop.  &5,650;  Leadville,  14,820;  Silver  Cliffs.  5,040; 
Colorado  Springs,  4,226.  State  University  at  Boulder;  Agricultural 
College  at  Fort  Collins ;  School  of  Mines  at  Golden  City. 

LEADING  INDUSTRIES.— Mining,  smelting  ores,  agri- 
culture, grazing-,  etc. 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution :  Furniture,  8100; 
6  months'  provisions,  tools  and  stock  in  trade,  8200;  library  and 
instruments  of  profession,  $300;  work  animals,  8200;  cow  and 
calf.  10  sheep,  6  months'  feed  for  same,  wagon  and  S50  in  harness, 
etc.,  homestead,  82,000,  the  word  homestead  being  entered  in 
margin  of  recorded  title.  Assignments  cannot  prefer,  wages  first 
paid  to  §50.  Suits  barred  after  1  year  for  assault,  slander  and 
libel ;  after  fi  years  for  judgments,  and  after  3  years  on  all  other 
actions.  Wife's  property  exempt.  She  can  do  business  as  if 
sinsrlo.  No  imprisonment  for  debt. 

LICENSE  CHARGES  per  year:  Peddlers,  $5  to  $100  as 
fixed  by  county  commissioners. 

LIENS  hold  on  structures  for  labor  and  material  if  filed  in  re- 
corder's office  and  sued  on  in  6  months.  Judgments,  if  so  filed, 
hold  real  estate  in  the  county  in  which  they  are  filed. 


200  THE   WESTERN   WORLD 


GOVERNMENT  LAND  constitutes  a  very  large  portion  of 
the  state  and  ai  e  subject  to  all  forms  of  entry.  The  LAND  OFFICES 
are  at  Central  City  for  Gilpin,  01  ear  Creek,  Summit  and  a  part  of 
Boulder,  Jefferson,  Eagle  and  Grand  counties,  including  over 
2,500,000  acres;  at  Denver,  Leadville,  Pueblo,  Del  Norte,  Lake 
City,  Durango  and  Gunnison  for  the  territory  surrounding  each. 
The  lands  are  criiefly  grazing  or  mineral, 'out  a  small  area  being 
suited  to  agriculture. 

STATE  LANDS  to  a  large  area  are  held  for  sale  by  the  State 
Board  of  Land  Commissioners  at  Denver  at  $1.'-5@$15  per  acre. 


UTAH. 

(Concluded  from  page  1S1.) 

1857,  and  2,500  troops,  under  Albert  Sidney  Johnston  sent  to  Salt 
Lake  to  support  him.  Mormons  yielded.'  Young  died,  1ST".  Suc- 
ceeded in  presidency  of  church  by  John  Taylor,  one  of  his  12 
apostles.  Number  counties,  24.  Miles  railroad,  1,134.  Territor- 
ial elections  annual,  first  Monday  in  Aug.;  number  Senators,  12; 
Representatives,  24;  sessions  of  legislature,  biennial,  in  odd- 
numbered  years,  meeting  second  Monday  in  Jan.;  holds  60  days ; 
terms  of  senators  and  representatives,  2  years  each.  Voting 
pop.,  32,7'.3 ;  native  white,  13,795 ;  foreign  white,  18,283 ;  colored, 
695.  School  system,  fair,  school  age,  6-18  years ;  number  col- 
leges, 1.  Legal  interest,  10#;  by  contract,  any  rate. 

POPULATION,  1880,  143,963;  male,  74,509;  female,  69,454; 
native,  99,969;  foreign,  43.994;  white,  142,423;  colored,  232; 
Chinese,  501 ;  Indians,  807.  Estimated  increase,  10^. 

TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC  - 
Average  length,  35»  miles  ;  width,  200  miles.  Area,  82,190  miles, 
52,601,600  acres.  Surface  rugged  and  broken,  with  some  rich  val- 
leys. Traversed  by  Wahsatcb,  Uintah,  Roan,  Little,  Sierra  Lasal. 
Sierra  Abajo,  San  Juan,  Sierra  Panoches  and  Tushar  mountains. 
Southeast  portion  elevated  plateaus,  western  portion  discon- 
nected ridges.  Chief  streams,  Colorado.  Green,  Grand,  White, 
Uintah,  San  Rafael,  Rio  Virgin,  Sevier  and  San  Pete  rivers. 
Many  of  lesser  note.  Great  Salt  Lake  is  130  sq.  miles  in  area. 
Other  lakes,  Utah,  Bear,  Sevier.  In  N.  W.  is  a  large  area  of  des- 
ert land.  Soil  in  valleys  and  on  plateaus  where  irrigation  pos- 
sible verv  productive.  Valleys  of  Cache,  Salt  Lake.  Jordan, 
Sevier,  Rio  Virgin,  etc.,  yield  fine  crops  of  cereals  and  vege- 
tables. Wheat  best  crop.  Fruits  may  be  made  successful.  Graz- 
ing important  interest.  Dairying  profitable  and  interest  is  grow- 
ing rapidly.  Forests  sufficient  for  home  purposes.  Gold,  copper 
and  silver  in  Wahsatch  mountains.  Silver  predominates.  Coal 
in  valley  of  Weber  river.  Salt  found  in  large  deposits  and  the 
lake  supply  inexhaustible.  Territory  ranks  third  in  silver. 

CLIMATE  mild  and  healthy.  Warmer  W  of  Wtshsateh 
mountains.  Summers  dry  and  hot  in  S.  W.  Rainfall  average  16 
inches  at  S.  and  17  at  N.,  chiefly  in  Oct.  and  April.  Spring  opens 
in  April.  Cold  weather  begins  late  in  Nov  In  mountains  win- 
ters severe  and  snows  heavy.  Temperature  at  Salt  Lake  averages, 
winter.  35  deg.:  summer,  75  deg. 

CHIEF  CITIES.— Salt  Lake  City,  capital;  pop.  20,768. 
Ogden,  pop.  6,069. 

LEADING  INDUSTRIES.— Mining,  stock  raising  and 
agriculture 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution:  Books  and  office 
fixtures,  8100;  necessary  furniture,  etc.,  60  days'  fuel  and  pro- 
visions, farm  implements,  2  oxen,  2  mules  or  2  horses  and  harness, 
cow  and  calf  for  every  5  persons  in  family,  wagon,  60  days'  feed 
for  stock,  seed  to  $1(H),  tools,  instruments  and  library  of  calling, 
$400  in  outfit  of  miner  and  30  days'  supplies,  sowing  machine.  To 
heads  of  families,  in  addition,  5  cheep  for  each  membei  of  family, 


GUIDE   AND   HAND-BOOK.  201 


2  hogs,  3  pigs,  60  days'  earnings,  homestead,  $1,000  and  $200  cash  for 
each  member  of  family.  No  exemption  from  debts  for  purchase 
money.  Assignments  may  prefer,  but  do  not  release  debtor. 
Suits  are  barred  after  7  years  for  real  estate;  after  6  on  judg- 
ment; after  4  on  written  contract;  after  3  for  statute  liability; 
after  2  on  account,  verbal  contracts,  etc.;  after  1  for  assault, 
slander,  etc.,  after  4  in  all  other  cases.  Wife's  property  exempt. 
She  can  act  as  if  single.  Arrest  for  debt  maybe  made  in  cases 
involving  f  .and. 

LIENS  hold,  for  labor  and  material,  on  structun-s  and  mines, 
if  filed  in  3  and  sued  on  in  12  months.  Judgments  hold  real 
estate  for  5  years. 

GOVERNMENT  LANDS  are  open  to  the  various  forms  of 
entry  and  include  a  large  part  of  the  territory.  Desirable  farm- 
ing tracts  scarce.  The  LAND  OFFICE  is  at  Salt  Lake  City  for  the 
entire  territory. 

WYOMING. 

(Concluded  from  jxige  1S7.) 
TOPOGRARHY,    AREA,   SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.— 

Length,  350  miles;  width,  275  miles;  area,  97,575  sq.  miles;  62,438,000 
acres.  Surface  traversed  by  Kocky  mountains,  forming  the  con- 
tinental divide,  and  is  high  and  mountainous,  varying  in  eleva- 
tion from  4,800  to  12,OUO  feet.  The  chief  mountains  are  Mud 
Hirer,  Big  Horn,  Laramie,  Bishop,  Medicine  Bow  and  the  Black 
Hills  (partly  in  Dakota).  The  chief  streams  are  the  Big  Horn, 
Tongue,  Powder,  Green,  Little  Missouri,  North  Platte,  Sweet- 
water,  Snake  and  Big  Cheyenne.  At  the  N.  \V.  is  the  YTellow- 
stone  National  Park,  3.60J  sq.  miles  in  area,  and  one  of  the  great- 
est natural  wonders  of  the  continent.  It  varies  from  6,000  to 
over  12,000  feet  in  elevation,  and  its  scenery  is  one  vast  panorama 
of  Titanic  mountains,  gorges,  spray-like  streams,  cataracts,  cas- 
cades, geysers,  etc.  The  greatest  of  the  latter  are  the  Beehive, 
Giantess,  iiiant,  Grand,  Old  Faithful  and  Turban.  Along  the 
streams  and  in  the  valleys  are  tracts  of  arable  lands,  which  may 
be  ma  'e  to  produce  prolificacy  with  irrigation.  'Ihe  mountains 
are  covered  with  pine  and  other  forests  of  considerable  extent^ 
and  in  their  bosomsare  Imriedboth  precio'is  and  base  minerals  in 
great  deposits.  The  soil  where  water  can  be  had  is  good,  but  the 
surface  is  chiefly  suited  to  grazing.  Half  the  territory  is  grazing 
land  The  resources  arc  yet  open  to  development.  About  one- 
seventh  of  the  territory  is  surveyed,  while  less  than  one-fifteen- 
hundredth  is  improved.  The  opportunities  are  thus  seen  to  be 
prime  for  settlers,  miners,  capitalists  and  farmers.  Cattle  ranges 
are  occupied  pretty  well,  but  title  to  land  ousts  the  possessors. 
Wheat,  rye,  oats  and  barley  flourish,  but  frost  too  frequent  for 
corn.  Big  Horn  country,  in  N.  W.,  area,  15,000  sq.  miles;  fine 
agricultural  country;  water  plentiful;  game  and  fur-bearing 
animals  numerous;  iron  ore  abundant,  mainly  red  hematite; 
copper,  lead,  plumbago  and  petroleum  found;  gold,  in  the  Sweet- 
water  country  and  near  Laramie  City;  valuable  deposits  of  soda 
in  valley  of  the  Sweetwater.  Coal  abundant  and  of  good  quality 
at  Eviinston,  Carbon,  Rock  Springs  and  other  points. 

CLIMATE  cold;  severe  in  mountains,  milder  in  valleys. 
Healthful;  air  pure,  dry  and  bracing.  Rainfall,  15  inches.  Tem- 
perature averages,  summer,  66  deg.,  winter,  18  deg.;  ranges  from 
31  deg.  below  to  89  deg.  above.  July  warmest  month;  January 
coldest;  latter  averages  10  deg. 

CHIEF  CITIES.— Cheyenne  (capital),  pop.  4,500;  Laramie 
City,  pop.  3,sm. 

CHIEF  INDUSTRIES.— Grazing,  mining  and  agriculture; 
but  little  is  done  in  iniitiuf:u  ruring. 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution:  Apparel  8150;  to 
head  of  family,  $.100  in  household  furniture,  etc.,  tools,  stock  in 


202  TIJE   WESTERN  WORLD 

trade,  etc.,used  in  calling,  S3CO;  homestead,  $1,500.  Creditors  com- 
ing in  under  assignment  must  release  assignor.  Suits  barred  after 
21  years  for  land,  5  on  bond  and  written  contract,  4  on  verbal  con- 
tract, and  after  1  year  for  assault.  Wife's  property  exempt,  and 
she  can  act  as  if  single.  Arrest  for  debt  allowed  in  cases  of  fraud, 
removal,  concealment,  etc. 

LICENSE  CHARGES  per  month:  Peddlers,  825. 

LIENS  hold  on  structures  for  labor  and  materials  if  filed  in 
60  days  and  sued  on  in  one  year,  and  on  property  for  transporta- 
tion. Judgments  hold  real  estate  3  years. 

GOVERNMENT  LANDS  comprise  almost  the  entire  area 
of  the  territory,  and  are  subject  to  all  forms  of  entry.  The 
LAND  OFFICES  are  at  Cheyenne  and  Evauston  for  their  respective 
halves  of  the  territory.  Sections  16  and  36  are  reserved  for  school 
purposes,  but  are  not  yet  for  tale. 


MONTANA. 

(Concluded  from  -page  1SS.) 

numbered  years,  meeting  second  Monday  in  Jan.,  holds  60  days; ' 
terms  of  senators  and  representatives,  2  years  each.  Voters, 
21,544;  native  white,  13,162;  foreign  white,  7,471;  colored,  1,908. 
School  age,  4-21  years ;  graded  schools  in  Deer  Lodge  City,  Vir- 
ginia City  and  Helena.  School  lands  reserved  for  sale  when  ter- 
ritory becomes  state  valuable  and  extensive.  Legal  interest  10#; 
by  contract,  sny  rate. 

POPULATION,  1880,  39,139;  male,  26,177;  female,  10,982; 
native.  27,b38;  foreign,  11,521;  white,  35,385;  colored,  346;  Chinese; 
1,765;  Indians,  1,663;  Indians  on  reservations,  19,791.  Estimated 
increase,  24£. 

TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.— 
Extreme  length  E.  and  W.,  540  miles;  average  width,  274  miles: 
area,  145,310  sq.  miles,  92,998,400  acres,  six-sevenths  yet  unsurveyed. 
Indian  reservations,  24,150,000  acres,  two-fifths  good  farm  land, 
of  which  about  4,000  acres  is  cultivated.  Eastern  half,  or  three- 
fifths  of  territory,  rolling  plains,  rest  mountainous.  Traversed 
by  Rocky,  Bitter  Root,  Snow  and  other  ranges.  Valleys  average 
about  4,000  feet  above  sea.  Peaks  reach  elevation  of  12,000  feet, 
Plains  descend  f rom  elevation  of  4,000  feet  at  foot  of  mountains 
eastward  to  2,000  feet  at  Dakota  liue.  Jefferson,  Madison  and 
Gallatin  rivers  unite  to  form  Missouri.  Other  great  streams, 
Yellowstone,  Missoula,  Flat  head,  Big  Blackfoot,  Bitter  Root,  and 
Milk  rivers.  Fiathead  Lake  10  by  30  miles  in  area;  many  small 
lakes  in  northwest.  Surface  fairly  supplied  with  small  streams. 
Pine,  cedar,  fir  and  hemlock  grow  abundantly  and  to  good  size  in 
mountains;  cottonwood,  elder  and  willow  fringe  streams.  Tim- 
ber supply  ample.  Soil  good  generally.  Immense  area  of  arable 
land.  Wheat  best  crop  (spring  variety);  oats,  potatoes,  hay,  also 
staples.  Too  cold  as  a  rule  for  corn.  Area  grazing  land,  over 
two-thirds  territory.  Grazing  interests  great.  Splendid  grazing 
grounds  yet  untaken.  Mineral  wealth  great.  Fanks  fifth  in 
sil  /er  and  in  gold.  Price  of  land  nominal.  Chances  for  enterpris- 
ing settlers  superb. 

CLIMATE  dry.  Rainfall  about  12  inches.  Warmer  than 
same  latitude  farther  east.  Snows  heavy  in  mountains;  light  in 
valleys  and  on  plains.  Temperature  averages,  summer,  62  deg.; 
winter,  18  deg.  Colder  in  mountains.  Health  excellent. 

CHIEF  CITIES.— Three  United  States  districts;  court  held 
twice  a  year  at  Helena,  twice  at  Virginia  City,  pop.  2,000,  ai;«i 
three  times  at  Deer  Lodge,  pop.  1,500,  Helena,  pop.  4,000,  capital 
and  most  important  town. 

LEADING  INDUSTRIES.— Mining,  lumbering,  grazing, 
agriculture,  smelting,  etc. 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution:  Homestead,  100 
acres,  team,  wagon,  farm  implements,  tools  of  trade,  books,  etc., 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK.  203 


of  profession,  apparel,  furniture  necessary  for  family,  etc.  Suits 
barred  after  6  years  'on  judgments  and  written  contracts,  after  2 
years  on  account.  Wife's  property  exempt,  except  for  neces- 
saries of  life  for  herself  and  children  under  8  years  old.  By 
recording  proper  intention  she  can  do  business.  Husband  then 
not  liable  for  her  debts  made  in  course  of  trade.  Arrest  for  debt 
allowed  in  cases  of  fraud,  willful  injury,  etc. 

LICENSE  CHARGES  per  year:  Drummers,  8100  for  each 
county;  Helena,  §15  extra;  Butte  City,  $10  extra;  Missoula,  $5 
extra. 

LIENS  hold  on  property  for  labor  and  materials  if  filed  in 
recorder's  office  in  90,  or  by  sub-contractor  in  30  days,  and  sued 
on  by  contractor  in  12  and  by  sub-contractor  in  «3  months. 
Judgments  hold  real  estate  0  years. 

GOVERNMENT  LANDS.— Almost  the  entire  territory  is 
government  land  open  to  all  forms  of  entry.  The  LAND  OFFICES 
are  located  at  Miles  City,  Helena  and  Bozeman  for  the  districts 
surrounding1  each.  Sections  16  and  36  are  reserved  for  the  school 
fund,  but  are  not  yet  on  the  market. 


IDAHO. 

(Concluded  from  "page  189.) 

Dec.;  holds  60  days;  terms  of  senators  and  representatives,  2 
years  each.  Voters,  14,795;  native  white,  7,3:>2;  foreign  white, 
4,338;  colored,  3,126.  School  age,  5-21  years.  Legal  interest  rate, 
10% ;  by  contract,  18£ ;  usury  forfeits  three  times  excess  of  inter- 
est. School  endowments  of  land  first-class.  Miles  railroad  811. 

POPULATION,  1880,  32,610;  males,  21,818;  female,  10,792;  na- 
tive, 22,636;  foreign,  9,974;  white,  29,013;  Indians.  165.  Estima- 
ted inrease,  16£. 

TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.- 
Length.  140  to  490  miles  :  width.  45  to  286  miles.  Area,  84.290  sq. 
miles,  53.944,600  acres.  Five-sixths  of  area  unsurveyed.  Surface 
table  land  and  mountains.  The  former,  2,000  to  5,100  feet  above  the 
sea,  is  traversed  by  high  mountains  and  deep  valleys.  (  hief 
mountains,  Kootenai,  Cosur  d'  Alene,  Salmon,  Clearwater,  Hear 
River  and  Three  Buttes.  Chief  rivers,  Snake  (navigable),  Bru- 
neau,  Boise,  Weiser,  Payette,  Shoshone  (has  a  falls  of  200  feet), 
Salmon  and  Clearwater.  About  one-twelfth  is  arable  'and  one- 
tenth  more  grazing  land.  One-third  is  barren,  but  may  in  part  be 
reclaimed  by  irrigation.  Many  lakes  are  found  as  well  as 
numerous  water  powers  The  mountains  afford  much  pine  and 
cedar,  the  forests  being  estimated  at  9,000,000  acres.  The  soil, 
where  water  can  be  had,  is  fertile ;  there  is  also  much  fertile  hind 
at  the  extreme  north.  S.  E.  occupied  by  Mormons.  Wheat,  oats, 
rye.  barley,  potatoes  and  hay  are  good  crops,  and  dairying  and 
stock  raising  profitable.  Markets  .afforded  by  mining  camps. 
Corn  not  successful,  season  too  short.  Most  of  the  gold  is  found 
in  quartz  veins  in  Idaho,  Boise  and  Alturas  counties;  silver,  in 
Owyhee  county;  some  of  the  mines  being  very  rich.  Wood 
river  district  on  southern  slope  of  Salmon  River  mountains,  at 
headwaters  of  Wood  or  Malad  river,  gives  promise  of  valuable 
mining  operations,  chiefly  placers.  Coal  in  vicinity  of  Boise 
City.  Territory  ranks  sixth  in  gold  and  silver. '  Land  cheap,  and 
may  be  had  under  various  forms  of  entry.  Scenery  grand. 

CLIMATE  severe,  with  heavy  sno\*l  in  mountains ;  on 
plains  less  severe,  but  cold  and  bracing.  In  the  valleys  it  is 
milder,  with  moderate  snow  fall.  Summers  cool  and  pleasant. 
Temperature  averages  20  deg.  in  winter,  70  deg.  in  summer. 
Rainfall  small  in  the  Rocky  and  Bitter  Root  mountains,  and  very 
light  at  the  N.  and  W.  Irrigation  essential.  Health  superior. 

CHIEF  CITIES.— Hoist''  City  (capital),  Florence,  Silver  City. 

LEADING  INDUSTRIES.— Mining,  grazing,  agriculture, 
smelting  and  lumbering. 


204  THE   WESTEUN   WOULD 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution  same  as  in  Califor- 
nia, except  that  only  half  as  much  life  insurance  is  allowed. 
Assignments  cannot  prefer,  but  acceptance  of  dividend  dis- 
charges debt.  Suits  barred  after  5  years  for  lands  and  on  writ- 
ten contract;  4  years  on  verbal  contract;  3  years  for  recovery 
of  goods  and  fraud.  Wife's  property  separate  and  exempt;  she 
can  make  good  note  and  do  business  as  if  single.  Arrest  per- 
mitted for  fraud,  willful  injury,  concealment,  etc. 

LICENSE  CHARGES  —  Drummers  $5  per  trip  at  Lewiston. 

LIENS  hold  on  structures  for  labor  and  material,  but  sub- 
contractors hold  only  to  extent  of  amount  due  contractor.  Claim 
must  be  filed  in  30  and  suit  brought  in  90  days. 

GOVERNMENT  LANDS  comprise  by  far  the  larger  part 
of  the  territory  and  are  subject  to  the  various  forms  of  entry. 
They  are  largely  mountainous,  but  include  some  good  farming 
area.  The  LAND  OFFICES  are  at  Boise  City,  Lewiston,  Hailey 
and  Oxford  for  the  territory  adjacent  to  each.  Sections  16  and 
36  reserved  for  school  funds. 


WASHINGTON. 

(Concluded  from  jxiye  190.) 

Puget  Srund  Go's  purchased.  Islands  in  Washington  Sound  ceded 
to  United  Stat3S  by  decision  of  Emperor  of  Germany,  arbitrator, 
1.H72.  Number  counties,  33.  Miles  railroad,  075.  All  elections 
Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  Nov.  Number  senators,  12:  repre- 
sentatives, 24;  sessions  of  legislature  biennial,  in  odd-numbered 
years,  meeting  first  Monday  in  October.  Terms  of  senators  and 
representatives,  2  years  each.  Voting  population,  27,6.0;  native 
white,  15,858;  foreign  white,  8,393;  colored,  3.419.  Number 
colleges.  2;  school  age,  4-21  years;  school  endowment  reserved 
large.  Legal  interest,  10£;  by  contract,  any  rate. 

POPULATION,  1880,  75,116;  male,  45,973;  female,  29,143; 
native,  59,313;  foreign,  15,803;  white,  67,199;  Chinese,  3,186;  Indians, 
4,405.  Estimated  increase.  14£. 

TOPOGRAPHY,  AREA,  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  ETC.- 
Extreme  length  E.  and  W.,  341  miles;  width,  242  miles;  area, 
66,880  square  miles,  42,803,000  acres.  Coast  line  nearly  200  miles. 
Divided  into  Eastern  <nO,OJO  square  miles)  and  Western  (20,000 
square  miles)  Washington  by  Cascade  mountains.  Many  high 
peaks,  including  famous  Kanier,  14,500  feet  high.  Eastern 
Washington  forms  a  fairly  watered  plateau,  irregular  and  gener- 
ally broken.  The  Blue  mountains  traverse  the  southeast  corner. 
Western  Washington  includes  Columbia  river  and  Puget  sound 
basins  and  ChehalU  valley  and  the  Coast  Range  of  mountains. 
Columbia  river  (navigab'e  175  miles),  Snake  (navigable),  Walla 
Walla,  Spokane.  Colvillc  and  Clarke's  Fork  chief  streams.  Excel- 
lent harbors  in  Puget  sound.  Admiralty  Inlet  and  Hood's  canal. 
Sct-nery,  especially  on  Columbia,  grand.  Columbia  river  current 
overcomes  tide  at  the  mouth,  and  water  in  the  bar  drinkable. 
Soil  of  30  per  cent  of  total  area  favorable  to  agriculture.  All 
cereals  flourish,  but  corn  not  successful  because  too  cold. 
Wheat,  oats,  hops,  fruit  of  temperate  climates, except  peaches,  are 
staples.  Grazing  region,  entire  section  east  of  Cascades,  covered 
with  'inexhaustible  supply  of  bunch  grass.  Stock  raising  and 
dairying  growing  industries.  Lumber  resources  unsurpassed. 
Enormous  forests  of  Majestic  trees.  Lumbering  interests  already 
large.  Coal  on  Hellingham  bay  and  at  Seattle;  area  of  coal- 
bearing  strata.  20,000  square  miles.  Gold-bearing  quartz  and 
silver  lodos  in  Cascade  and  Coast  ranges.  Copper,  cinnabar,  lead 
and  other  minerals  are  found.  Homes  may  be  had  for  the 
taking. 

CLIMATE.— On  coast,  dry  season,  April  to  November;  rest  of 
year  rainy.  Rainfall  averages  at  north  96  inches;  for  entire 
section,  54  inches.  Winters  mild;  little  snow  or  ice.  Summers 


AND   ILA-ND-BOOK. 


205 


cool,  with  sea  breezes.  Temperature  averages,  winter,  30  deg.; 
summer,  Cl  deg\;  ranges  30  deg.  to  90  deg.  Eastern  section  dry; 
rainfall  sinks  as  low  as  10  inches.  Health  fine;  no  malaria. 

CHIEF  CITIES.— Olympia,  capital;  V.  alia  Walla,  pop.  4,000; 
Seattle,  pop.  4,000. 

LEADING  INDUSTRIES.— Agriculture,  lumbering,  graz- 
ing, mining,  etc. 

PROPERTY  EXEMPT  from  execution:  Apparel,  books, 
pictures,  keep-sakes,  bed  for  every2  in  family,  gloO  in  furniture, 
etc.,  2  cows  and  calves,  5  swine,  2  stands  bees,  26  fowls,  6  months' 
provision  and  fuel;  to  farmers  team  and  Utensils,$200;  to  mechanic 
or  professional  men,  $500  mtools,etc.,of  calling;  arms  and  tools  $50; 
to  draymen  a  team,  to  loggers  3  yoke  oxen  and  fc&iO  in  implements; 
homestead  $1,000.  Assignments  discharge  debtor.  Suits  barred 
after  *0  years  for  land;  after  (j  on  written  contract  for  rent  and 
on  judgment;  after  3  TOT  personalty  or  injury  thereto,  on  verbal 
contract,  for  fraud;  after  2  for  libel,  assault,  etc.  Wife's  separate 
property  exempt.  She  can  act  concerning  same  as  if  single. 
Arrest  permitted  in  actions  for  damage,  willful  injury,  in  cases 
of  fraud  or  concealment,  etc.,  on  order  of  court. 

LIENS  hold  on  structures,  vessel,  and  lumber,  for  labor,  and 
for  material,  if  notice  is  filed  in  1  and  suit  brought  on  in  12  months. 
Judgments  hold  land  o  years, 

GOVERNMENT  LANDS  are  to  be  found,  subject  to  the 
various  forms  of  entry  in  force,  all  over  the  territory.  The 
LAXD  OFFICES  are  at  Olympia,  Spokane  Falls,  Vancouver,  Walla 
Walla  and  Yakima  for  the  sections  adjacent  to  each.  Sections 
16  and  36  in  each  township  are  reserved  for  school  purposes,  but 
are  not  yet  for  snip. 


GIANT  TREES. 


200  THE  WESTERN   WOULD 


ENCYCLOPEDIA 

OF  USEFUL  rXFOEMATIOK". 


THE  ARMY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.-According 
to  the  report  of  the  Lieutenant-General,  Oct.,  1884,  the  army  of 
the  United  States  on  the  30th  of  June,  1884,  consisted  of  the  fol- 
lowing forces,  in  officers  and  men: 

Officers.      Enlisted 
Men. 

Ten  cavalry  regiments 430  7,115 

Five  artillery  regiments 279  2,596 

Twenty-five  infantry  regiments 856  11,055 

Engineer  battalion,  recruiting  parties,  ord- 
nance department,  hospital  service,  Indian 
scouts.  West  Point,  signal  detachment  and 
general  service 582  3,470 

Total 2.147  24,295 

For  convenience,  and  to  fix  responsibility,  the  country  is 
divided  into  three  military  divisions,  each  with  several  depart- 
ments, as  follows: 

1.  Military  division  of  the  Missouri,  commanded  by  Major- 
General  John  M.  Schofleld,  headquarters  Chicago,  comprehends 


are  8  regiments  of  cavalry  and  20  of  infantry  in  this  division. 

2.  Military  division  of  the  Atlantic,  commanded  by  Major- 
General  Winfleld  S.  Hancock,  headquarters  New  York.    Includes 
department  of  the  East  (Maj.-Gen.  Hancock).    This  division  com- 
prises 4  regiments  of  artillery  and  2  of  infantry. 

3.  Military  division  of  the  Pacific, commanded  byMajor-General 
John  Pope,  headquarters  San  Francisco.    Includes  departments 
of  California  (Maj.-Gen.  John  Pope);  the  Columbia  (Brig.-Gen. 
Nelson  A.  Miles);  Arizona  (Brig.-Gen.  George  Crook);  comprises 
1  regiment  of  artillery.  3  of  cavalry  and  4  of  infantry. 

The  maximum  military  force  allowed  under  existing  laws  is 
2,155  commissioned  officers  and  25,000  enlisted  men.  The  report  of 
the  lieutenant-general  of  the  army  exhibits  the  actual  number  in 
service  as  2,147  officers  and  24,236  enlisted  men.  The  following 
table  exhibits  the  number  in  each  rank  of  the  army: 

1.  Commissioned  officers:  Colonels,  65;  lieutenant-colonels,  85; 
majors,  240;  captains,  606;  adjutants,  40;  regimental  quarter- 
masters, 39;  first  lieutenants,  573;  second  lieutenants.  431;  chaplains, 
34;  storekeepers,  14;  total,  2,147. 


GUIDE  AND  HAND  BOOK.  207 


2.  The  enlisted  men  embrace  37  sergeant-majors,  39  quarter- 
master sergeants,  649  musicians,  296  trumpeters,  10  saddler- 
sergeants,  114  ordnance-sergeants,  143  hospital  stewards,  128  com- 
missary-sergeants, 428  first  sergeants,  2,147  sergeants,  1,727  corp- 
orals, 231  farriers,  98  artificers,  113  saddlers,  96  wagoners  and  17,244 
privates;  total,  24,23*1.  Besides  these  there  are  employed  in  the 
signal  corps  491  non-commissioned  officers  and  privates;  Military 
Academy,  7  professors,  298  cadets,  196  enlisted  men;  total,  508. 

The  number  of  retired  army  officers  is  424;  number  of  privates 
discharged  during  the  fiscal  year,  1884,  6,051;  number  died  during 
same  period,  249;  number  deserted,  3,672;  number  enlisted  and  re- 
enlisted,  7,605. 


UNITED  STATES  MILITARY  ACADEMY  at  West 
Point  was  founded  by  act  of  March  16,  1802,  constituting  the 
corps  of  engineers  of  the  army  a  military  academy  with  fifty 
students  or  cadets,  who  were  to  receive  instruction  under  the 
senior  engineer  officer  as  superintendent.  Later  acts  established 
professorships  of  mathematics,  engineering,  philosophy,  etc.,  and 
made  the  academy  a  military  body,  subject  to  the  rules  and 
articles  of  war.  In  1815,  a  permanent  superintendent  was  ap- 
pointed, and  a  year  later  an  annual  board  of  visitors  was  provided 
for,  to  be  named  by  the  president,  the  speaker  of  the  house,  and 
the  president  of  the  senate.  In  1843  the  present  system  of  the 
appointment  of  cadets  was  instituted,  which  assigns  one  cadet  to 
each  congressional  district  and  territory  in  the  union,  to  be 
named  by  the  representative  in  congress  for  the  time  being,  and 
ten  appointments  at  large,  specially  conferred  by  the  president 
of  the  United  States.  The  number  of  students  is  thus  limited  to 
312.  A  large  proportion  of  those  appointed  fail  to  pass  the 
examination,  and  many  others  to  complete  the  course,  the  pro- 
portion being  stated  at  fully  one-half  hitherto.  The  course  of 
instruction  requires  four  years,  and  is  largely  mathematical  and 
professional.  The  discipline  is  very  strict,  even  more  so  than  in 
the  army,  and  the  enforcement  of  penalties  for  offences  is 
inflexible  rather  than  severe.  The  whole  number  of  graduates 
from  1802  to  1877  was  about  2,700,  of  whom  1,200  are  deceased  and 
about  1,500  living.  Of  those  surviving,  800  are  still  in  the  army, 
and  about  700  out  of  service.  Appointees  to  the  military  academy 
must  be  between  17  and  22  years  of  age,  at  least  five  feetin  height, 
and  free  from  infirmity,  and  able  to  pass  a  careful  examination 
in  various  branches  of  knowledge.  Bach  cadet  admitted  must 
bind  himself  to  serve  the  United  States  eight  yearfefrom  the  time 
of  admission  to  the  academy.  The  pay  of  cadets,  formerly  $iO 
per  month  and  rations,  was  fixed  at  §540  per  year,  with  no  allow- 
ance for  rations,  by  the  act  of  1876.  The  aggregate  amount  of 
money  appropriated  by  the  United  States  for  the  military 
academy  from  1802  to  1877,  inclusive,  was  $11,396,128,  being  an 
average  of  about  $149.949  annually.  The  number  of  actual  mem- 
bers of  the  academy  by  the  official  register  of  June,  1884,  was  266. 


THE  NAVY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  comprises  44 
naval  steam  vessels— all  screjv-propellers  except  4,  besides  13 
wooden  sailing-vessels,  19  iron-clad  vessels,  2  torpedo-rams  and 
15  tugs ;  total,  93,  of  which  comparatively  few  are  in  efficient  ser- 
vice. The  number  of  guns  is  550. 

The  active  list  of  the  navy  is  composed  of  1  admiral,  1  vice- 
admiral,  7  rear-admirals,  18  commodores,  43  captains,  85  com- 
manders, 74  lieutenant-commanders,  260  lieutenants,  88  lieuten- 
ants junior  grade,  191  ensigns,  97  naval  cadets  (who  have  passed 
the  four  years'  academic  course,  and  are  performing  two  years' 
service  at  sea  before  final  graduation),  and  199  naval  cadets  on 


208  THE   WLSTEKX   WOULD 


probation  at  the  Xaval  Academy,  all  of  whom  are  officers  of  the 
line. 

Of  the  staff  there  are  1  surgeon-general,  15  medical  directors, 
15  medical  inspectors,  47  surgeons,  74  passed  assistant  surgeons,  8 
assistant  surgeons,  1  paymaster  general,  13  pay  directors,  13  pay 
inspectors,  48  paymasters,  23  passed  assistant  paymasters.  Hi  u~- 
sistant  paymas'ers,  J  engineer-in-chief,  70  chief  engineers,  s* 
passed  assistant  engineers,  81  assistant  engineers,  24  chaplains,  12 
professors  of  mathematics,  1  secretary  for  the  admiral  and  1  for 
the  vice-admiral  1  chief  constructor,  10  naval  constructors,  10 
assistant  constructors  and  ]0  civil  engineers. 

The  warrant  officers  consist  of  45  boatswains,  39  gunners,  51 
carpenters,  32  sailrnakers  and  37  mates. 

The  retired  list  is  composed  of  officers  of  the  line,  as  follows: 
47  rear-admirals,  15  commodores,  12  captains,  10  commanders,  20 
lieutenant-commanders,  21  lieutenants.  15  lieutenants  junior 
grade.  8  ensigns.  Staff  Officers,  viz.:  21  medical  directors,  3  med- 
ical inspectors,  7  surgeons,  0  passed  assistant  surgeons,  6  assistant 
surgeons,  10  pay  directors,  2  pay  inspectors,  4  paymasters,  <J  passed 
assistant  paymasters.  1  assistant  paymaster,  14  chief  engineers.  24 
passed  assistant  engineers,  25  assistant  engineers,  3  civil  engineers, 
1  naval  constructor,  8  chaplains  and  0  professors  of  mathematics. 
Warrant  officers,  viz.:  17  boatswains,  16  gunners,  10  carpenters 
and  11  sailmakers. 

The  active  list  is  therefore  composed  of  1,064  officers  of  the 
line,  591  officers  of  the  staff  and  204  warrant  officers ;  total,  1,859 
officers  of  all  grades. 

The  retired  list  is  composed  of  148  officers  of  the  line,  137  officers 
of  the  staff,  54  warrant  officers,  and  6  professors  of  mathematics ; 
total,  845. 

There  were  (July,  1884)  in  the  service,  provided  for  by  the 
navy  appropriation  act  fcr  the  fiscal  year,  1885, 7,500  enlisted  men 
7501  oys. 

The  marine  corps  consists  of  85  commissioned  officers,  384 
non-commissioned  officers,  30  musicians,  90  drummers  and  lifers 
and  1,500  enlisted  men :  total,  2,095 


THE  UNITED  STATES  NAVAL  ACADEMY  was 
opened  October  '0,  1845,  and  the  credit  of  its  foundation  is 
attributed  to  Hon.  George  Bancroft,  then  secretary  of  the  navy, 
under  President  Polk.  The  course  of  instruction,  designed  to 
train  midshipmen  for  the  navy,  at  first  occupied  five  years,  of 
which  three  were  passed  at  sea.  Various  changes  have  been  made 
in  the  course  of  instruction,  which  was  made  seven  years  in  K"f>  . 
four  years  in  1851,  and  six  years  (the  last  two  of  which  are  spent 
sit  sc;i)  March  3, 1873,  where  it  now  remains.  The  Naval  Academy, 
first  located  at  Annapolis,  Maryland,  was  removed  to  Newport, 
R.  I.,  in  May,  1801,  but  re-established  at  Annapolis  in  Septembei-, 
IMO,  where  it  now  is.  occupying  lands  formerly  known  sis  Fort 
Severn.  The  academy  is  under  the  direct  care  and  supervision  of 
the  navy  department.  There  are  to  be  allowed  in  the  academy 
one  naval  cadet  for  every  member  or  delegate  to  the  House  of 
Representatives,  appointed  at  his  nomination,  one  for  the  District 
of  Columbia,  and  ten  appointed  at  large  by  the  president.  The 
number  of  appointments  which  can  be  made  is  limited  by  law  to 
twenty-five  each  year,  named  by  fhe  secretary  of  the  navy  after 
competitive  examinations,  the  cadets  being  from  14  to  18  years  of 
age.  The  successful  candidates  become  students  of  the  acadamy, 
and  receive  the  pay  of  naval  cadets— $500  per  annum.  Cadets 
who  graduate  are  appointed  in  the  order  of  merit  to  the  lower 
grades  of  the  line  and  engineer  corps  of  the  navy  and  of  the 
marine  corps  as  fast  as  vacancies  occur.  But  such  appointments 
cannot  be  made  in  excess  of  vacancies,  and  graduates  who 
receive  no  appointments  get  an  honorable  discharge  with  one 
year's  sea  pay.  The  course  of  instruction  is  thorough,  involving 


GUIDE   AND   HAXD-BOOK.  209 


a  close  pursuit   of   mathematics,   steam   engineering,  physics, 
mechanics,  seamanship,  ordnance,  history,  law,  etc. 


NEW  STANDARD  TIME.— In  1884,  by  general  agreement 
and  partial  legislation,  four  standard  meridians  were  adopted 
within  the  United  States,  by  which  railway  trains  are  run  and 
local  time  regulated.  These  meridians  are  15  degrees,  or  1*00 
miles  apart,  there  being  a  difference  of  just  one  hour  in  time 
from  one  meridian  to  another,  as  there  are  360  deg.  in  the  earth's 
circumference,  which  divided  by  24  hours  gives  15  degrees  to  an 
hour.  The  Eastern  meridian,  75  deg.  W.  from  Greenwich,  passes 
4  minutes  west  of  New  York  City.  The  Central  meridian,  90  deg. 
W.  longitude,  passes  through  New  Orleans  and  St.  Louis.  The 
Mountain  standard  meridian.  105  deg.  W.  longitude,  passes  near 
Pike's  Peak,  Rocky  Mountains.  The  Pacific  meridian,  130  deg. 
W.  longitude,  is  near  the  coast,  San  Francisco  being  9}^  minutes 
west  of  it.  For  places  east  of  any  meridian,  one  minute  of  time 
for  each  quarter  of  a  degree  of  longitude  (=  15  miles  nearly),  or  4 
minutes  for  each  degree,  must  be  subtracted  from  the  standard 
time  to  give  the  exact  local  time.  For  a  place  west  of  any  meri- 
dian, add  one  minute  for  each  quarter  of  a  degree  to  the  standard 
time.  Any  United  States  map  gives  the  distances  in  longitude 
of  most  places  from  the  several  standard  meridians,  sufficiently 
near  to  make  practical  application  of  the  rule.  The  standard 
time  is  used  usually  independent  of  local  time. 


DEPTH  AND  AREA  SEAS  AND  OCEANS. 

Depth  in  ft.    Area  in  sq.  miles. 

Salt  Lake 1,400  1,875 

Lake  Ladoga 1,200  12,000 

Lake  Superior 1,000  32,000 

Lake  Michigan 1,000  22,400 

Lake  Huron 1,000  20,000 

Lake  Baikal 750  12,000 

Lake  Tchad 350  14,000 

Lake  Ontario XJ6  6,^00 

Lake  Nicaragua 300  6,000 

Caspian  Sea   250  IT'i.OOO 

Dead  Sea 200  303 

Sea  of  Anil 100  30,000 

Mediterranean  Sea —  1,000,000 

Pacific —  78,000.000 

Atlantic  : 35,010,000 

I-idian —  28,000,000 

Antarctic 8,500,000 

Arctic —  4,500,000 

The  greatest  known  depth  of  the  ocean  is  midway  between 
the  islands  of  Tristan  d'Acunha  and  the  mouth  of  the  Rio  de  La 
i'lata.  The  bottom  was  here  reached  at  a  depth  of  46,236  feet,  or 
eight  and  three-fourths  miles,  exceeding  by  more  than  17,000  feet 
the  height  of  Mt.  Everest,  the  loftiest  mountain  in  the  world.  In 
the  North  Atlantic  ocean,  south  of  Newfoundland,  soundings 
have  been  made  to  a  depth  of  4,5isO  fathoms,  or  27,480  feet;  while 
depths  equaling  34,000  feet,  or  six  and  one-half  miles,  are  reported 
south  of  the  Bermuda  Islands.  The  average  depth  of  the  Pacific 
ocean,  between  Japan  and  California,  isa  little  over  2,000  fathoms; 
between  Chili  and  the  Sandwich  Islands,  2,500  fathoms;  and  be- 
tween Chili  and  New  Zealand,  l.rw  fathoms.  The  average  depth 
of  all  the  oceans  is  from  2,000  to  3,000  fathoms. 


210  THE  WESTERN  WOULD 

NOTABLE  EVENTS  AND   DIS- 
COVERIES. 

Alg-erine  war  declared  by  United  States,  1815,  March  3. 

Alien  and  Sedition  Acts  passed  by  Congress,  1796;  expired  by 

limitation  1801,  Jan.  26. 

Almanacs  first  printed  by  Purback,  in  Vienna,  1457. 
Amendments  to    the    constitution,  13    proposed  by  Congress, 

1789,  Sept.  25, 10  declared  adopted  1791,  Dec,  18. 
America  discovered  by  the  Northmen  A.  D.  985 ;  by  Columbus, 

1492,  Oct.  12. 
Anti-Slavery    Society    (American)    organized   at    Philadelphia, 

183 J,  Dec.  6. 

Anaesthesia  discovered,  1814. 
Dacca's  rebellion  in  Virginia,  1676. 
Balloon  ascension  first  made  near  Lyons,  France,  1783. 
Dank  of  Venice,  first  in  Europe,  1171. 
Bank  of  England  established,  1G94. 
Bank  of  North  America  established,  1781. 
Bank  of    United  States,  Philadelphia,  1st  charter  1791,  Feb.  25; 

2d  charter,  18)6,  expired  18;>6,  March  3. 
Berlin  Decree  by  Napoleon,  1806,  Nov.  21. 
Berlin  Congress  opened  1878,  June  13. 
Black  Hawk  war  with  the  Winnehagoes,  1832. 
Boston  fire,  1872,  Nov.  9.    Loss,  $73,600.000. 
Braddock's  defeat  at  Monongahela.  1755,  July  9. 
Brown,  John,  executed  at  Charlestown,  Va.,  1859,  Dec.  2. 
Copyright   law   first  passed  by  Congress  (term  14  years),  1790, 

May  31. 

Cotton  gin  Invented  by  Eli  Whitney,  1793. 
Crimean    war,    Russia  against    Turkey,  France   and    England, 

ia53-55. 

Deposits  removed  from  U.  S.  Bank  by  Jackson,  1S33,  Oct.  1. 
Dorr  rebellion  in  Rhode  Island.  1812. 
Dred  Scott  decision   of  U.  S.  Supreme  Court,  published,  1857, 

March  1. 

Education,  Bureau  of,  established  1867,  March  2- 
Electoral  Commission  Act,  approved,  1877,  Jan.  29. 
Electric  light,  invented  by  Lodyguin    and   Kossloff,   Russians, 

London,  1874. 

Emancipation  proclamation,  1863,  Jan.  1. 
Embargo  A.ct  passed  by  Congress,  1807,  Dec.  22. 
Engraving,  Wood,  1423  begun;  Line  or  Steel,  1450. 
Envelopes  first  used  for  letters,  1839. 
Erie,  battle  of  Lake,  Com.  Perry's  victory,  1813,  Sept.  10. 
Ether  first  used  in  surgical  operations,  1844. 
Express,    first   American,  by    W.    F.  Harnden,  New    York  to 

Boston,  1821. 

Fenian  raids  into  Canada,  1866,  May  31;  resumed  1870,  Feb.  3- 
Ferries,  operated  by  steam,  first  used  between  New  York  and 

Brooklyn,  1824. 

Filibustering  raids  of  Wm.  Walker,  1853-60. 
Fire  Company,  Union,  Philadelphia,   first  volunteer  company 

in  America,  1736. 
Flag,  American,  first  used  by  Washington  at  Cambridge,  1776, 

Jan.  1.    Legally  established  by  Congress,  1777,  June  14. 
France,  first  revolution,  1789.    Reign  of  Terror,  1793. 
Franco-German  war,  1870-71. 

Free-Soil  Party,  first  national  convention,  Buffalo,  1848,  Aug.  9. 
French  and  Indian  War  in  America,  1754-63. 
Fugitive  Slave  law  passed  Congress,  1850,  Sept.  12. 


GUIDE   AND   HAND-BOOK.  211 


Gas,  illuminating-,  first    used,    Cornwall,    Eng.,  1793;    in  U.  S., 

Boston,  1822. 

Geneva  tribunal  on  Alabama  claims,  convened  1871,  Dec.  15. 
German  Empire  re-established,  1SU,  Jan.  IS. 
Ghent,  treaty  of,  U.  S.  and  Great  Britain,  1815,  Feb.  18. 
Glass  first  used  for  windows  in  England,  674;  made  in  Virginia, 

1615;  Massachusetts,  1639. 
Gold  first  discovered  in  California,  '848. 
Greenback  Party,  national  platform,  1876,  May  17. 
Greytown,     Nicaragua,    bombarded     by     Com.    Hollins.    1854, 

July  13. 

Guadalupe  Hidalgo,  treaty  of,  U    S.  and  Mexico,  1848,  Feb.  2. 
Gunpowder   used   by  Chinese,  A.D.,  80.     Greek   flre    used  by 

Byzantines,  A.D.,668,  known  4<.0  B.C. 

Harpers  Ferry,  Va.,  insurrection  (John  Brown),  1859,  Oct.  16. 
Hartford  convention  (anti-war),  1814,  Dec.  15. 
Homoeopathy  introduced  into  the  U.  S  ,  1825. 
Hospital,    Pennsylvania,    first    in    America,   established    1751, 

Feb.  7. 

Hungary,  rebellion  in,  1848-49. 
Independence,  Declaration  of,  1776,  July  4. 
Insurance,  Fire,  first  office  in  America,  Boston,  1724. 

Life,  first,  London,  1772;  first  in  America,  Philadelphia,  1812. 

Marine,    A.D.    533;  fii-st  in  England  about    159S;    first    in 

America,  Philadelphia,  1721. 

Interior,  Department  of,  established,  1849,  March  3. 
Iron  steamships,  first.  Great  Britain,  1843. 
Italy,  war  with  Austria,  (7  weeks'  war)),  1866. 
Jamestown,  Va.,  first  permanent  English  settlement  in  America, 

founded  1607. 

Jesuits,  Order  of,  founded  by  Ignatius  Loyola,  1541. 
Judiciary  Act  passed  by  Congress,  1801,  Feb.  13. 
Kerosene  first  used  for  illuminating  purposes,  1826 . 
Knives,  first  in  England,  about  1550. 
Know-Nothing  Party  (American),  in  New  York,  1853;  National 

platform  and  candidate  for  presidency,  (M.  Fillmore),  1856. 
Ko-zta,    Martin,  taken   from  Austrian  vessel  by  Capt.   Ingra- 

hain,  1853,  July  2. 
Lee's   surrender   to    Gen.   Grant  at  Appomattox   C    H.,  Va., 

1S65,  April  13. 
Liberty     Party,    national     convention,    Buffalo,     N.    IT.,   1843, 

Aug.  30. 
Library,  first  American,  Harvard  College,  Cambridge,  1638. 

first  subscription,  Philadelphia,  1731. 

Lightning  rods,  first  used  by  Benj.  Franklin  about  1752. 
Lincoln,  assassination  of,  18(55,  April  14 
London,  Great  fire  of,  1666,  Sept.  26. 

Plague  in,  1665. 

Lopez  captured  and  garroted  at  Havana,  1851,  Aug.  16. 

Louis  XVI  beheaded  1793,  Jan.  2l. 

Magna  Charta  signed.  1215. 

Matches,  friction,  first  used,  1829 

Mexico,  war  with,  declared  by  Congress,  1846,  May  13,  closed  1848, 

Feb.  2.    City  of,  captured  by  Gen.  Scott,  1847,  Sept.  14.    Cession 

of  territory  to  U.  S.,  1848,  Feb.  2.    Cession  of  Gadsden  pur- 
chase to  the  U.S.,  la^s,  Dec.  30.    War  with,  by  France,  Spain 

and  Great  Britain,  1861-63.    Proclamation  ot  Empire,  under 

.Maximilian,  1863,  July  10.    Republic  restored,  Maximilian  shot, 

1867,  June  19. 

Milan  decree  by  Napoleon,  1807,  Dec.  17. 
Missouri  Compromise  (restricting  slavery  to  south  of   36  deg. 

30  min.),  passed  1820,  March  3,  repealed  ia54,  May  24. 
Modoc  war  in  California  begun,  1872,  Nov.  29. 
Monroe    doctrine    declared   in    Pres.  Monroe's    message,  1823, 

Dec.  2. 

Mormons  arrive  at  Salt  Lake  Valley,  Utah,  1847,  July  24. 
Musical  notes  first  used,  1338 ;  printed,  1502. 


212  THE   \VESTEEN  WORLD 


Nantes,  Edict  of,  tolerating  Protestants,  1598,  April  13;  Revoca- 
tion of,  1685,  Oct.  22. 

Napoleon  I  declared  first  Consul,  1799,  Nov.  10;  proclaimed 
Emperor,  1804,  May  18;  abdicated  after  Waterloo,  1815,  June  22. 

Napoleon  III  elected  President  French  Republic,  1848,  Dec.  10. 
Coup  d'etat  dissolving  Assembly,  1851,  Dec.  2;  proclaimed 
Emperor  1852,  Dec.  2 ;  deposed  and  Republic  proclaimed,  liS'.O, 
Sept.  4. 

Naval  Academy,  IT.  S.,  at  Annapolis,  opened,  1845,  Oct.  10. 

Navigation  Act,  first  by  British  Parliament,  1660. 

Needles,  modern,  first  came  into  use,  1545. 

Netherlands,  revolt  of,  1565-80. 

Newspaper,  first  authentic,  1494;  first  daily,  Frankfort  Ga- 
zette, 1615;  first  in  England,  Weekly  Neices,  1622 ;  first  French, 
Gazette  de  France,  Paris,  1631;  first  attempt  at  parliamentary  re- 
porting, 1641 ;  first  advertisement  appeared  in  1648 ;  first  Amer- 
ican, "  Publick  Occurrences,  Foreign  and  Domestick,"  Boston, 
1690,  Sept.  25;  first  English  daily,  London,  Daily  Cuurant,  1702; 
first  continuously  printed  in  America,  Boston  JVews  Letter,  1702 ; 
first  daily  in  United  States,  The  Pennsylvania  Packet,  1784. 

Omnibuses  first  used  in  New  York,  1830. 

Orders  in  Council,  British,  issued  1807,  Jan.  7. 

Ordinance  of  1787,  passed  by  Continental  Congress,  1787, 
Sept  15. 

Organs,  first  authentic  use  of,  755;  in  England,  951 . 

Ostend  Manifesto,  as  to  Cuba,  by  Pierre  Soule,  James  Bu- 
chanan and  J.  Y.  Mason,  1854,  Oct  21. 

Paper  made  by  Chinese,  from  silk,  120,  B.C.;  from  vegetable 
fiber,  A.D.,  651 ;  from  cotton,  A.D.,  711 ;  from  rags,  1085. 

Paris,  treaty  of,  ceding  French  American  possessions  to  Great 
Britain,  1763,  Feb.  10;  second  treaty  of,  closing  Crimean  war, 
1856,  March  30. 

Patent  right  law,  first  enacted  in  U.  S.,  1790,  April  15. 

Peace  conference  convened  at  Washington,  1801,  Feb.  4. 

Pencils,  leaden  styles  used,  A.D.,  50;  modern,  used  in  Eng- 
land, 1565. 

Pens,  steel,  first  made,  1803 ;  gold,  first  used  about  1825. 

Phonograph  invented  by  T.  A.  Edison,  1877. 

Photographs  first  produced  in  England,  1802,  perfected,  1841. 

Piano  forte  invented  in  Italy,  about  1710. 

Pilgrims,  landing  at  Plymouth,  Mass.,  1620,  Dec.  21  (com- 
monly called  Dec.  22). 

Pins  used  in  England  about  1450;  in  America,  machine-made,1832. 

Pontiac's  conspiracy  to  unite  Indians  against  the  English, 1762. 

Postotfice  first  established,  between  Vienna  and  Brussels,  1516. 

Postage  stamps  first  used  in  England  1840;  in  the  United 
States,  1847. 

Printing ;  clay  tablets  used  by  Assyrians  and  Babylonians, 
B.C.;  Wooden  blocks  used  by  Chinese,  A.  u.,  952.  Block  books; 
Biblia  Pauperum,  1420;  movable  types,  L.  Coster,  of  Haarlem, 
1423;  J.  Gutenberg,  of  Mentz,  J438;  First  Bible,  Faust  & 
Schceffer,  1456;  first  book  printed  with  date,  Latin  Psalter,  Faust 
&  Schceffer,  1457;  first  book  in  English,  "  History  of  Troy,'' 
printed  at  Cologne,  by  William  Caxton,  1471;  first  book  printed 
in  England  with  date,  CaxtonVGameandPlayeof  the  Chesse,' 
1474;  first  in  America,  Escala,  Espiritual  of  Chimaco,  printed  by 
Juan  Hablas,  Mexico,  1535;  first  press  in  the  United  States,  at 
Cambridge,  Mass.,  Stephen  Daye,  1639. 

Pyramids  first  erected,  2240  B.  c. 

P.ailroad,  Passenger,  first  opened  in  England,  1825,  Sept.  27; 
freight,  first  in  the  United  States.Crum  Creek  quarrie^  to  Ridley 
Creek  in  Pennsylvania.  Passenger,  first  in  America,  Baltimore 
and  Ohio  1828.  Stoam,  first  in  New  York  state,Albany  to  Schen- 
ectady,  16  miles,  1830. 

Reformation  in  Germany,  1517 ;  in  England,  1532. 

Republican  Party,  first  convention,  Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  1856, 
Feb.  22. 


GUIDE   AND  HAND-BOOK.  213 


Resumption  of  specie  payments  in  TJ.  S.,  act  approved,  1875, 
Jan.  14 ;  took  effect  1879,  Jan.  1. 

Revolutionary  war,  beginning,  battle  of  Lexington,  1775, 
April  li>;  end  of  last  battle,  Combahee,  1782,  Aug.  27;  prelimi- 
nary treaty  of  peace.  1782,  Nov.  30. 

Richmond,  VH.,  evacuated  by  Confederates,  1865,  Aprils. 

Russia,  Serf  Emancipation  in,  1861. 

Saint  Bartholomew,  massacre  of,  1572,  Aug.  24. 

San  Juan  boundary  decided  in  favor  of  the  U.  S.,  1872,  Oct.  21. 

Savannah,  first  steamer  crossed  the  Atlantic,  25  days,  Savan- 
nah to  Liverpool,  1819,  May  24. 

Seminole  war,  first  in  Georgia  and  Florida,  1317-18 ;  in  Florida, 
1835-42. 

Sewing  Machine  first  patented,  England,  1755;  first  complete, 
E.  Howe  (American),  1846. 

Shay's  Rebellion  in  Massachusetts,  17*^5-87. 

Shiloh,  Tenn.  (or  Pittsburgh  Landing),  battle  of,  1862,  April  6-7. 

Sioux  war  in  Minnesota,  1862-63. 

Sleeping  cars  first  used,  1858 ;  Pullman's  patent,  1864. 

Smith,  Joseph,  Mormon  leader,  killed  at  Carthage,  111.,  1844, 
June  27. 

Stamp  Act  enacted  ;  1765,  March  22;  repealed,  1766,  March  19. 

Statutes  of  the  United  States,  first  revised  and  codified,  1873. 

Steam  Engine,  boiler,  discovered  by  Marquis  of  Worcester, 
1663.  Newcomen's  engine  patented,  1705;  perfected  by  James 
Watt,  1773 ;  high  pressure  engine  invented  by  Oliver  Evans 
(American),  1779. 

Steam  vessels,  Papin,  France,  1707;  Jonathan  Hulls,  England, 
1736;  William  Henry,  Conestoga  River,  Pa.,  1763;  James  Kum- 
sey,  Md.,  1786;  John  Fitch,  Delaware  River,  1786;  Robert 
Fulton,  New  York  to  Albany,  1807. 

Sumter,  Fort,  captured  by  Confederates.  1861,  April  14. 

Sunday  Schools,  first  established  by  Robert  Raikes,  Gloucester, 
England,  1781. 

Telegraph,  first  electric,  P_addington  to  Drayton,  England,  1835; 
Morse's,  invented,  1835;  first  in  operation  in  America,  Wash- 
ington to  Baltimore,  1844,  May  27;  submarine  cable,  first  laid  Be- 
tween Doverand  Calais,  1851;  first  Atlantic  cable  operated.  Ixys. 

Telephone  (speaking),  A.  Graham  Bell,  first  presented  Philadel- 
phia Centennial  Exhibition,  1876;  practically  successful  as  a 
telegraph,  1877,  May  14. 

Telescope,  invented,  1603. 

Theatre,  first  in  America,  Williamsburg,  Virginia,  1752. 

Thirty  Years'  War  in  Germany,  1618-1648. 

Tobacco  introduced  into  England  from  Virginia,  1583. 

Tripoli  war  with  the  United  States,  1803-'5. 

Turner,  Nat.  slave  insurection  in  Virginia,  1831,  Aug. 

Union  of  England  and  Scotland,  1707;  Great  Britain  and  Ire- 
land, 18cO. 

Utrecht,  treaty  of,  1713,  April  11. 

Vaccination,  discovered  by  Dr.  Jenner,  England,  1796. 

War  of  1812  with  Great  Britain  declared  by  proclamation,  1812, 
June  19;  ended  by  Treaty  of  Ghent,  1815,  Feb.  18. 

Washing-ton  inaugurated  first  president,  1789,  April  30. 

Washington,  Treaty  of,  with  Great  Britain,  war  claims,  1871, 
June  17. 

Watches  first  made  in  Nuremburg,  1477. 

Waterloo,  battle  of,  1815,  June  18. 

Whisky  insurrection  in  Pennsylvania,  1791-94. 

Wilmot  Proviso,  restricting  slavery,  offered  in  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives, by  David  Wilmot,  of  Pennsylvania,  1846,  Aug.  8. 

Yellowstone  National  Park,  act  of  congress,  1871,  Feb.  28. 

Yorktown,  surrender  of  Cornwallis  to  Washington,  1781,  Oct.  19. 

THE  THREE  WISE  MEN,  or  Magi,  who  brought  gifts  to 
the  infant  Christ,  were  Melchior,  offering  gold;  Jasper,  bringing 
frankincense,  and  Balthazar,  who  brought  myrrh. 


214 


THE  TVESTERX  WORLD 


OCCUPATION  OF  THE  PEOPLE  OF  THE  UNITED 

STATES.— The  following  list  t-hows  the  number  engaged  in  each 
general  calling  in  the  United  States:  Agriculture  and  kindred 
pursuits,  8,340,000;  professions  and  personal  service,  4,500,000; 
manufacturing  and  mining,  4,100,000;  trade  and  transportation. 
2,000,000. 


WEDDING-  ANNIVERSARIES. 

First  anniversary  Cotton  wedding. 

Second  anniversary Paper  wedding. 

Third  anniversary Leather  wedding-. 

Fifth  anniversary Wooden  wedding. 

Seventh  anniversary Woolen  wedding. 

Tenth  anniversary Tin  wedding. 

Twelfth  anniversary Silk  and  flue  linen  wedding. 

Fifteenth  anniversary Crystal  wedding. 

Twentieth  anniversary   China  wedding. 

Twenty-fifth  anniversary Silver  wedding. 

Thirtieth  anniversary Pearl  wedding. 

Fortieth  anniversary. . .  Ruby  wedding. 

Fiftieth  anniversary Oplrten  wedding. 

Seventy-lifth  anniversary Diamond  wedding. 


TUNNELS  OF  THE  WORLD.-Mount  St.  Gothard,  48,840 
feet  long  (the  longest  in  the 'world  i;  Mount  Cen's,  39,840  feet  long; 
Hoosac. 25,080  feet  long;  Nochistongo.  21.659  feet  long;  Sutro, 
21, 120  feet  long;  Kiquivel,  18,625  feet  long;  Nerthe,  15,153  feet 
long;  Blaizy,  13,456  feet  long;  Thames  and  Medway,  11,880  feet 
long. 


GARDEN  OF  THE    UOOS,  UJ1.OHADO. 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK.  215 

THE  BIGGEST  THINGS  ON 
EARTH. 

THE  HIGHEST  RANGE  OF  MOUNTAINS  is  the 
Himalaya,  the  mean  elevation  being  estimated  at  from  16,000  to 
18.000  feet.  The  loftiest  mountain  is  Mountain  Everest  or  Guari- 
sanker,  of  the  Himalayas  range,  having  an  elevation  of  29,002  feet 
above  the  sea  level. 

THE  LARGEST  CITY  in  the  world  is  London.  Its  popu- 
lation numbers  3.0#>,871  souls.  New  York,  with  a  population  of 
l,250,foo,  comes  fifth  in  the  list  of  great  cities. 

THE  LARGEST  THEATER  is  the  new  Opera  House  in 
Paris.  It  covers  nearly  three  acres  of  ground.  Its  cubic  mass  is 
4,287.000  feet.  It  cost  about  1  0,OX),000  francs. 

THE  LARGEST  SUSPENSION  BRIDGE  is  the  one 
between  New  York  city  and  Brooklyn.  The  length  of  the  main 
span  is  1,595  feet,  6  inches;  the  entire  length  of  the  bridge  is 
is  5.980  feet. 

THE  LOFTIEST  ACTIVE  VOLCANO  is  Popocatapetl— 
"smoking  mountain  "—thirty-five  miles  southwest  of  Pueblo, 
Mexico.  It  is  17,784  feet  above  the  sea-level,  and  has  a  crater 
three  miles  in  circumference  and  a  thousand  feet  deep. 

THE  LARGEST  ISLAND  in  the  world,  which  is  also  re- 
garded as  a  continent,  is  Australia.  It  is  2,500  miles  in  length 
from  east  to  west,  and  1,850  miles  from  north  to  south.  Its  area 
is  2, '.184,287  square  miles. 

THE  LONGEST  SPAN  OF  WIRE  in  the  world  is  used 
for  a  telegraph  in  India,  over  the  river  Kistnah,  between  Bazorah 
and  Sectynagrum.  It  is  more  than  6,000  feet  in  length,  and  is 
1,200  feet  high. 

THE  LARGEST  SHIP  in  the  world  is  the  Great  Eastern. 
She  is  680  feet  long,  83  feet  broad  and  60  feet  deep,  being  28,627 
tons  burden,  18,915  gross,  and  13,344  net  register.  She  was  builtat 
Millwall  on  the  Thames,  and  was  launched  January  31,  1857. 

THE  LARGEST  UNIVERSITY  is  Oxford,  in  England,  in 
the  city  of  the  same  name,  55  miles  from  London.  It  consists  of 
21  colleges  and  live  halls.  Oxford  was  a  seat  of  learning  as  early 
as  the  time  of  Edward  the  Confessor.  University  College  claims 
to  have  been  founded  by  Alfred. 

THE  LARGEST  BODY  OF  FRESH  WATER  on  the 
globe  is  Lake  Superior,  400  miles  long,  160  wide  at  its  greatest 
breadth,  and  having  an  area  of  32,000  square  miles.  Its  mean 
depth  is  900  feet  and  its  greatest  depth  is  said  to  be  about  200 
fathoms.  Its  surface  is  about  655  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 

THE  BIGGEST  CAVERN  is  the  Mammoth  Cave  in  Ed- 
monson  County,  Ky.  It  is  near  Green  River,  about  6  miles 
from  Care  City  and  88  from  Bowling  Green.  The  cave  consists 
of  u  succession  of  irregular  chambers,  some  of  which  are  large, 
situated  on  different  levels.  Some  of  thes'j  are  traversed  by 
navigable  branches  of  the  subterranean  Echo  river.  Blind  fish 
are  found  in  its  waters. 

THE  LONGEST  TUNNEL  in  the  world  is  that  of  the  St. 
Gothard,  on  the  line  of  railroad  between  Lucerne  and  Milan. 
The  summit  of  the  tunnel  is  900  feet  below  the  surface  at  Ander- 
matt,  and  6,600  feet  beneath  the  peak  of  Kastelborn  of  the  St. 
Gothard  group.  The  tunnel  is  26^  feet  wide  and  is  18  feet  and  10 
inches  from  the  floor  to  the  crown  of  the  arched  roof.  It  is  9J6 
miles  lonsr.  1^6  miles  lonsrer  than  the  Mt.  Cenis  tunnel. 

THE  BIGGEST  TREES  in  the  world  are  the  mammoth  trees 
of  California.  One  of  a  grove  in  Tulare  county,  according  to 
measurements  made  by  members  of  the  state  geological  survey, 
was  shown  to  be  276  feet  in  height,  108  feet  in  circumfererence  at 


216  THE  WESTERN  WORLD 


the  base,  and  76  feet  at  a  point  12  feet  above  ground.  Some  of 
the  trees  are  37(5  feet  high  and  34  feet  in  diameter.  Some  of  the 
largest  that  have  been  felled  indicate  an  ago  of  from  2,000  to  2,500 
years. 

THE  LARGEST  LIBRARY  is  the  Bibliotheque  National 
in  Paris,  founded  by  Louis  XIV.  It  contains  1,400,0(H)  vol- 
umes, 300,000  pamplets,  175,000  manuscripts,  300,000  maps  and 
charts,  150,000  coins  and  medals.  The  collection  of  engravings 
exceeds  1,300,000,  contained  in  some  10,000  volumes.  The  portraits 
number  about  100,000.  The  building  which  contains  these  treasures 
is  situated  on  the  Hue  Richelieu.  Its  length  is  540  feet,  its 
breadth  130  feet.  The  largest  library  in  New  York  is,  in  respect 
of  separate  works,  the  Astor.  About  190,OtO  volumes  are  ou  its 
shelves. 

THE  LARGEST  DESERT  is  that  of  Sahara,  a  vast  region 
of  northern  Africa,  extending  from  the  Atlantic  Ocean  on  the 
west  to  the  valley  of  the  Nile  on  the  eas-t.  The  length  from  east 
to  west  is  a  hour.  3,"09  miles,  its  average  breadth  about  900  miles, 
its  area  £000,000  square  miles.  Rain  falls  in  torrents  in  the  Sahara 
at  intervals  of  five,  ten  and  twenty  years.  In  summer  the  heat 
during  the  day  is  excessive,  but  the  nights  are  often  cold.  In 
winter  the  temperature  is  sometimes  below  freezing  point. 

THE  GREATEST  PYRAMID  is  that  of  Cheops,  one  of  the 
three  pyramids  forming  the  Memphis  group,  situated  on  a  plateau 
about  137  feet  above  the  level  of  the  highest  rise  in  the  Nile.  Its 
dimensions  have  been  reduced  by  the  removal  of  the  outer  por- 
tions to  furnish  stone  for  the  city  of  Cairo.  Its  masonry  consisted 
originally  of  89,02^,000  cubic  feet,  and  still  amounts  to  82,111,000 
feet.  The  present  vertical  height  is  450  feet,  against  479  originally. 
The  total  weight  of  the  stone  is  estimated  at  6,310.000  tons. 

THE  GREATEST  TORTRESS  from  a  strategical  point  of 
view  is  the  famous  stronghold  ot  Gibraltar,  belonging  to  Great 
Uritain,  situated  upon  the  most  southern  point  of  land  upon  the 
coast  of  southwestern  Spain.  It  occupies  a  rooky  peninsula, 
jutting  out  into  the  sea,  about  three  miles  long  and  three-quarters 
of  a  mile  wide.  One  central  rock  rises  to  a  height  of  1,435  feet 
above  the  sea  level.  Its  northern  face  is  almost  perpendicular, 
while  its  east  side  is  full  of  tremendous  precipices.  On  the  south 
it  terminates  in  what  is  called  Europa  point.  The  west  side  is  less 
steep  than  the  east,  and  between  its  base  and  the  sea  is  the  nar- 
row, almost  level  span  on  which  the  town  of  Gibraltar  is  built. 
The  fortress  is  considered  impregnable  to  military  assault.  The 
regular  garrison  in  time  of  peace  numbers  about  7,000. 

THE  LARGEST  INLAND  SEA  is  the  Caspian,  lying 
between  Europe  and  Asia.  Its  greatest  length  is  760  miles  and  its 
area  180,000  square  miles.  Great  Salt  Lake,  in  Utah,  which  may 
properly  be  termed  an  inland  sea,  is  about  90  miles  long  and  has  a 
varying  breadth  of  from  20  to  25  miles.  Its  surface  is  4,200 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  whereas  the  surface  of  the  Caspian 
is  84  feet  below  the  ocean  level. 

THE  LARGEST  EMPIRE  in  the  world  is  that  of  Great 
Britain,  comprising  >s,557,55S  square  miles,  more  than  a  sixth  part 
of  the  land  of  the  globe,  and  embracing  under  its  rule  nearly  a 
sixth  part  of  the  population  of  the  world.  In  territorial  extent 
the  United  States  ranks  third,  containing  8,680,2*2  square  miles, 
including  Alaska;  in  population  it  ranks  fourth  with  its  50.000,000 
of  peeplo.  Russia  ranks  second,  hpving  8,351,940  square  miles. 

THE  HIGHEST  MONOLITH  is  the  obelisk  at  Karnak,  in 
Egypt.  Karnak  is  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Nile,  near  Luxor,  and 
occupies  a  part  of  the  site  of  ancient  Thebes.  The  obelisk  is 
ascribed  to  Hatasn.  sister  of  Pharaoh  Thothmes  III,  who  reigned 
about  1600  B.C.  The  whole  length  is  122  feet,  its  weight  400  tnns. 
Its  height,  without  pedc-stal,  is  108  feet  10  inches.  The  height  of 
the  obelisk  in  Central  Park,  without  pedestal,  is  68  feet  11  inches, 
its  weisrht  about  168  tons. 

THE  LARGEST  BELL  in  the  world  is  the  great  bell  of 
Moscow,  at  the  foot  of  the  Kremlin.  Its  circumference  at  the 


GUIDE   AND   HAND-BOOK. 


bottom  is  nearly  68  feet,  and  its  height  more  than  21  feet.  In  its 
stoutest  part  it  is  23  inches  thick,  and  its  weight  has  been  computed 
to  be  443,722  pounds.  It  has  never  been  hung,  and  was  probably 
cast  on  the  spot  where  it  now  stands.  A  piece  of  the  bell  is 
broken  off.  The  fracture  is  supposed  to  have  been  occasioned  by 
water  having  been  thrown  upon  it  when  heated  by  the  building 
erected  over  it  being  011  tire. 

FAMOUS  BRIDGES.— The  largest  bridge  ever  built  (with- 
out mentioning  trestleworits)  was  the  Tay  bridge,  10,320  feet  in 
length  ;  the  largest  bridge  now  in  use  is  the  Montreal  bridge  over 
the  St.  Lawrence,  8,791  feet;  probably  the  iongot  bridge  that 
will  be  tmilt  in  a  century  from  now  is  the  Forth  bridge,  to  be 
9,2UO  feet  long ;  the  highest  bridge  in  the  world  is  at  Gerabit, 
France,  crossing  the  river  at  the  height  of  413  feet ;  the  most 
wonderful  bridge  in  the  world  is  the  Brooklyn  bridge,  the  per- 
manent weight  being  14,680  tons ;  the  bridge  of  saddest  reflec- 
tions is  the  Bridge  of  Sighs  at  Venice,  Italy ;  probably  the  bridge 
most  celebrated  in  song  and  story,  is  the  London  bridge. 


NAMES  OF  DAYS. 

Sunday  (Saxon  Sunnandaeg,  day  of  the  sun) . 

Monday  (German,  Montag,  day  of  the  moon). 

Tuesday  (Anglo-Saxon  Tiwesdasg,  from  Tiw,  the  god  of  war). 

Wednesday  (Anglo-Saxon,  Wodensdosg,  from  Odin  or 
Woden,  the  god  of  storms  and  boundaries). 

Thursday  (Danish,  Thor,  the  god  of  thunder). 

Friday  (Saxon,  Friged;eg,  day  of  Freya,  goddess  of  marriage, 
fecundity  and  fidelity). 

Saturday  (day  of  Saturn,  the  god  of  time.) 

The  names  of  the  seven  days  of  the  week  originated  with  the 
Egyptian  astronomers.  They  gave  them  the  names  of  the  sun, 
moon  and  five  planets;  viz..  Mars,  Mercury,  Jupiter,  Venus  and 
Saturn 

The  Chinese  and  Thibetans  have  a  week  of  five  days,  named 
after  iron,  wood,  water,  feathers  and  earth. 


ORIGIN  OF  NAMES  OF  MONTHS. 

January.— The  Roman  Janus  presided  over  the  beginning  of 
everything ;  hence  the  first  month  of  the  year  was  called  after 
him." 

February. — The  Roman  festival  Februs  was  held  on  the  15th 
day  ot  this  month,  in  honor  of  Lupercus,  the  god  of  fertility. 

March.— Named  from  the  Roman  god  of  war,  Mars. 

April.— Lat.  Aprilis,  probably  derived  from  aperire,  to  open ; 
because  spring  generally  begins  and  the  buds  open  in  this  month. 

May.— Lat.  Maius,  probably  derived  from  Maia,  a  feminine 
divinity  worshiped  at  Rome  on  th«  first  day  of  this  month. 

June.— Juno,  a  Koman  divinity  worshiped  as  the  Queen  of 
Heaven . 

July  (Julius).—  Cfesar  was  born  in  this  month. 

Aug-ust. — Named  by  the  Emperor  Augustus  Cfesar,  u  C.  30, 
for  himself,  in  memory  of  several  victories  gained  during  this 
month. 

September  (septem,  or  7) .  —September  was  the  seventh  month 
in  the  old  Roman  calendar. 

October  (octo,  meaning  8).— Eighth  month  of  the  old  Roman 
year . 

November  (novem,  or  9)— November  was  the  ninth  month  in 
the  old  Roman  year. 

December  (decem,  or  10).— December  was  the  tenth  month 
of  the  early  Roman  year. 


218  THE     WESTERN   WOULD 

LEXICON 

OP 

MYTHOLOGIES  AND  CLASSICS. 

Acheron,  a  river  of  Hades. 

Achilles,  bravest  of  the  Greeks  in  the  war  against  Troy,  invul- 
nerable except  in  his  right  heel. 
Actseon,  a  famous  hunter,  changed  by  Diana  into  a  stag,  and 

killed  by  his  own  dogs. 

Adonis,  a  beautiful  youth  beloved  by  Venus. 
-(Egeus,    a  king   of    Athens  who   threw  himself  into  the  sea, 

called  in  consequence  the  ^Egean  Sea. 
yEneas,   son    of   Anchises   and    Venus,   the    hero    of   Virgil's 

yEneid . 

jEolus,  god  of  wind  and  storm. 
./Eseulapius,  son  of  Apollo,  god  of  medicine. 
Agamemnon,  commander  of  Grecian  forces  in  siege  of  Troy. 
Ajax,  a  Grecian  hero  in  Trojan  war. 
Ammon,  a  title  of  Jupiter. 
Amphion,  a  king  of  Thebes,  who  built  the  city  by  playing  on 

a  lyre. 

Amphitrite,  the  wife  of  Neptune,  and  goddess  of  the  sea. 
Andromache,  wile  of  Hector  of  Troy. 
Andromeda,  daughter  of  Cepheus,  rescued  from  a  sea-monster 

and  married  by  Perseus. 
Antieus,  a  giant  overcome  by  Hercules. 
Aphrodite,  goddess  of  love  and  beauty. 
Apis,  the  sacred  bull  of  the  Egyptians  worshiped  as  a  god. 
Apollo,  god  of  poetry,  song,  music  and  the  arts. 
Argonauts,  companions  of  Jason,  on  the  Argo,  in  search  of  the 

golden  fleece. 
Argus,  the  keeper  with  a  hundred  eyes,  who  was  to  guard  lo. 

After  his  death,  Juno  turned  him  into  a  peacock,  putting 

his  eyes  on  the  bird's  tail. 

Ariadne,  daughter  of  Minos,  king  of  Crete,  wife  of  Bacchus. 
Arion,  a  Greek  bard,  who,  when  cast  into  the  sea  by  robbers, 

was  saved  by  a  dolphin,  who  was  charmed  with  his  music. 
Astraea,  goddess  of  justice. 
Atlanta,  Boeotian  maiden  very  swift  of  foo.t. 
Ate,  goddess  of  mischief. 
Atlas,  leader  of  the  Titans,  carried  the  world  on  his  head  and 

hands. 

Atropos,  one  of  the  Fates. 
Aurora,  the  goddess  of  morning. 
Averuus,  lake  of  the  lower  world. 
Bacchus,  god  of  wine. 

Bellerophon,  rider  of  the  winged  horse  Pegasus. 
Bellona,  goddess  of  war. 
Bucephalus,  Alexander  the  Great's  horse. 
Cadmos,  a  Phoenician,  inventor  of  the  alphabet. 
Calliope,  the  muse  of  epic  poetry. 
Cassandra,  daughter  of  Priam,  king  of  Troy. 
Castor  and  Pollux,  twin  brothers,  who,  from  their  love  for  each 

other,  were  placed  as  a  constellation  in  heaven    under  the 

name  of  Gemini,  "  the  twins." 
Centaur,  half  man,  half  horse. 
Cerberus,    the    three-headed   dog   of   Pluto   that   guarded   the 

entrance  to  hell. 

Ceres,  the  goddess  of  agriculture,  grain,  fruits  and  corn. 
Charon,  ferryman  over  the  Styx. 
Chary bdis,  a  whirlpool  between  Italy  and  Sicily. 
Chimaera,  a  monster  who  vomited  fire. 


GUIDE  AND  HANDBOOK.  219 

Chloris,  goddess  of  flowers. 

Circe,  a  famous  sorceress. 

Clio,  muse  of  history. 

Clotho,  youngest  of  the  Fates. 

Comus,  god  of  mirth  and  joy. 

Cupid,  god  of  love. 

Cynthia,  Diana. 

Cytherea,  Venus." 

Dsedalus,  a  sculptor  and  architect. 

Damon  and  Pythias,  models  of  friendship  in  the  face  of  death. 

Daphne,  a  nymph  beloved  by  Apollo. 

Delphi,  a  town  in  Phocis,  celebrated  for  its  oracle  of  Apollo. 

Deucalion,  a  king  of  Thessaly. 

Diana,  sister  of  Apollo,  goddess  of  the  moon  and  of  hunting. 

Dido,  foundress  of  Carthage.    Fell  in  love  with  ^Eneas,  but  not 

finding  her  love  returned,  killed  herself. 
Drvads,  wood  nymphs. 
Echo,  a  nymph  who  pined  for  Narcissus,  until  nothing  was  left 

but  her  voice. 
Elysium,  heaven. 
Endymion,  a  youth  celebrated  for  his  beauty,  and  for  the  per- 

petual  sleep  in  which  he  lay. 
Erebus,  god  of  darkness. 
Eurydice,  wife  of  Orpheus. 
Euterpe,  muse  of  lyric  poetry  and  music. 
Fates,  Clotho,  Lachesis,  and  Atropos,  who  determined  the  birth, 

life  and  death  of  mortals. 
Faunis,  god  of  agriculture. 
Flora,  goddess  of  flowers. 
Furies,  Alecto,  Megaera  and  Tisiphone. 
Ganymede,  cupbearer  of  the  gods. 
Gordius,  the  king  of  Phrygia,  who  tied  the  inextricable  knot, 

which  Alexander  the  Great  cut  with  his  sword. 
Gorgons,  Medusa,  Buryale  and  Sthenio,  three  female  monsters, 

who  turned  all  they  looked  upon  into  stone. 

Graces,  Aglaia,  Thalia  and  Euphrosyne,  attendants   of  Venus. 
Harpies,  women  with  wings  and  claws. 
Hebe,  the  goddess  of   youth,  daughter  of  Juno,  and  wife  of 

Hercules. 

Hecate,  goddess  of  enchantments. 
Hector,  son  of  Priam,  slain  by  Achilles. 
Hecuba,  mother  of  Hector. 

Helena,  the  beautiful  wife  of  Menelaus,  king  of  Sparta. 
Helle,  a  maiden,  drowned  in  the  strait,  which  atter  her  is  called 

Hellespont. 

Hercules,  god  of  strength,  son  of  Jupiter  and  Alcmena. 
Hermes,  Mercury. 
Hero,   priestess  of  Venus,  beloved  by  Leander,  who    used  to 

swim  the  Hellespont  to  meet  her. 
Hesperus,  son  of  Atlas,  turned  into  a  star. 
Horae,  the  hours,  daughters  of  Jupiter. 
Hyacinthus,  a  beautiful  lad,  accidentaly  killed  by  Apollo,  and 

from  his  blood  sprang  the  flower  that  bears  his  name. 
Hydra,  a  water  serpent  with  fifty  heads,  killed  by  Hercules. 
Hygeia,  goddess  of  health,  daughter  of  ^Esculapius. 
Hymen,  god  of  marriage. 

Hyperion,  father  of  the  sun,  son  of  Titan  and  the  earth, 
lachus,  Bacchus,  god  of  mirth  and  drinking. 
Icarus,  son  of  Dtudalus.    Fleeing  from  Crete,  his  father  attached 

wings  made  of  wax  to  his  body.  The  wax  melted  on  his  soaring 

too  near  the  sun,  and  he  fell  into  the  sea. 
lo,  daughter  of  Inachus,  king  of  Argos,  beloved  by  Jove. 
Iris,  the  swift-footed  messenger  of  the  gods. 
Isis,  Egyptian  goddess,  confounded  with  the  sun. 
Janus,  god  of  the  sun,  having  two  faces. 
Jason,  leader  of  the  Argonauts,  who  brought  the  golden  fleece 

from  Colchis. 


220  THE  "WESTERN  WORLD 


Juno,  daughter  of  Saturn,  sister  and  wife  of  Jupiter. 

Jupiter,  chief  among  the  gods,  called  also  Jove. 

Laocoon,  a  Trojan  priest  of  Apollo,  who  with  his  two  sons  was 
crushed  by  serpents . 

Lares,  deities  who  preside  over  the  home. 

Latoua,  mother  of  Apollo  and  Diana. 

Laverna,  goddess  of  thieves. 

Leander,  a  Greek  youth,  who  swam  the  Hellespont  every  night 
to  visit  Hero,  until  he  was  drowned  in  a  storm. 

Lethe,  a  river  of  Hades,  whose  waters,  when  drunk,  caused  for- 
getfulness. 

Mars,  god  of  war,  son  of  Jupiter  and  Juno. 

Medea,  Grecian  princess,  who  assisted  Jason  to  obtain  the  golden 
fleece,  and  then  became  his  wife. 

Medusa,  one  of  the  Gorgons,  killed  by  Perseus. 

Melpomene,  the  muse  of  tragic  and  lyric  poetry. 

Mentor,  the  wise  friend  of  Ulysses. 

Mercury,  god  of  commerce  and  grain. 

Midas,  a  Phrygian  king  who  desired  of  Bacchus  that  everything 
he  touched  might  turn  into  gold;  his  request  being  granted, 
even  his  food  turned  to  gold,  but  he  was  saved  by  washing 
in  the  river  Pactolus. 

Minerva,  goddess  of  wisdom. 

Momus,  god  of  mockery  and  censure. 

Morpheus,  god  of  dreams  and  sleep. 

Muses,  daughters  of  Jupiter  and  Mnemosyne.  They  were  Cal- 
liope, muse  of  epic  poetry;  Clio,  of  history;  Erato,  of  amatpry 
poetry;  Thalia,  of  comedy;  Melpomene,  of  tragedy;  Terpsich- 
ore, of  dancing;  Euterpe,  of  lyric  poetry;  Polyhymnia,  of 
poetry  and  eloquence;  and  Urania,  of  astronomy. 

Naiads,  nymphs  of  waters. 

Narcissus,  a  beautiful  youth,  who  fell  in  love  with  his  own 
image  reflected  in  a  well,  and  pined  away  until  he  was  changed 
into  a  flower  called  by  his  name. 

Nemesis,  goddess  of  justice  and  punishment. 

Neptune,  god  of  the  sea,  and  brother  of  Jupiter. 

Nereids,  sea  nymphs. 

Nestor,  a  king  of  Pylos,  famous  for  his  eloquence  and  wisdom. 

Niobe,  daughter  of  Amphion,  king  of  Ihebes.  Her  children 
having  been  killed,  she  wept  for  them  until  she  turned  into 
stone. 

Nox,  goddess  of  darkness. 

CEdipus,  king  of  Thebes,  who  solved  the  riddle  of  the  Sphinx. 

Olympus,  a  lofty  mountain  on  the  borders  of  Thessaly,  the  seat 
'of  the  gods. 

Ops,  goddess  of  plenty  and  patroness  of  husbandry. 

Oreads,  mountaid  nymphs. 

Orestes,  son  of  Agamemnon,  who  avenged  his  father's  murder 
by  slaying  his  guilty  mother. 

Orion,  a  celebrated  giant  and  hunter. 

Orpheus,  a  poet  who  moved  inanimate  objects  by  the  music  of 
his  lyre  and  charmed  wild  beasts. 

Osiris,  the  chief  Egyptian  deity. 

Pactolus,  a  river  in  Lydia.  said  to  bring  down  golden  sands, 
from  Midas  having  washed  in  it. 

Pasan,  Apollo  as  the  healing  deity. 

Pallas,  Minerva. 

Pan,  son  of  Mercury,  chief  god  of  woods,  shepherds,  fishing,  etc. 

Pandora,  a  woman  made  by  Vulcan.  She  was  presented  with 
gifts  by  all  the  gods  S'he  opened  a  box  she  had  received 
from  Jupiter,  and  out  of  it  flew  all  manner  of  diseases. 

Pareve,  the  Fates. 

Paris,  son  of  Priam  who  carried  off  Helen,  and  so  occasioned 
the  Trojan  war,  in  which  he  was  slain. 

Parnassus,  a  mountain  in  Greece  sacred  to  Apollo  and  the 
muses. 

Pegasus,  a  winged  horse  of  the  muses. 


CiLIDli   AND    H AX D- BOOK.  221 


Penates,  household  gods. 

Penelope,  the  wife  of  Ulysses. 

Perseus,  a  son  of  Jupiter,  who  cut  off  the  head  of  Medusa,  and 

thus  saved  Andromeda,  whom  he  married. 
Phaetou,  a  son  of  Sol,  who  obtained  leave  to  drive  a  chariot  of 

the  sun  for  oue  day,  and  upset  it. 
Phlegethon,  a  river  of  fire  in  the  lower  world. 
Phoebe,  goddess  of  the  moon,  sister  of  Phoebus. 
Phoebus,  Apollo,  god  of  the  sun. 
PhtL-nix,  a  fabulous  bird,  which  at  death  burned  itself  to  ashes, 

from  which  a  new  phoenix  arose. 
Phosphorus,  Lucifer,  the  morning  star  Venus. 
Pluto,  king  of  the  lower  world. 
Plutus,  god  of  riches. 

Polyhymnia,  muse  of  lyric  poetry  and  eloquence. 
Pomona,  goddess  of  fruit. 

Poseidon,  Greek  god  of  the  sea,  the  Roman  Neptune. 
Priam,  last  King  of  Troy,  slain  by  Pyrrhus,  the  son  of  Achilles. 
Priapus,  god  of  fruitfulness  and  vineyards. 
Prometheus,  said  to  have  made  a  man  of  clay,  and  put  life  into 

him  by  tire  stolen  from  heaven.    Jupiter  chained  him  to  Alt. 

Caucasus,  where  a  vulture  fed  continually  on  his  liver. 
Proserpine,  wife  of  Pluto  and  queen  of  the  lower  regions. 
Proteus,  a  sea-god  and  prophet;  he  could  assume  any  form. 
Pthah,  great  Egyptian  god. 
Psycln-.  a  nymph  beloved  by  Cupid. 
Pygmies,  a  nation  of  dwarfs  in  Africa,  only  a  span  high. 
Pygmalion,  a  king  of  Cyprus,  who  fell  in  love  with  the  image  of 

a  maiden  which  he  made.    Venus  changed  it  into  a  woman, 

whom  he  married. 
Pyramus,  lover  of  Thisbe. 

Python,  a  serpent  killed  by  Apollo  near  Delphi. 
Rhadamanthus,  one  of  the  judges  in  the  lower  world. 
Romulus,  founder  of  Rome. 

Saturn,  father  of  Jupiter,  by  whom  he  was  dethroned. 
Satyrs,  lascivious  sylvan  deities. 
Scylla,  a  rock  between  Italy  and  Sicily,  opposite  Charybdis.    On 

this  rock  lived  Scylla,  a  fearful  monster,  which  barked  like  a 

dog,  and  had  six  mouths  and  twelve  feet. 
Serapis,  an  Egyptian  divinity. 
Sinon,  the  Greek  who  persuaded  the  Trojans  to  admit  the  wooden 

horse  filled  with  Greek  warriors. 

Sirens,  sea  nymphs,  who,  on  the  coast  of  Italy,  enticed  mari- 
ners ashore  by  sweet  voices,  and  killed  them. 
Sisyphus,  a  wicked  king  of  Corinth,  who  was  compelled  by  Pluto 

to  roll  to  the  top  of  a  hill  a   stone  which  continually  fell 

back  again. 
Styx,  a  river  of  Hell,  across  which  the  spirits  were  ferried  by 

Charon. 
Tantalus,  son  of  Jupiter,  who,  offending  his  father,  was  made  to 

stand  up  to  his  chin  in  water,  with  fruit  hung  over  his  head; 

the  water  receded  when  he  wished  to  drink,  and  the  fruit 

eluded  him  when  he  was  hungry. 
Tartarus,  the  lower  world. 
Telemachus,  son  of  Ulysses  and  Penelope. 
Terpsichore,  muse  of  dancing. 
Thalia,  muse  of  comedy. 
Themis,  goddess  of  justice. 
Theseus,  a  king  of  Athens. 
Thespis,  founder  of  Greek  tragedy. 
Thetis,  mother  of  Achilles. 
Timon,  celebrated  misanthrope  of  Athens. 
Timotheus,  a  celebrated  musician  of  Miletus. 
Titans,  giant  sons  of   Titan,  who  helped  their  father  contend 

against  Jupiter;  they  were  tverthrown  by  his  bolts. 
Troy,  a  city  of  Asia  Minor,  destroyed  by  the  Greeks  after  ten 

years'  siege. 


222  THE  WtSTKHX   WOULD 


Ulysses,  a  king  of  Ithaca,  famed    among  the  Greek  warriors 

before  Troy  for  his  craft  and  eloquence. 
Urania,  muse  of  astronomy. 
Venus,  goddess  cf  love,  beauty  and  pleasure. 
Vertumnus,  god  of  the  seasons. 
Vesper,  the  star  Hesperus. 
Vesta,  daughter  of  Saturn,  goddess  of  the  household  fires  and 

domestic  life 

Vulcan,  god  of  fire,  son  of  Jupiter  and  Juno. 
Zephyrus.  the  west  wmU. 
Zeus,  Jupiter.  

HEIGHT  OF  CHIEF  MONUMENTS  AND  SPIRES  of 

the  world  are  as  follows :  Washington  Monument,  United  States, 
550  feet;  Cathedral  of  Cologne,  Germany,  511  feet;  Cathedral  of 
St.  Stephen,  Vienna,  Austria,  476  feet;  Cathedral  of  Strasbunr, 
Germany,  468  feet;  Cathedral  of  St.  Peter's,  Rome,  Italy,  448  feet ; 
Great  Pyramid,  Egypt,  450  feet;  King  Shafra's  Pyramid,  Egypt. 
447  feet;  Church  of  Notre  Dame,  Antwerp,  Belgium,  430  leer; 
Cathedral  of  Amiens,  France,  422  feet;  Torazzo's  Tower,  Italy,  3!K> 
feet;  Cathedral  of  Florence,  Italy,  387  feet;  St.  Paul's  Cathedral, 
London,  England.  302  feet;  Hotel  de  Ville,  Brussels,  Belgium,  358 
feet;  Cathedral  of  Milan,  Italy,  355  feet;  St.  Patrick's  Cathedral, 
New  York,  United  States,  344  feet;  G  iralda's  Tower,  Italy,  3.50  feet; 
Bartholdi's  Statue,  United  States,  324  feet;  Cathedral  of  Bremen, 
Germany,  324  feet:  St.  Mark's,  Venice,  328  feet;  Asimelli  Tower, 
Italy,  321  feet;  Cathedral  of  Norwich,  England,  315  feet;  Board  of 
Trade,  Chicago,  303  feet;  Lincoln  Cathedral,  England,  300  feet; 
Bunker  Hill  Monument,  United  States,  221  feet;  Leaning  Tower, 
Italy,  174  feet. 

THE  LARGEST  TELESCOPE  in  the  world  is  the  Lord 
Rosse,  which  has  an  aperture  of  72  inches.  The  largest  in  this 
country  is  at  San  Jose,  Cal.,  having  an  aperture  of  28  inches. 


GUIDE   AND  HAND-BOOK.  223 


LARGEST  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  in  the  world  was  in  1843 
at  tlie  Sydney  lighthouse,  Australia,  which  has  a  power  of 
180,000  candles,  and  the  fourth  largest  is  at  San  Jose,  Ca).,  2+,- 
000  candle  power  (the  light  at  Paris,  in  Palais  d1  Industrie,  equal 
to  150,000  candle  power,  and  the  Marseilles  light  of  40,000  candles, 
being  greater).  The  Sydney  light  is  visible  50  miles ;  that  of  San 
Jose  sheds  light  two  miles  around.  Since  1883  numerous  lights 
equaling  these  have  been  put  in  operation.  Paris,  France,  is  to 
have  one  of  enormous  power. 


NOMS  DE  PLUME. 

Agate Whitelaw  Reid. 

A.  L.  O.  E.  (A  lady  of  England) .. Charlotte  Tucker. 

Artemas  Ward Charles  F.  Browne. 

Boz  Charles  Dickens. 

Bret  Haite F.  B.  Harte. 

Buffalo  Bill W.  F.  Cody. 

Carleton C.  C.  Coffin . 

Danbury  News  Man J.  M.  Bailey . 

Diedrich  Knickerbocker Washimrton  Irving. 

Elia Charles  Lamb . 

Eli  Perkins M.  G.  Langdon. 

Fanny  Fern Mrs.  Sarah  P.  W.  Parton. 

Fat  Contributor A.  M.  Griswpld. 

Gail  Hamilton Mary  Abigail  Dodge. 

Gath George  Alfred  Townsend. 

Geoffrey  Crayon \V  ashington  Irving'. 

George  Eliot Mrs.  M.  C.  E.  Lewes-Cross. 

Grace  Greenwood Mrs.  Lippincott. 

Harry  Castlemon Charles  Fosdick. 

H.  H.  (Helen  Hunt) Mrs.  Helen  Jackson. 

Hugh  Conway F.  J.  Fargus. 

Ik.  Marvel .  .Donald  G.  Mitchell. 

Jean  Paul Jean  Paul  Frederick  Richter. 

Joaquin  Miller C.  H.  Miller. 

Josh  Billings Henry  W.  Shaw. 

Joshua  Coffin H.  W.  Longfellow. 

Lemuel  Gulliver Jonathan  Swift. 

Mark  Twain Samuel  L.  Clemens. 

Marion  Harkind Mrs.  M.  V.  Terhune. 

M.  Quad C.  B.  Lewis. 

Max  Adeler Charles  H.  Clarke. 

Mrs.  Partington B.  P.  Shillaber. 

Oliver  Optic W.  T.  Adams. 

One  of  the  Fools A.  W.  Tourgee. 

Ouida Louisa  de  la  Rame. 

Owen  Meredith Lord  Lytton. 

Peter  Parley S.  C.  Goodrich. 

l'« •!<•>•  Parley Wm.  Martin. 

Petroleum  V.  Xasby D.  R.  Locke. 

Poor  Richard Benjamin  Franklin. 

Porte  Crayon D.  H.  Strother. 

Robinson  Crusoe Daniel  Defoe. 

Rob  Roy John  Macgregor. 

Sam  Slick J.  C.  Haliburton. 

Sophia  May Miss  R.  S.  Clarke. 

Saxe  Holm  Ruth  Ellis. 

Timothy  Titcomb J.  G.  Holland. 

Tom  Brown Thomas  Hughes 


DERIVATION  OF  THE  ENGLISH  LANGTJAGE.- 
OverWof  the  words  in  the  English  language  are  derived  from 
the  Latin,  over  V±  from  the  French,  about  one-tenth  from 
the  Saxon,  and  a  little  less  from  the  Greek. 


224 


THE   WESTERN   WOULD 


SEVEN  WONDERS  OF  THE  WORLD.-The  pyramids 
of  Egypt.  Pharos  of  Alexandria.  Walls  and  hanging  gardens 
of  Babylon.  Temple  of  Diana  at  Ephesus.  The  statue  of  the 
Olympian  Jupiter.  Mausoleum,  of  Artemisia.  Colossus  of 
Rhodes. 

THE  SEVEN  WISE  MEN  OF  GREECE.-Flourishod  in 
Greece  in  the"  sixth  century,  B.C.  There  names  were:  Solon, 
Chilo,  Pittacus,  Bias,  Periander,  Cleobulus  and  Thales. 


THE  SEVEN  SLEEPERS.— Were,  according  to  an  early 
legend,  seven  noble  youths  of  Ephesus,  who  tied  from  persecu- 
tion to  a  cavern,  where  they  were  discovered  and  walled  in  to 
starve  to  death.  They  were  made  to  sleep,  and  in  that  state  lived 
two  centuries.  There  names  are  said  to  have  been  :  Maximian, 
Malchus,  Martinian,  Denis,  John,  Serapion  and  Constantino. 


THE  SEVEN  HILLS  OF  ROME.— Rome  was  built  upon 
the  Ayentine,  Capitoline,  Coelian,  Esquiline,  Palatine,  Quirmal 
and  Viminal  hills.  Their  altitude  above  the  Tiber  is  only  about 
150  feet.  

FOOD.— The  time  required  to  digest  the  various  kinds  of  food 
will  be  found  below: 


Hrs.  Min 

Rice,  boiled 1 

Eggs,  whipped  1  30 

Trout,  fresh,  fried.   .  1  30 

Soup,  barley,  boiled. . .  1  30 

Apples,  sweet,  raw —  1  30 

Venison  steak,  broiled.  1  45 

Sago,  boiled  1  45 

Tapioca,  boiled 2 

Barley,  boiled 2  20 

Milk,  boiled 2 

Liver,  beef,  broiled 2 

Eggs,  fresh,  raw 2 

Apples,  sour,  raw 2 

Cabbage,  raw 2  15 

Milk 2  15 

Egys,  roasted 2  15 

G  oose,  roasted 2  15 

Turkey,  roasted 2  30 

Cake,  sponge,  baked. . .  2  30 

Hash,  warmed 2  fO 

Beans,  pod,  boiled 30 

Parsnips,  boiled 2  30 

Potatoes,  Irish,  baked.  2  30 

Custard,  baked 2  50 

Oysters,  raw 2  45 


Hrs. 

Eggs,  soft  boiled 3 

Beefsteak,  broiled 3 

Mutton,   broiled 3 

Mutton,  boiled 3 


Soup,  bean,  boiled.. 
Chicken  soup,  boiled . .    3 

Pork,  salt,  broiled 3 

Mutton,  roasted 3 

Bread,  corn,  baked —    3 

Carrot,  boiled 3 

Sausage,  broiled 3 

Oysters,  stewed 3 

Butter 3 

Cheese,  old 3 

Bvead,  fresh,  baked...    3 
Turnips,  flat,  boiled. . . 
Potatoes,  Irish,  boiled. 

Eggs,  hard  boiled 

Green  corn,  boiled  ,.. 
Beans  and  beets,  boiled 
Salmon,  salted,  boiled. 

Veal,  fresh,  fried 

Cabbage,  boiled 4 

Suet,  boiled 5 


15 
IB 
16 

80 
20 

;*) 

30 
:!0 
80 
80 
30 
80 
86 
45 

30 
45 
80 


VALUE  OF  A  TON  OF  GOLD  AND  SILVER.-A  ton 

of  pure  gold  is  worth  $002,798.90,  and  81,000,000  in  gold  coin  weighs 
S.tiSo  lt>s.  A  ton  of  pure  silver  is  worth  §37,705,  and  $1,000,000  in 
silver  coin  weighs  58,921  tt>s. 


ROOSTER  IN  POLITICS  was  first  used  by  the  press  to 
head  the  announcement  of  political  victories  at  the  election  of 
1^44,  when  the  Democrats  "crowed"  over  the  defeat  of  Henry 
Clay  by  James  K.  Polk. 


GUIDE  AND   HAND-BOOK.  225 


SALT  RIVER.-  A  political  term  applied  to  an  imaginary 
stream  up  which  defeated  candidates  are  said  to  journey. 
Although  many  go  up  no  one  ever  comes  down  this  stream. 


MAINE  LAW.— A  political  term,  synonymous  with  pro- 
hibitory legislation,  owes  its  origin  to  the  fact  that  Maine  was 
the  first  state  to  pass  a  stringent  law  prohibiting  the  sale  of 
liquor.  The  law  was  adopted  by  Maine  in  1851,  and  has  since 
been  adopted  by  several  other  states. 


RELIGIOUS  DIVISIONS  OF  THE  WORLD. 

Roman  Catholics 201,000,000 

Protestants. . .   106,000,000 

Eastern  Churches.    81,000,000 

Followers  of  Confucius 80,000,000 

Sinto  Religion  14,000,000 

Judaism 7,0A0,000 

Buddhists 340,000,000 

Mohammedans 201,0  '0,000 

Brahmins 175,000,100 

The   number  of    the  various  churches  are   distributed  as 
follows : 

R.Cath.     Protesfts.    East  Ch. 

America 47300.000     30,000000    

Europe 147,300.000     71,500,000     69,300,000 

Asia  4,900,1100       l.,HOU,(K>J       8,500,000 

Africa  1,100.000       1,^00,000       3,200,000 

Australia  and  Polynesia 400,000       1,500,000 

Total .    201,000,000  106,000,000     81,000,000 


NOTES  ON  BELTING.— Don't  overwork  belts  by  over- 
loading them  or  by  running  them  tighter  than  necessary. 

The  whole  arrangement  of  shafting  and  pulleys  should  be  un- 
der the  direction  of  a  mechanical  engineer,  or  competent  ma- 
chinist. Destruction  of  machinery  anil  belts,  together  with  un- 
satisfactory results  in  the  business,  is  a  common  experience 
which  may,  in  most  cases,  be  traced  to  want  of  knowledge  and 
care  in  the  arrangements  of  the  machinery,  and  in  the  width  and 
style  of  the  belts  bought,  and  in  the  manner  of  their  use,  while  the 
manufacturers  of  the  '•  outfit"  are  often  blamed  for  bad  results 
which  are  caused  by  the  faulty  management  of  the  mill-owner 
himself. 

Having  properly  arranged  the  machinery  for  the  reception  of 
the  belts,  the  next  thing  to  be  determined  is  the  length  and  width 
of  the  belts. 

When  it  is  not  convenient  to  measure  with  the  tape-line  the 
length  required  the  following  rule  will  be  found  of  service:  — 
Add  the  diameter  of  the  two  pulleys  together,  divide  the  result 
by  ^,  and  inultiply  the  quotient  by  3J4,  then  add  this  product  to 
twice  the  distance  between  the  centers  of  the  shafts,  and  you 
have  the  length  require  '. 

The  width' of  belt  needed  depends  upon  three  conditions:—!. 
The  tension  of  the  belt.  2.  The  size  of  the  smaller  pulley,  and 
the  proportion  of  the  surface  touched  by  the  belt.  3.  The  speed 
of  the  belt. 

The  working  adhesion  of  a  belt  to  the  pulley  will  be  in  pro- 
portion both  to  the  number  of  square  inches  of  belt  contact  with 
the  surface  of  the  pulley,  and  also  to  the  arc  of  the  circuml er- 


226  THE  WESTERN   WORLD 


ence  of  the  pulley  touched  by  the  belt.  This  adhesion  forms  the 
basis  of  all  rig-lit" calculation  in  ascertaining  the  width  of  belt 
necessary  to  transmit  a  given  horse-power. 

In  the  location  of  shafts  that  are  to  be  connected  with  each 
other  by  belts,  care  should  be  taken  to  secure  a  proper  dis- 
tance one  from  the  other.  It  is  not  easy  to  give  a  definite  rule  as 
to  what  this  distance  should  be.  Circumstances  generally  have 
much  to  do  with  the  arrangement,  and  the  engineer  or  machin- 
ist must  u»e  his  judgment,  iiiakii  g  all  ihings  conform,  as  far  as 
may  lie,  to  general  principles  This  distance  should  be  such  as  to 
allow  of  a  gentle  sag  to  the  belt  when  in  motion. 

A  general  rule  may  be  stated  thus:— Where  narrow  belts  are 
to  be  run  over  small  pulleys,— 15  feet  is  a  good  average,— the  belt 
having  a  sag  of  1H>  to  2  inches. 

Fur  larger  belts,  working  on  largT  pulleys,  a  distance  of  20  to 
25  feet  does  well,  with  a  sag  of  2J£  to  4  inches. 

For  main  belts  working  on  very  large  pulleys,  the  distance 
should  be  25  to  30  feet,  the  belts  working  well  with  asag  of  4  to  5 
inches. 

If  too  great  a  distance  is  attempted,  the  weight  of  the  belt 
will  produce  a  very  heavy  sag,  drawing  so  hard  on  the  shaft  as  to 
produce  sreat  friction  in  the  bearings,  while  at  the  same  time 
the  belt  will  have  an  unsteady  flapping  motion,  which  will  de- 
stroy both  the  belt  and  machinery. 

If  possible  to  avoid  it,  connected  shafts  should  never  be  placed 
one  directly  over  the  other,  as  in  such  case  the  belt  must  be  kept 
very  tight  to  do  1  he  work.  For  this  purpose,  belts  should  be  care- 
fully selected  of  well  stretched  leather. 

It  is  desirable  that  theangle  of  the  belt  with  the  floor  should 
not  exceed  45  deg.  It  is  also  desirable  to  locate  the  shafting  and 
machinery  so  that  belts  should  run  off  from  each  shaft  in  oppo- 
site directions,  as  this  arrangement  will  relieve  the  bearings  from 
the  friction  that  would  result  when  the  belts  all  pull  one  way  on 
the  shaft. 

The  diameter  of  the  pulleys  should  be  as  large  as  can  be  ad- 
mitted, provided  they  will  not  produce  a  speed  of  more  than 
3,750  feet  of  belt  motion  per  minute.  Some  authorities  limit  this 
speed  to  3,000  feet. 

The  pulley  should  be  a  little  wider  than  the  belt  required  for 
the  work. 

The  motion  of  driving  should  run  with,  and  not  against,  the 
laps  of  the  belts. 

Tightening  or  guide  pulleys  should  be  applied  to  the  slack 
side  of  belts  and  near  the  smaller  pulley. 

Quick-motion  belts  should  be  made  as  straight  and  as  uniform 
in  section  and  density  as  possible,  and  endless  if  practicable,  that 
is,  with  permanent  joints. 

Belts  which  run  loose,  will,  of  course,  last  much  longer  than 
those  which  must  be  drawn  tightly  to  drive— tightness  being 
evidence  of  overwork  and  disproportion. 

Never  add  to  the  work  of  a  belt  so  much  as  to  overload  it. 

The  transmitting  power  of  a  double  belt  is  to  that  of  a  single 
belt  as  10  is  to  7.  In  ordering  pulleys,  the  kind  of  belt  to  be  used 
should  always  be  specified. 

The  strongest  part  of  belt  leather  is  near  the  flesh  side,  about 
$6  the  way  through  from  that  side.  It  is  therefore  desirable  to 
run  the  grain  (hair)  side  on  the  pulley;  in  order  that  the  strongest 
part  of  the  belt  may  be  subject  to  the  least  wear. 

The  fitsh  side  is  not  liable  to  crack,  as  the  grain  side  will  do 
•when  the  belt  is  old,  hence  it  is  better  to  crimp  the  grain  than  to 
stretch  It. 

Leather  belts  run  with  grain  side  to  the  pulley  will  drive  30 
per  cent  more  than  if  run  with  flesh  side.  The  belt,  as  well  as 
the  pulley,  adheres  best  when  smooth,  and  the  grain  side  adheres 
best  because  it  is  smoothest. 

A  belt  adheres  much  better  and  is  less  liable  to  slip  when  at  a 
quick  speed  than  at  a  slow  speed.  Therefore  it  is  better  to  gear 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK.  227 


a  w.ill  with  small  pulleys  and  run  them  at  a  high  velocity  than 
iv}«L«  large  pulleys  and  to  run  them  slower.  A  mill  thus  geared 
cc«ts  less  and  has  a  much  neater  appearance  than  with  large 
heavy  pulleys. 

Belts  should  be  kept  clean  and  free  from  accumulations  of 
dust  and  grease,  and  particularly  from  contact  with  lubricating 
oils  some  of  which  permanently  injure  leather. 

Leather  belts  must  be  well  protected  against  water,  and  even 
m<  >ist  ure. 

India-rubber  is  the  proper  substance  for  belts  exposed  to  the 
weather,  as  it  does  not  absorb  moisture  and  stretch  and  decay. 

Jirlts  should  be  kept  soft  and  pliable. 

TIGHT  BELTS.—  Clamps  with  powerful  screws  are  often 
used  to  put  on  belts  with  extreme  tightness,  and  with  most  inju- 
rious strain  upon  the  leather.  They  should  be  very  judiciously 
used  for  horizontal  belts,  which  should  be  allowed  sufficient 
slackness  to  move  with  a  loose  undulating  vibration  on  the  re- 
turning side,  as  a  test  that  they  have  no  more  strain  imposed  than 
is  necessary  simply  to  transmit  the  power.. 

RULES  FOR  CALCULATING  THE  HORSE  POWER 
WHICH  CAN  BE  TRANSMITTED  BY  BELTING.-No 
rules  can  be  given  whfch  will  apply  to  all  cases.  Circumstances 
and  conditions  must  and  will  modify  them,  Belts,  for  instance, 
for  machines  which  are  frequently  stopped  and  started,  and 
shifting  belts  must  be  wider,  to  stand  the  wear  and  tear  and  to 
overcome  the  starting  friction,  than  belts  which  run  steadily  and 
uninterruptedly.  For  belts,  however  running  under  ordinarily 
favorable  conditions  the  rules  given  below  may  be  regarded  as 
safe  and  reliable. 

The  average  thickness  of  single  belts  is  3-16  of  an  inch,  and 
when  made  of  good  ox-hide, well  tanned,  their  breaking  strength, 
per  inch  of  width,  has  been  determined  as  follows: 

In  the  solid  leather 675  tts. 

At  the  rivet  hole*  of  splices 362   " 

At  the  lacing  holes 210   " 

The  safe  working  tension  is  assumed  to  be  45  fts.  per  inch  of 
width,  which  is  equal  to  a  velocity  of  about  60  square  feet  per 
minute  per  horse-power,  which  is  safe  practice  for  single  belts  in 
good  condition 

To  find  the  horse-power  of  a  belt :  Multiply  the  circumference 
<in  inches)  of  the  pulley  by  the  number  of  revolutions  per  minute, 
and  the  product  by  the  width  of  the  belt,  and  divide  by  8,640. 


FUSING  POINT.— The    following    articles    melt  at    the 
degree  of  heat  Fahrenheit  above  zero  opposite  each : 


Antimony 797 

Brass 1,90° 

Bismuth 500 

<  '<  >i  ipi-r 1,742 


Cast  Iron — 

Gold....- 2,283 

Glass ..    400 


Gutta  Percha 150 

Lead 617 

Lard 96 

Silver 1,833 

Tin 438 

Zinc  707 

Ice 35 


FREEZING  POINT.-The  following  table  indicates  the 
degree  of  cold  above  zero  Fahrenheit,  at  which  the  liquids  named 
solidify : 


Strong  Wine 20 

Turpentine  (Spirits)  15 


Milk 29 

Water 32 


BOILING  POINT.— The  degrees  above  zero  Fahrenheit  at 
which  liquids  boil  is  indicated  below  : 


Quicksilver 630 

Lins-ed  Oil  .. 000 

Alcohol 175 


Petroleum 305 

Water 210 

Blood  Heat 98 


228 


THE   WESTERN  WORLD 


VELOCITY  OF  FALLING  BODIES.-The  velocities  of 
falling  bodies  are  as  the  times  of  their  descent  and  the  spaces 
fallen  through  are  as  the  square  of  the  times.  The  force  of 
gravity  varies  slightly  at  different  latitudes.  At  45  deg.  the  ve- 
locity for  the  first  second  of  the  fall  is  16.083  feet.  For  practical 
purposes  it  is  sufficiently  accurate  to  call  it  16  feet.  The  follow- 
ing table  exhibits  the  relation  of  time,  space  and  velocity: 


Time 
in  Sec. 

Space  fallen 
through  in  feet. 

Velocity  acquired 
at  end  of  time, 
feet. 

Space  fallen  through 
in  last  second  of  fall, 
in  feet. 

1 

16 

32 

16 

2 

64 

64 

48 

^ 

3 

145 

96 

80 

4 

257 

129 

113 

5 

402 

161 

145 

6 

580 

193 

177 

7 

789 

225 

209 

8 

1,060 

257 

241 

9 

1,303 

290 

273 

10 

1,600 

322 

306 

VELOCITY   OF    SOUND.— The  velocity  through  air  in- 
creases with  the  temperature.    At 

32  deg.  Fahrenheit,  velocity  =  1,093  feet  per  second. 

62     "  "       =1,126 

90     "  "  "        =1,156      " 


TELEGRAPH  MILEAGE ,  ETC.-The  United  States  has 
about  three  times  as  many  milts  of  telegraph  line  as  Russia, 
which  has  about  55,000  miles,  being  the  most  of  any  foreign 
country.  The  Western  Union  Line  had  150,000  miles  of  line  in 
1884,  or  433,000  miles  of  wire.  It  transmits  over  40,000,000  messages 
in  a  year,  and  realizes  a  profit  of  about  $7,750,000  per  annum.  At 
an  average  cost  to  the  sender  of  f  orty-eight  cents  per  message, 
the  average  profit  to  this  company  is  about  nineteen  cents  a  mes- 
sage. Total  telegraph  mileage  in  the  world  is  561,000. 


THE  IRON  FURNACES  in  the  United  States  number 
about  690  and  have  an  annual  capacity  of  over  5,200,000  tons  of 
pig  iron.  The  full  capacity  is  not  taxed,  the  requirements  not 
reaching  so  high. 


THE  AVERAGE  WEIGHT  OF  PERSONS    in  America 
is  :    Man,  144  pounds  ;  woman,  122  pounds. 


BIG  TREES.— There  are  in  Calaveras  county,  California,  10 
trees  over  30  feet  in  diameter,  and  86  with  diameters  ranging  from 
14  to  23  feet.  These  trees  ai-e  believed  to  be  from  900  to  2,000  years 
old.  They  average  200  feet  high,  the  tallest  being  244  feet. 


THE  ANNUAL  EXPENDITURES  OF  THE  GOV- 
ERNMENT of  the  United  States  is  about  $190,000,000  for  all 
purposes. 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK 


229 


NEWSPAPERS,  NUMBER  IN  UNITED   STATES.- 

The  number  of  daily  newspapers  in  the  United  States  is  over 
1.400,  and  the  number  of  papers  printed  every  day  is  upwards  of 
5.300,000.  The  number  of  tri-weeklies,  60;  semi-weeklies,  200; 
w-cok lies,  10,500;  fortnightlies,  425;  monthlies.  1,600;  quarterlies, 
etc..  120.  The  total  number  of  papers  and  periodicals  published 
is  about  14,000.  

BOOKS,  NUMBER  OF,  PUBLISHED.-The  number  of 
new  books  published  in  the  world  averages  over  100  different 
ones  per  day.  

DIVORCES.— The  number  of  divorces  per  1,000  marriages, 
is  4  in  London,  11  in  Berlin.  15  in  Munich,  25  in  Vienna,  25  in 
Paris,  48  in  Chicago,  73  in  Boston,  and  218  in  San  Francisco. 


SIGNERS  OF  THE  MAGNA  CHARTA.— Out  of  the  26 
barons  who  signed  the  Magna  Charta,  only  three  could  write 
their  names,  the  remainder  made  their  marks. 


BIGGEST  DIAMONDS.— The  six  largest  diamonds  in  the 
world  are  the  Kohinoor,  weighing  103  carats ;  Star  of  Brazil,  125 
carats ;  Regent  of  France,  136  carats ;  Austrian  Kaiser,  139  carats ; 
Russian  Czar,  193 ;  Rajah  of  Borneo,  367  carats. 


SNOW,  when  melted,  produces  one-eighth  of  its  volume  of 
water.  

CARRYING  CAPACITY  OF    A  TEN-TON  FREIGHT 
CAR. 


Cattle 18  to  20  head. 

Hogs 50  "  60     " 

Sheep 80  "100     " 

Whisky 60  barrels. 

Salt 70     ' 

Lime 70     " 

Flour 90     " 

Eggs 130tol60     " 

Flour 200sacks. 

Wood 6  cords. 


Butter 20,000  pounds. 

Lumber 6,'  00  feet. 

Barley 300  bushels. 

Wheat 340 

Flax  Seed 360 

Apples. 70 

Corn  400 

Potatoes. 430 

Oats 680 

Bran 1,000 


DURABILITY  OF  WOODS.— Experiments  by  driving 
sticks,  made  of  different  woods,  each  2  feet  long  and  1^  inches 
square  into  the  ground,  only  one-half  an  inch  projecting 
outward,  have  been  made.  It  was  found  that  in  five  years,  all 
those  made  of  oak,  elm,  ash,  fir,  soft  mahogany,  and  nearly 
every  variety  of  pine,  were  totally  rotten.  Larch,  hard  pine 
and  teak  wood  were  decayed  on  the  outside  only;  while  acacia 
and  poplar,  with  theexception  of  being  also  slightly  attacked  on 
the  exterior,  were  otherwise  sound.  Hard  mahogany,  locust  and 
cedar  of  Lebanon  were  in  tolerably  good  condition;  but  only 
Virginia  cedar  was  found  as  good  as  when  put  in  the  ground. 
This  is  of  some  importance  to  builders,  showing  what  woods 
should  be  avoided,  and  what  others  used  by  preference  in  under- 
ground work.  The  duration  of  wood  when  kept  dry  is  very 
great,  as  beams  still  exist  which  are  known  to  be  nearly  1,4'JO 
years  old.  Piles  dri%'en  by  the  Romans  prior  to  the  Christian 
era  have  been  examined  of  late,  and  found  to  be  perfectly  sound 
after  an  immersion  of  nearly  2,000  years.  Hard  wood  stumps 


230  THE  WESTERN  WORLD 


decay  in  5  to  7  years;  spruce  stumps  decay  in  about  the  same  time 
hemlock  stumps  in  8  to  9  years;  cedar,  poplar,  8  to  12  years;  pint 
stumps  last  a  generation.  Cedar,  oak,  poplar,  yellow  pine  ai>  ' 
chestnut  are  the  most  durable  woods  in  dry  places. 


LIMIT  OF  PERPETUAL  SNOW  AND  GROWTH  01' 
TREES.— On  the  Andes,  in  lat.  2  deg.,  the  limit  of  perpeuiu* 
snow  is  14,760  ft.  In  Mexico,  lat.  19  deg.,  the  limit  is  13,800  ft.;  on 
the  peak  of  Teneriffe,  11,454  ft.;  on  Mount  Etna,  9,000ft.;  on 
Caucasus,  9,900  ft.;  on  the  Pyrenees,  8,400  ft.;  in  Lapland,  3,100  ft.: 
in  Iceland,  2,890  ft.  The  walnut  ceases  to  grow  at  an  elevation 
of  3,600ft.;  the  yellow  pine  at  6,200  ft.;  the  ash  at  4,800  ft.;  and 
the  flr  at  6,700  ft.  The  loftiest  inhabited  spot  on  the  globe  is  the 
Port  House  of  Ancomarca,  on  the  Andes,  In  Peru.  16,000  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea.  The  fourteenth  peak  of  the  Hima- 
layas, in  Asia,  25,695  feet  high,  is  the  loftiest  mountain  in  the 
world.  

AREA  OF  IMPORTANT  ISLANDS. 


Azores  

Sq.  Miles. 
996 

Madagascar 

Sq.Miles. 
233315 

Bahamas  

5,422 

Malta  

95 

Borneo  

200,000 

New  Zealand 

94  000 

Ceylon  
Crete  

24,700 
6,200 

Sandwich  
San  Domingo. 

6,000 
18000 

Cuba     

42,883 

Sicily 

440 

Cyprus  

9,000 

Staten  Island 

112 

Hayti  

11,000 

St.  Helena  

47 

Long  Island 

1,682 

Vancouver's  

.  ..        13,000 

FASTEST  ONE  MILE  TIME.— Trotting  horse  Maud  S, 
2  min.,  9J4  seconds;  pacing  horse  Johnston,  2  min.,  6!4  seconds; 
running,  Ten  Broecke,  1  min.,  39%  seconds;  running  man,  W. 
Cummings,  4  min.,  16J  seconds;  swimming  man,  C.  F.  Senk,  12 
min.  42J4  seconds. 

AGES  ATTAINED  BY  BIRDS. 

Blackbird  lives 13  years.       Parrot  lives 65  years. 

Blackcap  lives  15  years.       Partridge  lives 15  years. 

Canary  lives 24  years.       Peacock  lives 24  years. 

Crane Ijves 27  years.       Pelican  lives    58  years. 

Crow  lives 100  years.       Pheasant  lives 15  years. 

Eagle  lives 100  years.       Pigeon  lives  20  years. 

Fowl  (common)  Ivs.  12  years.       Raven  lives 100  years. 

Goldfinch  lives 15  years.       Robin  lives      12  years. 

Goose  lives 50  years.        Skylark  lives  30  years. 

Heron  lives 60  years.  Sparrow  Hawk  lives    40  years. 

Lark  lives. 18  yesrs.       Swan  lives 100  years. 

Linnet  lives 23  years.       Thrush  lives 10  years. 

Nightingale  lives ...  18  years .        Wren  lives 3  years . 


AGES  ATTAINED  BY  DIFFERENT  ANIMALS.— 
An  elephant  lives  400  years;  a  whale,  400;  a  tortoise,  100;  a 
camel,  4C;  a  horse.  30;  a  bear,  25;  a  lion,  30;  an  ox,  25;  a  cat,  15;  a 
dog,  16;  a  sheep,  10;  a  squirrel,  8;  a  guinea  pig,  7. 


THE    USE    OF  CAPITALS.  —  1.  Every   entire  sentence 
should  begin  with  a  capital.    2.  Proper  names,  and  adjectives 


GUIDE   AND  HAND-BOOK.  231 


derived  from  those,  should  begin  with  a  capital.  3.  All  appella- 
tions of  the  deity  should  lx?gin  with  a  capital.  4.  Official  imd 
honorary  titles  begin  with  a  capital.  5.  Every  line  of  poetry 
should  begin  with  a  capital.  6.  Titles  of  books  and  the  heads  of 
their  chapters  and  divisions  ai'e  printed  in  capitals.  7.  The  pro- 
noun, I,  and  the  pvdamation,  O,  are  always  capitals.  8.  The 
days  of  the  week,  and  the  months  of  the  year,  begin  with  capi- 
tals. !i.  Every  quotation  should  begin  with  a  capital  letter.  10. 
Kames  of  religious  denominations  begin  with  capitals.  11.  In 
preparing  accounts,  each  item  should  begin  with  a  capital.  12. 
Any  word  of  special  importance  may  begin  with  a  capital. 


VITALITY  OF  SEEDS,  showing  the  limit  of  time  beyond 
which  the  seeds  named  become  useless  for  sowing. 

Beans 2  years.       Onion 1  year. 

Beets  7  years.        Parsnip 1  year 

Cabbage 4  years.        Peas 2  years. 

Carrot 2  years.        Radish 3  years. 

Celery 2  years.        Squash          '0  years. 

Cucumber 10  years.       Sweet  Corn 2  years. 

Lettuce 3  years.       Tomato 7  years. 

Melon 10  years.        Turnip  4  years. 


THERMOMETERS.— Fahrenheit,  boiling  point,  212  deg.; 
freezing  point,  32  deg.  Centigrade,  boiling  point,  100  deg.; 
freezing  point,  0  deg.  Reaumur,  boiling  point,  80  deg.;  freezing 
point,  0  deg.  

RULES  FOR  OBTAINING  WEIGHT  OF  IRON.-For 
round  bars  multiply  the  square  of  the  diameter  in  inches  by 
the  length  in  feet,  and  the  product  by  2.6.  The  product  will  be 
the  weight  in  pounds,  nearly. 

For  square  and  flat  bars  multiply  the  area  of  the  end  of  the 
bar  in  inches  by  the  length  in  feet,  and  that  by  3.32.  The  product 
will  be  the  weight  in  pounds,  nearly. 

Wrought  iron,  usually  assumed :  A  cubic  foot,  480  Ibs ;  a 
square  foot,  1  inch  thick,  40 Ibs;  a  bar  1  inch  square,  1  foot  long, 
3&  Ibs :  a  bar  1  inch  square,  1  yard  long,  10  Ibs. 

To  find  the  weight  of  cast  iron  balls  when  the  diameter  is 
given,  multiply  the  cube  of  the  diameter  by  .1377. 

To  find  the  diameter  of  cast  iron  balls  when  the  weight  is 
given,  multiply  the  cube  of  the  weight  by  1.936. 

To  find  the  weight  of  a  spherical  shell :  From  the  weight  of  a 
ball  of  the  outer  diameter  subtract  the  weight  of  one  of  the  in- 
ner diameters.  

WEIGHT  OF  GRINDSTONES.— Square  the  diameter  (in 
Inches);  multiply  by  thickness  (in  inches);  then  by  the  decimal 
.06863 ;  the  product  will  be  the  weight  of  the  stone  in  pounds. 


RAILROAD  IRON  MILE  OF  TRACK -To  find  the 
number  of  gross  tons  of  rail  to  the  mile :  divide  the  weight  per 
yard  by  7  and  multiply  by  11.  Example.  For  56  pound  rail : 
56divided by7equals8multipliedby  11, equals 88 tons.  Thenumber 
of  tons  of  2,000  Ibs.  required  per  mile  is  very  nearly  ¥fa  times  the 
weight  per  yard. 


CROSS-TIES   PER   MILE    OF    SINGLE  TRACK.— 18 

inches  from  center  to  center,  3,520  ties;  20  inches,  3,708  ties;  22 
inches,  2,889  ties ;  22.5  inches  2,81(5  ties  ;  24  inches,  2,610  ties  ;  25.7 
inches,  2,4fi4  tins;  27  inrhes.  2,347  ties;  27.7  inches,  2,288  ties;  30 
inches,  2,112  tics ;  33  inches,  1,920  ties ;  86  inches,  1,760  ties. 


232 


THE   WESTERN   WOULD 


FENCES.  —According  to  the  best  estimates  there  are  6,000,000 
miles  of  farm  fences  in  the  United  States,  costing:  over  $2,000,- 
000,000.  In  many  states  the  fences  on  a  farm  cost  more  than  the 
buildings  standing  on  it,  aud  that,  too,  where  lumber  is  abundant 
and  cheap. 


WEIGHT  OF  VARIOUS  MATERIALS.-The  following 
table  gives  the  weight  per  cubic  foot  of  the  various  materials, 
etc.,  named : 


Materials. 
Asphaltum         

Lbs. 

..87 

Materials. 
Gypsum. 

Lbs. 
143 
57 
66 
114 
168 
53 
168 
160 
180 
106 
155 
72 
80 
140 
170 
57 
165 
117 
100 
150 
175 
180 
5  to  12 

15  to  50 
125 
58.6 
63 
170 
115 
60.5 

Basalt 

J81 
to  125 
134 
150 
110 
112 
78 
60 
145 
34 
23 
21 
18 
119 
93.5 
84 
79 
46 
137 
119 
to  125 
250 
Itf2 
192 
157 
172 
158 
163 
165 
60 

Gunpowder,  coarse  
fine 

Brick,  common,  .from  100 
"      pressed 

Ivory                            ..  .. 

"      tire  

.Limestone  

Brickwork,  in  mortar.  . 
"  cement.. 
Cement,  Portland,  loose 
"         Hosendale    " 
Chalk,  solid      

.Lime,  quick. 

Ma  rble  

Masonry,  ashlar  

"         rubble  

Mortar,  average    .  
Millstone  

Charcoal,  from  birch  .  . 
"      flr  
oak  
"     pine  — 
Clay  

Pitch 

Plaster  of  Paris,  cast  .  . 
Plumbago  

Porphyry..       

Coal,  anthracite  .  ... 

Pumice-stone. 

bituminous  

Quartz        

"      cannel  

Sand,  river. 

Coke  

"      course   

Concrete,  in  cement  .  .  . 
"          ordinary  
Earth     from  77 

Sandstone  

Slate,  American  
Welsh 

Emery  

Snow,  fresh  fallen  
"       wet  and  compact- 
ed by  rain 

Flint   

Glass,  flint               .... 

common  window 
"       plate 

Sulphur    

Tallow 

"       flooring  

Tar  

Granite,  gray  

Trap  

"           red  

Tile  

Gutta-percha  

Wax,  bees     

WEIGHT   OF  VARIOUS   WOODS  per  cubic  foot  are 
given  below : 


Timber  Lbs. 

Apple 49 

Ash 47 

Beech 43 

Birch 45 

Box    . .          60 

Cedar,  West  Indian 47 

American 35 

"         Lebanon 30 

Cherry 42 

Chestnut 41 

Cork 15 

Ebony 74 

Elm 35 

Hemlock 25 

Hickory. 53 

Hornbeam 47 


Timber.  Lbs. 

Iron  wood 71 

Larch 35 

Lignum-vitne 83 

Mahogany,  Spanish 53 

Honduras "5 

Maple,  rock  49 

soft 42 

Oak,  live 6H 

"     white 52 

"     red 45 

Pine,white ^5 

"    yellow,  Northern 35 

"        "         Southern 4o 

Sycamore 37 

Teak 46 

Walnut 35 


GUIDE    AND    HAND-BOOK. 


233 


WEIGHT  OF  LIQUIDS.—  The  weight  of  fresh  water  is 
in  practice  usually  assumed  at  62}^  fts.  per  cubic  foot.  But  62)4 
would  be  nearer  the  truth  at  ordinary  temperatures,  about  70 
cleg.;  or  a  ft.  =27.759  cubic  inches. 


Liquid.  Lbs. 

"Water,  distilled,  00  deg.  F.  8.33 

sea 8.55 

"         Dead  Sea 10.4 

Acid,  Acetic 8.78 

"      Nitric 10.16 

"      Sulphuric 15.48 

"      Muriatic 9.93 

Alcohol,  pure 6.7 

proof 7.62 

of  commerce...  6.93 

Cider.. 8.4 


Liquid.  Lbs. 

Honey 12. 

Milk 8.55 

Molasses 11.66 

Oil,  Linseed 7.85 

"   Olive 7.62 

"   Turpentine 7.16 

"    Whale 6.65 

Naphtha 7. 

Petroleum 7.39 

Tar 8.4 

W  ines  (average) 8.3 


Atmospheric  air  at  60  deg.  Fahr.,  and  under  pressure  of  one 
atmosphere,  or  14.7  ft>s.  per  sq.  inch  weighs  1-815  part  as  much  as 
water  at  60  deg.  Specific  gravity  =  .00123  =  .0765  tt>s.  per  cubic 
foot. 


WEIGHT  OF  VARIOUS  METALS. -The  weights  of  the 
various  metals  per  cubic  loot  are  given  below : 


Metals.  Lfcs. 

Aluminum 166 

Antimony,  cast 419 

Bismuth 613 

Brass,  cast 524 

Bronze 534 

Copper,  cast 537 

Copper  wire  ..  ..  555 

Gold,  24  caret 1,208 

Gold,  standard 1,106 

Gun  metal 528 

Iron,  cast 450 


Metals.  Lbs. 

Iron,  wrought 485 

Lead,  cast 708 

Lead,  rolled 711 

Mercury 849 

Platinum I,3i4 

Platinum,  sheet 1,436 

Silver,  pure 654 

Silver,  standard 644 

Steel 490 

Tin,  cast 455 

Zinc , 437 


WEIGHT  OF  VARIOUS  PRODUCTS. 


Per  bu. 

Wheat 60  Ibs. 

Corn  (shelled) 56    " 

Corn  (on  the  cob) 70    " 

Rye    56    " 

Barley    48    " 

Buckwheat  (in  Pa.)....  50 
(in  Ky.)....  52 
(in  Mass.)..  48 

Oats  (in  Ills.,  Mass.) 32 

"    (in  Ohio) 33 

"    (in  Kentucky) 33^ 

"    (in  Maine  and  Pa.)   30 

Clover-seed 60 

Flax-seed 56 

Timothy-seed 45 

Hemp-seed. 48 

Bluegrass-seed 14 

Red-top  seed 14 


Per  bu. 

Hungarian-grass  seed..  50  Ibs. 

Broom-corn  seed  52  " 

Sorghum  seed 40  " 

Corn-meal 50  " 

Brun  20  " 

Beans 60  " 

Onions  (in  Pa.  and  Ky.) .  57  ' 

"      (in  Mass.) 52  " 

Salt,  Turks1  Island 76  " 

"     Syracuse 56  " 

"     Liverpool 50  " 

Potatoes 60  " 

Peaa  64  " 

Dried  Apples  (in  Pa.) ...  22  " 

(in  111.)...  24  " 

"    Peaches  (in  Pa.)...  33  " 

(in  111.)...  32  " 


CAPACITY  OF  BOXES.-A  box  24  inches  long  by  16 
inches  wide  and  28  inches  deep  will  contain  5  bushels.  A  b9X  24 
inches  long  by  16  inches  wide  and  14  inches  deep  will  contain  2}£ 
bushels.  A  box  14  inches  wide,  23  1-25  inches  long  and  10  inches 
deep,  will  contain  1J4  bushels.  A  box  16  inches  square  and  8  2-5 


234 


THE  AVESTERN  WORLD 


inches  deep,  will  contain  1  bushel.  A  box  16  inches  long  bj*  8  3-5 
inches  wide  and  8  inches  deep,  will  contain  }&  bushel.  A  box  8 
inches  square  and  82-5  inches  deep,  will  contain  1  peck.  A  box 
8  inches  long  by  8  2-5  inches  wide  and  4  inches  deep  will  contain 
1  gallon.  A  box  8  inches  long  by  4  inches  wide  and  4  1-5  inches 
deep  will  contain  }^  gallon.  A  box  4  inches  square  and  4  1-5 
inches  deep  will  contain  1  quart.  * 


RULE  FOR  MEASURING  CAPACITY  OF  SQUARE 

CISTERNS.— Multiply  the  length  in  feet  by  the  width  in  feet, 
and  multiply  that  by  1 .728,  then  divide  by  231.  The  quotient  will 
be  the  number  of  trallons  capacity  of  one  foot  in  depth. 

CIRCULAR  CISTERN.— Multiply  the  square  of  the  diam- 
eter by  .7854,  or  the  square  of  the  circumference  by  .0795*.  in 
order  to  find  the  area  of  the  cistern,  then  multiply  the  area  by 
the  depth  in  inches,  and  divide  the  product  by  231.  The  quotient 
will  equal  the  number  of  gallons  the  cistern  will  contain.  In 
measuring  cisterns,  etc..  3l£6  gallons  are  estimated  to  one  barrel ; 
63  gallons  to  one  hogshead. 


SIZES  OF  PAPER.— Size  of  flat  writing  papers,  card-b^ard, 
etc.:  Letter,  10x16;  flat  cap,  14x17;  crown,  15x19;  demy,  ]ii\:>i ; 
folio  post,  17x22;  medium,  18x23;  royal,  19x24;  card-board,  22-28  ; 
colored  medium  cover  paper,  20x25 ;  glazed  and  plated  cover 
paper,  20x24;  flat  foolscap,  13x16 ;  double  flat  letter,  16x20 ;  check 
folio,  17x24 ;  double  cap,  17x28 ;  super  royal,  20x38 ;  imperial, 
23x31  inches. 


SIZES  OF  BOOKS.— A  sheet  foldel  in  2  leaves  makes  a 
folio  size ;  4  leaves,  quarto,  or  4to;  8  leaves,  octavo,  or  8vo;  12 
leaves,  duodecimo,  or  12mo;  Id  leaves,  sixteenmo,  or  16mo. 
These  names  are  still  retained  to  designate  the  sizes  of  books, 
though  the  reason"  for  them  has  ceased. 


SEED  TO  THE  ACRE.— The  opinions  of  farmers  differ 
materially ;  and  then  the  climate  and  soil  have  much  to  do  with 
the  quantity.  The  quantity  of  seed  sown  broadcast  to  the  acre, 
is  about  as  follows : 

Wheat 1M  to   2   bu. 

Barley 1 5^  to 

Oats 2     to 

Rye 1     to 

Buckwheat %  to 

Millet 1     to 

Indian-corn  —  1     to 

Beans 2     to 

Peas 2J^to 

Hemp 1     to 

The  quantity  per  acre,  when  planted  in  rows,  .in  drills,  is 
about  thus : 

bu. 


Flax  .         .             \ 

£  to  2   bu. 
to  24  qts. 
to  20      " 
to  16      " 
to   3  Ibs. 
to  16      " 
to   4      " 

to  15      " 
to  30      " 

Timothy                12 

Mustard  8 
Red-top      ....    12 

Flat  Turnip.  ...    2 
Red  Clover  10 
White  Clover...    3 
Kentucky  Blue- 
grass  10 
Orchard  Grass..  20 

Broom-corn ...  1 

Beans 1 

Peas     I 

Peanuts 1 


to  2^ 

;to2 

,to2 
to  2 


Onions 4  to  5  Ibs. 

Carrots 2  to  2^  " 

Parsnips 4  to  5  " 

Beets 4  to  6 


HAY.— A  ton  is  ?12  cubic  feet  in  the  mow,  that  is,  when  it 
has  settled  down  and  become  solid. 


GUIDE  AXD  HAXD-BOOK. 


235 


TO  MEASURE  CORN  IN  CRIBS  when  the  Sides  are 

Straight.— Multiply  the  length,  breadth  and  height  in  inches  to- 
gether, and  divide  by  3744  (26  inch  gauge),  or  the  number  of  cubic 
inches  in  a  bushel  of  ears.  When  the  Sides  are  Flaring,  mul- 
tiply half  the  sum  of  the  top  and  bottom  width,  the  perpendic- 
ular height,  and  the  length  in  inches  together,  and  divide  the 
product  as  in  the  previous  rule. 


WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES. 


LONG  MEASURE. 

12  inches make    1  foot. 

3  feet '         1  yard. 

5&  yards  or  16^  feet 1  rod. 

4  rods 1  chain. 

10  chains  or  40  rods '         1  furlong. 

8  furlongs,  or  5,280  feet 1  mile. 

SQUARE  OR  SURFACE  MEASURE. 

144  square  inches.  make  1  square  foot. 

9  square  feet  '       1  square  yard. 

30J4  square  yards "       1  square  rod . 

16  square  rods '       1  square  chain. 

10  square  chains '       1  acre. 

640  acres '       1  square  mile . 

CUBIC  MEASURE. 

1728  cubic  inches make   1  cubic  foot. 

27  cubic  feet  1  cubic  yard . 

230  cubic  inches 1  standard  gallon  (U.  S.). 

2150.43  cubic  inches 1  standard  bushel  (U.  S.). 

50  cubic  feet  round  timber 1  ton. 

40  cubic  feet  hewn  timber 1  ton. 

40  cubic  feet  shipping  timber..  1  ton. 

16  cubic  feet 1  cord  foot. 

8  cord  feet,  or  128  cubic  feet..  1  cord  of  wood. 

16J^  cubic  feet 1  perch  of  stone. 

36  bushels,  or  57J4  cubic  feet. . .  1  chaldron  (for  coal,  etc.) 

SURVEYOR'S  MEASURE. 

7.92  inches make  1  link. 

100  links,  or  22  yards '        1  chain. 

80  chains '        1  statute  mile. 

69.121  miles '        1  geographical  degree. 

CLOTH  MEASURE. 

2J4  inches    make  1  nail. 

4  nails  '        1  quarter. 

4  quarters '        1  yard. 

3  quarters "        1  ell  Flemish. 

Squatters "        1  ell  English. 

6  quarters "       1  ell  French. 


236  THE  WESTERN   WORLD 


MISCELLANEOUS  WEIGHTS.-Barrel  of  flour  weighs 
196  Ibs.;  salt,  280  Ibs.;  beef,  200  Ibs.;  pork,  20»  'bs.;  fish,  200  Ibs.; 
keg  powder,  25  Ibs  ;  stone  of  lead  or  iron,  14  Ibs.;  pig  of  lead  or 
iron,  21}^  stone.  Anthracite  coal,  broken,  cubic  foot  averages  54 
Ibs.:  a  ton.  loose,  occupies  40  to  43  cubic  feet.  Bituminous  coal, 
broken,  cubic  foot  averages  49  Ibs.;  a  ton,  loose,  occupies  43  to 
48  cubic  feet. 
Cement  (Hy.)  Rosendale Bush.  =  70  Ibs. 


Louisville 
Portland 


Gypsum,  ground 

Lime,  loose 

Lime,  well  shaken  

Sand  at  98  Ibs.  per  cubic  ft 

18.29  bush.=  ton  1.181  ton=cu.'yd. 


=  62 
96 
70 


A  cable's  length.  =  240  yards. 

20  articles =  1  s  'ore. 

12  dozen =  1  gross. 

12  gross =  1  great  grs. 


A  cord  of  wood..=  128  cu.  ft. 

I  hand =  4  inches. 

1  span =9  inches. 


SHOEMAKERS'  MEASURE.-No.  1  of  small  size  is  4^ 
inches  long.  No.  1  of  large  size  is  8  11-24  inches  long.  Each  suc- 
ceeding number  of  either  size  is  one-third  of  an  inch  addi- 
tional length.  Sixty  pairs  of  shoes  equal  one  case. 


VALUE  OF  SCRIPTURAL  COINS : 

Dollars.  Cents. 

AGerao 0  2.5 

10=ABekah 0  2509 

20=        2=  A  Shekel 0  50.187 

1,200  =     120  =     50  =  A  Maneh.  or  Mina  (Heb.).         25  9  35 

60,000  =  6,000  =  3,000  =  60  =  A  Talent        1/05  62.5 

A  Solidus  Aureus,  or  Sextula,  was  worth    2  6409 

A  Siclus  Aureus,  or  Gold  Shekel,  was  worth  .  .  8  3 

A  Talent  of  Gold  was  worth 24,309  0 


TSCRIPTURAL  WEIGHTS  reduced  to  Troy  weight: 

Lhs.      Oz.    Diet.  Gr. 

The  Gerah,  one-twentieth  of  a  Shekel 0          0          0  12 

The  Bekah,  half  a  Shekel  0050 

The  Shekel 0          0         10  0 

The  Maneh,  60  Shekels  2          6          0  0 

The  Talent,  50  Manehs,  or  3,000  Shekels ....  125          0          0  0 


SCRIPTURAL  LIQUID   MEASURE   reduced   to  wine 
measure: 

Gals.     7'm/*. 

ACaph 0  0.62-i 

13=ALog 0  0.83o 

5.3=     4=  A  Cab         0  3.333 

6     =    12=      3=AHin 1  2 

82     =    24=     6=    2=ASeah    2  4 

96     =72=18=6=3=A  Bath,  Ephah  or  Fir- 
kin       7  4.50 

960     =  720=180=60=30=10=A  Kor,  Chores,  or 

Homer 75  5.25 


GUIDE   AND   HAND-BOOK. 


23T 


SCRIPTURAL  DRY  MEASURE  reduced  to  corn  measure: 

Bush.  Pks.    Gal.      Pints. 

A  Gachal 0          0          0          0.141 

20=ACab 0          0          0          2.83$ 

36=      1.8=  An  Omer,  or  Gomer 0          0          0          5.1 

120=      6     =     3.3=ASeah   0          1          0          1 

360=  18  =10  =  3=  AnEphah....  0  303 
1,800  =90  =50  =15=5  =  A  Letech  4000 
3,600  =180  =100  =  30  =  10  =  2  =  A 

Homer,  or  Kor 8  0  0  1 


SCRIPTURAL  LONG-  MEASURE  reduced  to  feet  and 
inches: 

Feet.  Inches. 

A  Digit 0  .912 

4=APalm 0  3.648 

12=      3=  A  Span 0  10944 

24=      6=      2=  A  Cubit 1  9.888 

96=    24=      8=    4  =  A  Fathom.  . .  ; 7  3.552 

144=    36=    12=    6=    1.5=  Ezekiel's  Reed 10  11.328 

192=    48=    16=    8=    2.    -    1.3  =  AnArabianPole    14  7.104 
1,920  =  480  =  160  =80  =  20.    =  13.3  =  10  =  A   Measur- 
ing Line 145  11.04 


Miles.       Feet. 

A  Cubit 0  1.824 

400  =  Stadium,  or  Furlong 0        729.6 

2,000=     5  =  A  Sabbath  Day's  Journey :..  0  3,648 

4,000=    10=    2  =  An  Eastern  Mile 1  2,016 

12,000=    30=    6=    3=AParasang 4         768 

96.000  =  240  =  48  =  24  =  8  =  A  Day's  Journey 33        864 


238 


THE   WESTERN   WORLD 


COMPOSITION  OF  SOLDERS.— Fine  solder,  two-thirds 
tin  and  one-third  lead ;  glazing  solder,  half  tin  and  half  lead ; 
plumbing  solder,  one-third  tin  and  two-thirds  lead. 


NUMBER  POTJNDS  IN  A  BUSHEL  IN  DIFFERENT 
STATES. 


•I*oo    S  :  :! 


•paag 

J8AOIQ 


;     ggg     Jtg^gg     g    .S5S 


•paag 
SSBJQ  anm 


•paag 


•  1CICIC  i.t  X£l  lO 


•paag  XT3\£    g 


•  ceo    •»•«*<» 

•  is  o    •  a  a  a 


SS  ;S 


•saqoBaj 


Sa    8 


§3  : 


•saiddy 


:  :  :  igg 


S.     .'  Q  O  O  O  Q 
•      •  CO  CC  CO  u-  ^ 


gggggsss 


g    igggg    .g 


•sdtuanx 


S3    S  :  :  :  :  : 


•SUOIUQ      S 


S5SSS 


S 


S3  :S  : 


JC^^C^OQQQQO      •  C5  ^  Q  O  ^  O  Q 


•  <5Q5^5g5    •    'C3    •    'cs    •     c5^cj    -o    • 


•qoy  am 
uo  uaoo 


-.sssssssssssssssssssssssss 


SSSS3SSSSSSi  :S  :SSS 


:  3  : 


Hi 


;o>  :  :  :afcji?  :§§S  ; 

'"^hL^l~lff^^"-     •"  ^*  Q    ^  C  *"•  £ 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK. 


COMMON  NAMES  OF  DRUQS. 

Common  Names.  Chemical  Names. 

Aqua  f  ortis Nitric  acid. 

Aqua  regia Nitro-muriatic  acid. 

Blue  vitriol .  Sulphate  of  copper. 

Cream  of  tartar Bitartrate  potassium. 

Calomel Chloride  of  mercury. 

Chalk Carbonate  calcium. 

Caustic  potash Hydrate  potassium. 

Chloroform  Chloride  of  formyl. 

Common  salt Chloride  of  sodium. 

Copperas,  or  green  vitriol Sulphate  of  iron. 

Corrosive  sublimate  Bi-chloride  of  mercury. 

Diamond Pure  carbon . 

Dry  Alum Sulphate  aluminum  and  potas- 
sium. 

Epsom  salts Sulphate  of  magnesia. 

Ethiops  mineral Black  sulphide  of  mercury. 

Fire  damp  Light  carburetted  hydrogen. 

Galena Sulphide  of  lead . 

Glauber's  salt Sulphate  of  sodium. 

Glucose Grape  sugar. 

Iron  pyrites Bi-sulphide  iron. 

Jeweler's  putty Oxide  of  tin 

King's  yellow Sulphide  of  arsenic 

Laughing  gas Protoxide  of  nitrogen. 

Lime Oxide  of  calcium. 

Lunar  caustic Nitrate  of  silver. 

Mosaic  gold Bi-sulphide  of  tin. 

Muriate  of  lime Chloride  of  calcium. 

Saltpetre Nitrate  of  potash. 

Oil  of  vitriol Sulphuric  acid. 

Potash Oxide  of  potassium. 

Realgar Sulphide  of  arsenic . 

Red  lead Oxideof  lead. 

Rust  of  iron Oxide  of  iron. 

Salmoniac Muriate  of  ammonia. 

Salt  of  tartar Carbonate  of  potassa. 

Slacked  lime Hydrate  calcium. 

Soda , Oxide  of  sodium. 

Spirits  of  hartshorn Ammonia. 

Spirit  of  salt Hydro-chloric  or  muriatic  acid. 

Stucco,  or  plaster  of  Paris Sulphate  of  lime. 

Sugar  of  lead Acetate  of  lead . 

Verdigris Basic  acetate  of  copper. 

Vermillion Sulphide  9f  mercury. 

Vinegar Acetic  acid  (diluted). 

Water Oxide  of  hydrogen. 

White  precipitate Ammoniated  mercury. 

"White  vitriol Sulphate  of  zinc 


COMPARATIVE  YIELD  OF  GRAINS,  VEGETABLES 
AND  FRUITS  PER  ACRE. 


Lhs. 
per  acre. 
Hops                     44'' 

Lhs. 
per  acre. 
Cherries              2  000 

Lhs. 
per  acre. 
Apples.                8,000 

Wheat       1,2(50 
Barley   .  .           1  600 

Onions  2,800 
Hay      4.COO 

Turnips  8,430 
Cinq'e  foil  gra's  9,601 

Oats                    1  840 

Pears        .  .        5,000 

Vetches,  green.  9,800 

Peas  1,9?0 
Beans       .      ..  2  000 

Grass  7.000 
Carrots  .   .       .6/00 

Cabbages  10,900 
Parsnips  11,200 

Plums...         .  2.000 

Potatoes     .   ..  7.500 

Mangel  Wurzel22,000 

240 


THE   WESTERN  WORLD 


AVERAGE   VELOCITY. 


Per  hour. 

3  miles. 

7 

20 
18 
10 

3 


A  man  walks 

A  horse  trots 

A  horse  runs 

Steamboat  runs 

Sailing  vessel  runs 

Slow  rivers  flow 

Rapid  rivers  flow 

A  moderate  wind  blows , 

A  storm  moves 

A  hurricane  moves 

A  rifle  ball  moves 1,000 

Sound  moves.  743 

Light  moves 193,000  miles  per  sec. 

Electricity  moves 28b,000      "  " 


7 

36 
BO 


AVERAGE    PER    CENTAGE    OF    ALCOHOL    IN 
LIQUORS. 


Scotch  Whisky 54.53 

Irish  Whisky 53.9 

Rum 53.68 

Gin 51.6 

Brandy 53.39 

Burgundy 14.57 

Cape  Muscat 18.25 

Champagne  (still)  13.80 

Champagne  (sparkling). . .  12.61 

Cider 5.2  to  9  8 

Constantia 19.75 

Gooseberry  Wine 11.48 


Currant  Wine 20.50 

Port 22.90 

Madeira 22.27 

Teneriff  e 19.79 

Sherry 19.17 

Claret. 15.1 

Elder 8.79 

Ale 6.87 

Porter 4.2 

Malaga 17.26 

Khenish 12.8 

Small  Beer 1.28 


PROMISSORY  NOTES,  LAWS  OF. 

Demand  Notes  are  payable  on  presentation  without  grace, 
and  bear  legal  interest  after  a  demand  has  been  made,  if  not  so 
written .  An  indorser  on  a  demand  note  is  held  only  for  a  lim- 
ited time,  variable  in  different  states. 

A  Negotiable  Note  must  be  made  payable  either  to  bearer, 
or  be  properly  indorsed  by  the  person  to  whose  order  it  is  made. 
If  the  indorser  wishes  to  avoid  responsibility,  he  can  indorse 
"without  rewwae." 

A  Joint  Note  is  one  signed  by  two  or  more  persons,  who 
each  become  liable  for  the  whole  amount. 

Three  Days'  Grace  are  allowed  on  all  time  notes,  after  the 
time  for  payment  expires;  if  not  then  paid,  the  indorser,  if  any, 
should  be  legally  notified,  to  be  held. 

Notes  Falling'  Due  Sunday,  or  on  a  legal  holiday,  must  be 
paid  the  day  previous. 

Notes  Dated  Sunday  are  void. 

Altering-  a  Note  in  any  manner  by  the  holder  makes  it 
void. 

Notes  Given  by  Minors  are  void. 

The  Maker  of  a  note  that  is  lost  or  stolen  is  not  released 
from  payment  if  the  amonnt  and  consideration  can  be  proven. 

Notes  Obtained  by  Fraud,  or  given  by  an  intoxicated  per- 
son cannot  be  collected. 

An  Indorser  has  a  right  of  action  against  all  whose  names 
were  previously  on  a  note  indorsed  by  him. 

Deposits  of  Money  in  a  Bank  placed  to  the  credit  of  de- 
positors, are  always  subject  to  their  check  for  full  amount  due. 


GUIDE   AND   HAND-BOOK.  241 

ORIGIN  AND  MEANING  OF  PERSONAL  NAMES. 

MALE. 

Names.  Origin.  Meaning. 

Aaron Hebrew Mountain . 

Abraham Hebrew Father  of  many. 

Adam Chaldaic Red  Earth. 

Albert Saxon All  bright. 

Alexander Greek A  helper  of  men. 

Alfred.. Saxon  All  peace. 

Amos Hebrew A  burden. 

Andrew Greek Courageous. 

Anthony Latin  Flourishing. 

Archibald German A  bold  observer. 

Arthur British A  strong  man. 

Alonzo Spanish Chivalry. 

Allan Scotch. Pious  Minstrel. 

Benjamin Hebrew Son  of  a  right  hand. 

Cecil Saxon Harmony. 

Clarence Saxon Clear. 

Charles German High  spirited,  noble. 

Christopher Greek Christ  bearing. 

Claude Saxon Virtuous. 

Cyrus Persian Great. 

Daniel Hebrew God  is  judge. 

David  Hebrew Well  beloved. 

Donald Spanish A  fine  gentleman. 

"jridgar Saxon Fortunate,  happy. 

Edward Saxon.  Happy  reaper. 

Eugene Greek Nobly  descended . 

Francis German Free. 

Frank French.  ...Generous,  brave,  openhearted. 

Frederick German Rich,  peace. 

Gabriel Hebrew The  strength  of  God. 

George Greek A  husbandman. 

Guy French The  mistleloe  shrub. 

Henry German  A  rich  lord. 

Herbert German ..A  bright  lord. 

Hugh  Dutch. High,  lofty. 

Horace Greek Light  of  the  sun . 

Hans German  Melodious  singer. 

Isaac Hebrew Laughter. 

Jacob   Hebrew A  supplanter. 

James Roman  Charity,  beguiling. 

John   Hebrew The  grace  of  the  Lord. 

Joseph Hebrew Addition. 

Jesse Hebrew The  root  of  David. 

Laurence Latin Crowned  with  laurel. 

Lewis French Defender. 

Luke Greek A  wood  or  grove . 

Louis. French For  the  people. 

Michael Hebrew Who  is  like  God. 

Mark Latin A  hammer. 

Martin Latin Martial . 

Matthew Hebrew A  gift. 

Maurice Latin Spring  of  a  moor. 

Moses Hebrew Drawn  from  the  water. 

Nathaniel Hebrew Gift  of  God;  no  guile. 

Nicholas G*eek Victory  of  the  people. 

Nathan  Hebrew Given;  agift. 

Noah Arabian Peace ;  rest. 

Owen British  Well  descended . 

Oliver Saxon  Peaceful;  serene. 

Oscar  Polish Heart  breaker. 

Patrick Latin A  nobleman. 

Paul.. Latin Small;  little. 


243  THE   WESTERN   WOULD 


Peter Greek A  rock  or  stone. 

Philip Greek A  lover  of  horses. 

Percy Saxon A  Lord. 

Raymond German Quiet;  peace. 

Reuben Hebrew The  son  of  vision . 

Richard Saxon Powerful. 

Robert.. .  German Famous  in  counsel . 

Roger German  Strong  counsel. 

Samuel .Hebrew Heard  of  God . 

Stephen Greek A  crown  or  garland. 

Silas Greek Worthy  to  be  praised. 

Sidney ^ British Bruised  ;  troubled. 

Theodore Greek The  gift  of  God. 

Thomas Hebrew A  twin. 

Timothy Greek A  fearer  of  God. 

Vincent Latin Conquering. 

Walter German A  woodmaster. 

William German Defending  many. 

Wesley English Brightly  shining. 

Zachariah Hebrew Remembering  the  Lord. 

FEMALE    NAMES. 

Abbie English A  refuge. 

Adeline German A  princess. 

Agnes German Chaste . 

Alice German Noble. 

Amy French Beloved. 

Amelia French Loving. 

Anna Hebrew A  prophetess. 

Ada Hebrew A  mountain. 

Angeline Roman Sweet  messenger. 

Barbara Latin Foreign  or  strange. 

Beatrice .Latin Making  happy. 

Bertha Greek Bright  or  famous. 

Blanche French Fair. 

Bessie Saxon    Little  Eliza. 

Belle Spanish The  best;  the  gayest. 

Bridget   .Celtic    Shining;  bright. 

Catharine Greek Pure ;  good . 

Charlotte French —  All  noble . 

Caroline Latin Noble  spirited. 

Clara Latin Clear  and  bright. 

Constance Latin Constant. 

Carrie — Latin Pet  Caroline. 

Cornelia Roman Bright  sunbeam . 

Cora Greek Keen  wit. 

Dora Celtic Prolific . 

Delia Spanish Accommodating. 

Delia  Celtic Shining;  bright. 

Edith Saxon Happiness. 

E&eth,  } Hebrew Theoathof  God. 

Emily   Saxon A  nurse. 

Emma German A  nurse. 

Erne Scotch Heart's  devotion. 

Elsie Welsh M irthf ul. 

Emmaline Saxon My  little  nurse. 

Ettie Herman Sprightly;  household  pet. 

Frances German Free. 

Florence Italian /Vernal  duty. 

Flora British  Lovely  bloom. 

Gertrude German All  truth. 

Grace Latin Favor. 

Helen Greek A  most  beautiful  woman. 

Hannah. .  Hebrew.  .The  Lord  has  come  to  her  relief. 

Harriet British  A  line  lady. 

Hattie English A  handsome  lady. 


GUIDE   AND  HAND-BOOK. 


243 


Henrietta British  Of  noble  birth. 

Isabella Spanish    Fair  Eliza . 

Ida Greek A  lofty  mountain. 

Jane British God'sgrace. 

Jeanette Scotch Little  Jane. 

Josephine French A  saver  of  life. 

Julia Roman Charming;  virtuous. 

J  uliet •. Roman  Noble  and  sprightly. 

Jessie   Scotch My  present. 

Katrina German My  beautiful  Kate. 

Lucy Latin Shining1. 

Lydia Greek Descended  from  the  Lord . 

Louisa   French Defender  of  the  people. 

Laura Greek Famed  ;  worthy. 

Lillie Saxon Purity. 

Mabel Latin Lovely. 

Margaret German A  pearl. 

Martha Hebrew Bitter. 

Maud Greek A  lady  of  honor. 

Minnie Hebrew Numbered  ;  prepared. 

Mary Hebrew A  drop  of  salt  water ;  a  tear. 

Maria Spanish Mary . 

Matilda British Queenly. 

Nellie Saxon Fair  and  faithful. 

Olive Persian Peace. 

Paulina Latin Feminine  of  Paul. 

Hose Latin Perfection. 

Susan Hebrew A  lily . 

Sarah Hebrew A  princess. 

"Viola .Spanish Joyous  visitant. 

BELATIVE  VALTJE  OF  FOOD  FOB  STOCK. 

One  hundred  pounds  of  good  hay  for  stock  are  equal  to : 

Articles.  Pounds.         Articles.  Pounds. 

Beets,  white  silesia 469  Lucerne 

Turnips 369  Clover,  red,  dry 

Rye-straw 397  Buckwheat 

Clover,  red,  green 373  Corn 

Carrots  371  Oats 59 

Mangolds 368>$  Barley 58 

Potatoes,  kept  in  pit  ....  264  Rye.     , 

Oat-straw 317  Wheat 44}. 

Potatoes 360  Oil-cake,  linseed 43 

Carrot  leaves  (tops) 13.5  Peas,  dry 37J 

Hay,  English 100  Boans 23 

HOUSEWIFE'S  TABLES. 

1  pound  of  wheat  flour  is  equal  to 1  quart. 

1  pound  and  2  ounces  of  Indian  meal  make 1 

1  pound  of  soft  butter  is  equal  to 1 

1  pound  and  2  ounces  of  be^t  brown  sugar  make .  1 

1  pound  and  1  ounce  of  powdered  white  sugar  make —  1 

1  pound  of  broken  loaf  sugar  is  equal  to 1 

4  large  tablespoonf  uls  make J4  gill. 

1  common-sized  tumbler  holds Ja  pint. 

1  common-sized  wine-glass  is  equal  to  — J^  gill. 

1  tea-cup  holds 1  gill. 

1  large  wine-glass 2  ounc's 

1  tablespoonf  ul  is  equal  to Mi  ounce 


POPULATION  OF  THE  WORLD.— Asia,  670,000,000; 
Europe,  320,000,000 ;  Africa,  200,000,000;  North  America,  75,000,000; 
Oceanica,  40,000,000 ;  South  America,  30,000,000. 


244 


THE  WESTEKN  WORLD 


QUALIFICATIONS  OF  VOTERS   IN   THE  VARIOUS 
STATES. 


STATES. 

Requirement 
as  to 
Citizenship. 

RESIDENCE  IN 

State 

Co. 

Voting 
Prec'ct 

Alabama.  .  .  . 
Arkansas  — 
California... 
Colorado  .... 
Connecticut 
Delaware  .  .  . 

Florida  

Citizens  or  declared  intention. 
Citizens  or  declared  intention. 
Actual  citizens  
Citizens  or  declared  intention. 
Aci  ual  citizens  

'yr.. 
yr.. 
lyr.. 
ti  mos 
1  vr 

3  mos 
6  mos 
90dys 

Imo... 
Imo... 
30dys.. 

timos 
Imo. 

6  mos 

6  mos 

!H)dys 
00  dys 
60  dys 

6  mos.  . 

Actual  County  taxpayers  
1  United  States   citizens    or  / 

lyr.. 
lyr.. 

1  yr. 
lyr 

Georgia  
Illinois  

Actual  citizens  
Actual  citizens  

30dys.. 
30dys.. 

Indiana  

Citizens  or  declared  intention  . 
Actual  citizens  

6  mos 
6  mos 
6  mos 
2yrs. 
lyr  . 
3  mos 

Kansas  
Kentucky... 
Louisiana..  . 
Maine 

Citizens  or  declared  intention  . 
Free  white  male  citizens  
Citizens  or  declared  intention  . 
Actual  citizens  

30  dys.. 
60dys.. 
30  dys.  . 

lyr.. 
6  mos 

Maryland  .  .  . 
Mas  ohusetts 
Michigan  — 
Minnesota... 
Mississippi  . 
Missouri  — 
Nebraska  .  .  . 
Nevada  
N.H'mpshire 
New  Jersey. 
New  York  .  . 
N.  Carolina. 
Ohio  
Oregon  
Penn  .  . 
Rhode  Island 
S.  Carolina.  . 
Tennessee..  . 
Texas  

1  yr 

8  mos 

Citizens  
Citizens  or  declared  intention  . 
Citizens  or  declared  intention. 

1  yr.  . 
3  mos 
1  mos 
6  mos 
l  yr. 
ti  mos 
(5  mos 

6  mos.  . 
10  dys.. 
10  dys.. 

i  mo. 
60dys 

Citizens  or  declared  intention. 
Citizens  or  declared  intention. 
Citizens  or  declared  intention. 
Actual  citizens  

30dys 

T'D.is'm 

Actual  citizens. 

lyr. 
I  yr.  . 

5  mos 
4  mos 
90dys 

Actual  citizens.  

SOdys.. 

Actual  citizens  

12  mo 
lyr 

Actual  citizens..           

Citizens  or  declared  intention  . 
Actual  citizens  
Actual  tax-paying  citizens  — 
Actual  citizens  
Actual  citizens  

6  mos 
lyr.. 
lyr.. 
lyr.. 
12  mo 
lyr. 
lyr. 

60dy' 
6  mos 
6  mos 

2  mos.. 
T'n.6m 

Citizens  or  declared  intention. 
Actual  citizens  

(imos.  . 

Vermont  — 
Virginia  
W.  Virginia. 

Wisconsin... 

Actual  citizens  
Actual  citizens  
Citizens  or  declared  intention. 

12  mo 
lyr.. 
lyr.. 

00  dys 

T'n.3  m 

OIL  IN  SEEDS. 


Kinds  of  Seed.       Per  cent  Oil. 

Rapeseed 55 

Sweet  Almond . .  47 

Turnip  seed 45 

"White  mustard. . . 67 

Bitter  Almonds 37 

Hempseed 19 

Linseed  ...  . .  17 


Indian  corn 7      Barley 


Kinds  of  Seed.       Per  cent  Oil, 

Oats 6fcs 

Clover  hay 5 

Wheat  bran 4 

Oat-straw      4 

Meadow  hay 3J4 

W  heat-straw.  3 

AVheat flour..  ..  3 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK. 


245 


DIFFERENCE  IN  TIME.-The  following  table  shows  the 
time  at  different  places  when  it  it  12  o'clock  (noon)  at  New  York 
city. 


NAMES  OF  CITIES. 

Time  when 
it  is  12  n  oo  ii 
at  N.Y. 

NAMES  OF  CITIES. 

Time  when 
it  is  12  noon 
at  N.Y. 

Albany,  N.  Y  

12.01  P.M. 

11.18A.M. 
11.50A.M. 
11.50A.M. 
12.21  P.M. 
12.12  P.M. 
12.03  P.M. 
12.00  M. 

11.40  A.M. 
10.51  A.M. 
12.03  P.M 
11.36A.M. 
11.05A.M. 
11.18A.M. 
11.29A.M. 
11.24  A.M. 

12.10  P.M. 
10.34  A.M. 
10.53A.M. 

11.19  A.M. 
9.57  A.M. 
10.42  A.M. 
11.24  A.M. 

10.54  A.M. 
11.55  A.M. 
11.49A.M. 
11.07A.M. 
11.15A.M. 

10.37  A.M. 
11.49  A.M. 
12.05  P.M. 

11.12  P.M. 

10.37  A.M. 

10.50  A.M. 

10.3  r  A.M. 

10.47  A  M. 

11.14  A.M. 

12.10  P.M. 
10.55  A.M. 

11.05  A.M. 
11.04A.M. 
11.10A.M. 

Nashville,  Tenn  .  . 
Newark,  N.  J  
Newburgh,  X.  Y.. 
Newberry  port. 
Mass 

11.09  A.M. 
11.59A.M. 

12.0014. 

12.12  P.M. 
12.04P.M. 
10.56  A.M. 

12.11  P.M. 
11.51  A.M. 

12.05  P.M. 
12.07  P.M. 

11.54  A.M. 

10.32  A.M. 

11.55  A.M. 
11.36  A.M. 

12.02  P.M. 
12.15  P.M. 
12.00  M. 
12.10  P.M. 

11.46A.M. 
11.43A.M. 

8.50  A.M. 
10.55  A.M. 
10.44  A.M. 

9.28  A.M. 
10.23  A.M. 
8.46  A.M. 

11.32A.M. 

10.58  A.M. 
12.05  P.M. 

11.51  A.M. 
11.07  A.M. 
11.22  A.M. 

i:.54  A.M. 

11.58  A.M. 
11.56  A.M. 

10.53  A.M. 
11.48  A.M. 
11.33A.M. 
11.54  A.M. 
12.10  P.M. 

Atlanta,  Ga  

Auburn,  N.  Y  
Baltimore,  Md  

1  i:iiiii"(  ir.  Me 

Boston,  Mass  
Bridgeport,  Conn.. 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y.... 
Buffalo,  N.  Y  
Burlington,  Iowa.. 
Burlington,  V.  T.. 
Charleston,  8.  C.... 
Chicago,  111  
Cincinnati,  O  
Cleveland,  O  
Columbus,  O    
Concord,  N.  H    ... 
Council  Bluffs,  la.  . 
Davenport,  Iowa.. 
Dayton,  O     .     ... 

New  Haven.Conn. 
New  Orleans,  La. 
Newport,  K.I  
Norfolk,  Va  
Northampton,  Mass 
Norwich,  Conn... 
Ogdensburg,  N.Y. 
Ornaha,  Neb  
Philadelphia,  Pa.. 
Pittsburg,  Pa  
Pittsneld,  Mass... 
Portland,  Me  
Poughkeepsie,N.Y 
Providence,  R.I.. 
llichmond,  Va  — 
Rochester,  N.  Y.. 
Sacramento,  Cal.. 
St.  Louis,  Mo  
St.  Paul,  Minn  
Salt     Lake     City, 
Utah 

Denver  Col 

Des  Moines,  Iowa  . 
Detroit,  Mich  
Dubuque,  Iowa.    . 
Easton,  Pa  
Elmira,N.  Y  
Evansville,  Ind.  .  . 
Fort  Wayne,  Ind  . 
Galveston,  Tex..  . 
Harrisburg,  Pa..  . 
Hartford,  Conn  
Indianapolis,  Ind.. 
Kansas  City,  Mo  .  .  . 
Keok  ik,  Iowa  ... 
Leaven  worth,  Kan 
Little   Rock,  Ark. 
Louisville,  Ky  
Lowell,  Mass 
Memphis,  Tenn  .  . 
Milwaukee,  Wis.. 
Mobile,  Ala  
Montgomery,  Ala.  . 

San  Antonio,  Tex. 
San  Francisco,  Cal. 
Savannah,  Ga.  ... 
Springfield,  111      . 
Springneld,  Mass. 
Syracuse,  N.  Y  
Terre  Haute,  Ind. 
Toledo.  O  

Trenton,  N.  J  
Troy.  N.  Y  

Utica,  N.  Y  

Vicksburg,  Miss.. 
Washington,  D.C. 
Wheeling.  W.  Va. 
Wilmington,  Del. 
Worcester,  Muss.  . 

NT7MBE1 

Name  .          Length  . 
1     oz  14      inch 
M      3-16     ; 

zx  :::::^i6 

3         % 
4         7-16       ' 
6          9-16       ' 
8         fc. 

.  OF  TACI 

No. 
16000 

CS  TO  THE  POUND. 

Name.            Length.               No. 
10  oz      .     .11-16  inch  1,600 

10  66t> 

13      %               1,333 

8000 

14           .      13-16             1,143 

6,400 

16      J6                1,000 

5333 

18            ...  15-16            888 

4000 

20              ..1                           ...      800 

..  .    2666 

22        11-16           727 

..  2.000 

24       H6              •          .     066 

246 


THE  -WESTERN   WORLD 


NUMBER  OF  NAILS  TO  THE  POUND. 


Name.  Size.          No.      \Name. 

3  penny,  fine  1^  inch  760  nails.  1 16  penny, 


480 
300 
200 
160 
128 
92 
72 
60 
44 


fence  2 


Size.  No. 

3J4  inch  32  nails. 

4  "      24 
4>4     "      18 

5  "       14 
"      12 
"       80 
"      50 
"  '  34 


3 

3M 


29 


TIME  AT  WHICH  MONEY  DOUBLES  AT  INTEREST. 


Per  Cent.  Simple  Interest. 

2 50  years. 

2^ 40  years. 

3 33  years  4  months. 

3J6 28  years  208  days. 

4 25  years. 

4J<5 22  years  81  days. 

5 20  years. 

6 16  years  8  months. 

7 14  years  105  days. 

8 12^  years. 

9 11  years  40  days. 

10 10  years. 


Cnmpoundlnterezt. 
35  years  2  days. 
28  years  26  days. 
23  years  164  days. 
20  years  54  days. 
17  years  246  days. 
15  years  273  days. 
15  years  75  days. 
11  years  328  days. 
10  years  89  days. 

9  years     2  days. 

8  years   16  days. 

7  years  100  days. 


WAGES  PAID  IN  EUROPE  AND  UNITED  STATES. 
— Comparative  rates  of  weekly  wages  paid  in  Europe  and  in  the 
United  States  in  1878.  The  wages  paid  in  the  United  States  vary, 
diminishing  in  the  East  and  South  and  increasing  at  the  West 
and  North-west. 


Belgium. 

Denmark-  . 

Franco. 

Germany. 

X 

s 

hH 

Great 

Britain. 

»   g1 
,•    u 

P§ 

Bakers  

8 

4  40 

8 
4  2o 

$ 

$ 
3  50 

3vflO 

$ 
6  50-  5  60 

8-  12 

Blacksmiths  
Bookbinders 

440 

3  90 

3  72 

5  45 

4  85 

;;  55 

3  82 

3  1)4 
3  'JO 

7  04-  8    2 

6  5l>-  7  83 

9-  12 

9-  "0 

Bricklayers  
Cabinetmakers.. 
Carpenters   and 
Joiners  
Farm  laborers.  . 

6  00 
4  80 

5  40 

4  25 

4  00 
6  00 

5  42 
3  15 

3  60 
3  97 

4  00 
2  K7 

,'(  •).-> 
495 

4  18 
3  50 

7  58-  9  03 
7  70-  8  48 

733-8  25 
3  40-  4  25 

6-  10J 
7-  15 

7J-12 

Laborers,  etc.  . 

3  00 

^  !I2 

2  6i> 

4  50-  5  00 

5J-  9 

Painters    .... 

4  20 

4  15 

4  90 

3  92 

4  60 

7  25-  8  16 

6-  12 

Plasteres  
Plumbers  
Printers  

540 
6  00 

4  62 

'5'50' 
4  70 

3  80 
3  60 
4  80 

435 
3  90 
3  90 

7  68-10  13 
7  13-  8  46 

9-  15 
12-  20 
12-  18 

Shoemakers.  

3  30 

4  75 

3  12 

4  32 

-  7  35 

9-  18 

Tailors  

4  10 

5  10 

3  58 

4  30 

5  00-  7  30 

6-  18 

Tinsmiths  

480 

390 

4  40 

3  05 

360 

6  00-  7  30 

9-  12 

GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK. 


247 


PRICES  OF  THE  NECESSARIES  OF  LIFE  in  Europe 
and  the  United  States. 


B 

3 

«5 

5 

X 

J 

d 

be 

e 

E 

•;? 

03  •£, 

8 

0) 

£ 

01 

C5 

s 

O 

6 

Cts 

a*. 

Ct8. 

Cts. 

Cts. 

Cts. 

Beef—  roast  Ib 

20 

22 

22 

20 

22 

8-J2* 

Corned  .  .  .  Ib 

16 

16 

13 

12 

18-20 

4-7 

Beans  qt 

10 

13 

9 

5-  9 

Bread  Ib 

4-  5 

3 

3-7 

6 

3*-  4* 

4—  4^1 

Butter     ...      .Ib 

20-50 

25 

22 

28 

29-38 

16-40 

Coal  ton 

$4  25 

$11  00 

$265-$410 

$3-6  75 

Codnsh    Ib 

9 

6-  8 

5-  9 

Coffee  Ib 

30-40 

30 

35 

32 

28-50 

16-40 

Eggs  doz 

20-25 

18 

20 

18 

14-30 

10-24 

Flour..     Ib 

4 

5*4 

10 

3*-  4* 

2U_4* 

Lard  Ib 

20 

21 

22 

12-18 

6-10 

Milk  qt 
Mutton  foreqr..lb 
Oatmeal  Ib 

'"ie 

'is' 

it* 

7 
15 

5-  9 
16-17 
3*-  4* 

3-6 
5-12* 
4-  o 

Pork,  fresh  Ib 

16 

14 

17 

13 

10-16 

4-5 

salted  Ib 

16 

14 

17 

18 

10-16 

6-12 

bacon  .  .  .  Ib 

18 

20 

20 

22 

12-16 

7-12 

sausage...  Ib 

20 

16 

19 

20 

18 

6-10 

Potatoes  bu 

56 

50 

50 

$  1  15 

68-32  00 

60-80 

Rice  Ib 

9 

6 

5-10 

Soap  Ib 

10 

4 

5!!-  9 

3-8 

Sugar  Ib 

15^20 

H 

rf2  in 

7-10 

Tea  .Ib 

75 

73 

40-88 

25-81.00 

FASTEST  TRANSATLANTIC  TIME  ON  RECORD.— 

he  time  of  passage  given  in  the  table  below  represents  the 
quickest  ocean  trips  on  record.  It  will  be  seen  that  we  are  gain- 
ing in  speed. 


MLS. 

STEAMER. 

DATE. 

D.  H.M. 

New  York  to  Queenstown 
New  York  to  Queenstown 
Now  York  to  Queenstown 
New  York  to  Queenstown 
New  York  to  Queenstown 
Queen-itown  to  New  York 
New  York  to  Queenstown 
Queenstown  to  New  York 
New  York  to  Queenstown 
Philadelphia  toQuecnst'ii 
New  York  to  Havana.  .  . 
Havana  to  New  York  
New  York  to  Aspinwall.. 
Asplnwall  to  New  York.. 
S.Francisoo  to  Yokohama 
Yokohama  to  S.Francisco 
Queenstown  to  New  York 

2,950 
2,950 
2.050 
2,«50 
2,950 
2,950 
',',950 
2,950 
2.1150 
13,050 
1,225 
1,225 
2.3(iO 
2,300 
4,76  1 
4,704 
2,950 

July,  1884 

6    652 
7    7  48 
7    9  23 
7  12  46 
7  15  48 
7  18  02 
8    6  30 
8    258 
it    x  12 
8  18  13 
4    043 
3  10    7 
6  14  .. 
6    530 
15    9  .. 
14  13 
6    531 

Arizona  
Arizona  . 
Britannic  
City  of  Berlin. 
City  of  Berlin. 
llnssia  
Russia  

Sep.,  188! 
June  187ft 
Dec.,  1S7C. 
Oct.,  LOTS 
•<ep..  1875 

JlllV.lSti!) 

June  sti'.i 
..1869 

Illinois  
C'y  Vera  Cruz. 
Cityof  N.Y'rk. 
Hy.  Chauncey 
Hy.  Chauncey 
Cty  of  Peking. 

Dtv.,is7»i 
Aug.  1876 
May,  1875 
1875 
......1875 

"!l876 

Etruria  

Aug.  1885 

248 


THE   WESTERN   WORLD 


CONTENTS  OF  LOGS  IN  BOARD  MEASURE  will  be 
found  in  the  following  table.  If  the  log-  is  longer  than  is  con- 
tained in  the  table  add  together  the  contents  of  two  log's  makinjr 
up  the  required  length.  The  first  column  on  the  left  gives  the 
length  of  the  log  in  feet.  The  figures  under  D  denote  the 
diameters  of  the  jogs  in  inches.  Fractional  parts  of  inches  are 
not  given.  The  diameter  is  taken  at  the  top,  or  small  end.  To 
line]  the  number  of  feet  of  boards  which  a  log  will  produce  when 
sawed,  take  the  length  of  feet  in  the  first  column  on  the  left  hand 
and  the  diameter  at  the  top  of  the  page  in  inches.  Allowance 
must  be  made  for  very  crooked  logs. 


Length 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

of  Log. 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

10  feet... 

54 

66 

76 

93 

lOt 

107 

137 

154 

179 

194 

210 

237 

256 

11  "  ... 

59 

72 

83 

102!  114 

131 

151 

169 

196 

213 

231  261 

270 

12  " 

64 

78 

90 

111 

124 

143 

164 

184  213 

21!" 

252 

285 

300 

13  "  ... 

69 

84 

97 

120 

134 

154 

177 

199i  231 

251 

273 

308 

827 

14  n  ... 

74 

90 

104 

120 

144 

166 

191 

214  24(1 

270 

293 

838 

avj 

15  "  ... 

79 

96 

111 

138 

154 

177 

204 

22!)  2HH 

880 

314 

806 

3-6 

16  "  ... 

84 

102 

118 

146 

164 

189 

217 

244  !  284 

308 

885 

379 

401 

17  "  ... 

89 

108 

126 

155 

173 

200 

231 

259;  301 

887 

3511 

402 

4'Jii 

18  "  ... 

94 

114 

133 

164 

183 

212 

244 

2741  319 

346  377 

«M 

451 

19  "  ... 

99 

121 

140 

173 

193 

223 

257 

287  336 

,65  398 

447 

477 

20  "  ... 

104 

127 

147 

182 

203 

236 

271 

304 

354 

384 

419 

473 

501 

21  "  ... 

109 

133 

154 

191 

213 

247 

284 

319 

371 

403 

440 

497 

527 

22  "  ... 

114 

139 

161 

200 

223 

259 

297 

334 

389 

422 

4«1 

680 

552 

23  "  .  . 

119 

145 

168 

209 

233 

270 

311 

MP 

407 

441 

481 

542 

508 

24  "  '.'.'. 

124 

151 

17fi 

218 

24:) 

282 

325 

364 

424 

460 

502 

5681  613 

25  " 

129 

157 

183 

227 

253 

203 

337 

8T9 

442 

479 

628 

691 

028 

26  "  '.'.. 

134 

163 

190 

23»> 

263 

305 

350 

394 

459 

498 

544 

615 

(53 

27  "  ... 

139 

169 

197 

245 

273 

316 

3<>3 

409 

477 

517 

565 

639 

678 

28  "  ... 

144  !  175 

204 

254 

283 

32* 

37(i 

424 

494 

'588 

586 

663 

703 

29  "  ... 

149  181 

211 

868 

293 

339 

3MI 

439 

512 

555 

607 

687 

728 

30  "  ... 

154  1H7 

218 

272 

303 

aii 

402 

454 

529 

574 

tea 

711 

753 

31  "  ... 

159 

193 

225 

281 

313 

362 

415 

469 

547 

593 

649 

735 

778 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

1). 

D. 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

96 

10  feet 

283 

309 

3:t9 

359 

377 

407 

440 

456 

486 

496 

543 

573 

11  " 

311 

340 

374 

:«'(>  415 

447 

48' 

5"2 

sa5 

546 

59K 

630 

12  " 

340 

371 

W8 

432  4.rvi 

489 

528 

548 

584 

596 

653 

688 

13  " 

369 

404 

442 

469 

491 

530 

572 

594 

633 

646 

708 

746 

14  " 

397 

435 

476 

505  529 

571 

618 

640 

682 

096 

762 

803 

15  " 

426 

465 

511 

541  567 

612 

662 

6*6 

731 

746 

817 

861 

16   ' 

455 

496 

545 

578  605 

653 

706 

I22 

780 

796 

872 

919 

17   ' 

483 

527 

579 

614  643 

694 

751 

778 

829 

846 

927 

976 

18   ' 

512 

558 

613 

6501  681 

7*5 

795 

8241  878 

896 

981 

1034 

19   ' 

541 

590 

647 

688  719 

776 

839 

870!  927 

946 

1036 

1092 

20   ' 

569 

621 

681 

724  757 

817 

884 

916!  976 

996 

1091 

1148 

21   ' 

598 

652 

716 

7601  796 

a59 

928 

962  1025 

1046 

1146 

1206 

22   ' 

627 

684 

750 

796 

834 

900 

972 

1008  1074 

1096 

1200 

1264 

23   ' 

655 

715 

784 

833 

872 

941 

1017 

10541123 

1146 

1255 

1318 

24  " 

684 

746 

818 

889 

910 

982 

1061 

1100 

1172 

1196 

1310 

1376 

25  " 

718 

777 

853 

906 

948 

1023 

1105 

1146 

1221 

1246 

1365 

1434 

26  " 

742 

808  887 

9421  986 

1064 

1149 

1192 

1270 

1296 

1420 

1492 

27  " 

771 

839  921 

979  1024 

1105 

1193 

1238 

1319 

1346 

1475 

1550 

28  " 

800 

870  955 

1015!  1062 

1146 

1237 

1284 

1368 

1396 

1530 

1608 

29  " 

829 

901  989 

10521100 

1187 

1281 

1330 

1417 

1446 

1585 

1666 

30  " 

858 

9321023 

1088  1138 

122S 

1325 

1376 

1466 

1496 

1640 

1724 

31  " 

887 

963 

1057 

1125 

1176 

1269 

1369 

1422 

1515 

1546 

1695 

1782 

GUIDE    AND   HAND-BOOK. 


249 


TO  FIND  THE  CONTENTS  OF  ANY  LOG.-Add  to- 
gether the  two  extreme  diameters,  and  divide  by  2  for  the  mean 
diameter.  Subtract  one-third  for  the  side  of  the  square  the  log 
will  make  when  hewn.  Square'  the  side  thus  obtained,  and 
multiply  the  product  by  the  length  of  the  log  in  feet,  and  divide 
the  last  product  by  144  (or  by  12  twice),  the  quotient  will  be  the 
cubical  contents  in  feet,  and  twelfths  of  a  foot. 


SHRINKAGE  OF  GRAIN.— Wheat  from  the  time  it  is 
threshed  will  shrink  7  per  cent  in  six  months,  under  the  most  fa- 
vorable circumstances.  Corn  shrinks  much  more  from  the  time 
it  is  husked,  averaging  about  20  per  cent  during1  the  first  six 
months.  In  the  case  or  potatoes— taking1  those  that  rot  and  are 
otherwise  lost— together  with  the  shrinkage,  there  is  but  little 
doubt  that  between  October  and  June  the  loss  to  the  owner  who 
holds  them  is  not  less  than  30  per  cent. 


BOARD  AND  PLANK  MEASUREMENT- AT  SIGHT. 
— This  table  gives  the  sq.  ft.  and  in.  in  board  from  6  to  25  in.  wide, 
and  from  8  to  36  ft.  long.  If  a  board  be  longer  than  36  ft.,  unite ' 
two  numbers.  Thus,  if  a  board  is  40  ft.  long  and  16  in.  wide,  add 
30  and  10,  and  you  have  53  ft.  4  in.  For  2-in.  plank  double  the 
product. 

To  find  the  contents  of  any  piece  thicker  than  one  inch, 
multiply  the  contents  of  a  similar  piece  one  inch  thick  as  given 
in  the  table,  by  the  thickness  in  inches.  All  stuff  less  than  one 
inch  thick  is  counted  as  an  inch  thick. 


1! 

*3 

6  in. 
W. 

7  in. 
W. 

8  in. 
W. 

9  in. 
W. 

10  in. 
W. 

11  in. 
W. 

12  in. 
W. 

13  in. 
W. 

14  in. 
W. 

15  in. 
W. 

ft.  in. 

ft.  in. 

ft.  in. 

ft.  in. 

ft.  in. 

ft.  in. 

ft.  in. 

ft.  in. 

ft.  in. 

ft.  in. 

8... 

4  0 

4   8 

5   4 

6  0 

6   8 

7   4 

8  0 

8  8 

9  4 

10  0 

9... 

4  6 

5  3 

6  0 

6   9 

7   6 

8  3 

9  0 

9   9 

10  6 

11  3 

10... 

5  0 

5  10 

6   8 

7   6 

8   4 

9  2 

10  0 

10  10 

11   8 

12  6 

11... 

5  6 

6  5 

7   4 

8  3 

9   2 

10  1 

11  0 

11  11 

12  10 

12  9 

12... 

6  0 

7   0 

8  0 

9  0 

10  0 

11  0 

12  0 

13  0 

14   0 

15  0 

13... 

6  6 

7  7 

8  8 

9   9 

10  10 

11  11 

13  0 

14   1 

15  2 

16  3 

14... 

7  0 

8  2 

9   4 

10  6 

11   8 

12  10 

14  0 

15   2 

16  4 

17   6 

15... 

7  6 

8  9 

10  0 

11   3 

12  6 

13  9 

15  0 

16  3 

17  6 

18   9 

16... 

8  0 

9   4 

10   8 

12  0 

13   4 

14   8 

Iri  0 

17   4 

18   8 

20   0 

17... 

8  6 

9  11 

11   4 

12   9 

14   2 

15   7 

17  0 

18   5 

19  10 

21   3 

18... 

9  0 

10   H 

12  0  13   6 

15  0 

16   6 

18  0 

19   6 

21   0 

22   6 

19... 

9  6 

11   1 

12   8 

14   3 

15  10 

17   5 

19  0 

^0   7 

22   2 

93  9 

20... 

10  0 

11   8 

13   4  15   0 

16   8 

18  4 

20  0 

21   8 

23   4 

?5   0 

21... 

10  6 

12  3 

14   0  15  9 

17   6 

19  3 

21   0 

22   9 

24  6 

26   3 

22... 

11  0 

12  10 

14  8  16  6 

18  4 

20  2 

22  0 

23  10 

25   8 

27   6 

23... 

11  6 

13   5 

15  4 

17   3 

19  2 

21   1 

23   (i 

24  11 

26  10 

28   9 

24... 

12  0 

14   0 

16  0 

18  0 

20  0 

22  0 

24  0 

26   0 

28   0 

30   0 

25... 

12  6 

14   7 

16   8 

18   9 

20  10 

22  11 

25   0 

27   1 

29   2 

31   3 

26... 

13  0 

15  2 

17   4 

19  6 

21   8 

23  10 

26   0 

28  2 

30  4 

32   6 

27... 

13  6 

15  9 

18  020   3 

22   6 

24   9 

27   0 

29   3 

31   6 

33   9 

28... 

14  0 

16   4 

18  8 

21   0 

23   4 

25   8 

28  0 

30   4 

32   8 

35   0 

29... 

14  6 

16  11 

19   4 

51   9 

24   2 

26   7 

29  0 

31   5 

33  10 

3»>   3 

30... 

15  0 

17   6 

30  0122  6 

25   0 

27   6 

30  0 

32  6 

a5  o 

37   6 

31... 

15  6 

18   1 

20  8 

23  3 

25  10 

28  5 

31  0 

33  7 

36  2 

38   9 

32... 

16  0 

18   8 

21  4 

24  0 

26   8 

29   4 

32  0 

34   8 

37   4 

4)   0 

33... 

16  6 

19   3 

22  024   9 

27   6 

30   3 

33  0 

35  9 

38  6 

41   3 

34... 

17  0 

19  10 

22   8 

25   (i 

28   4 

31   2 

34   0 

36  10 

39  8 

42   6 

35... 

17   6 

20   5 

23   4 

26  3 

29  2 

32   1 

35  0 

37  11 

40  10 

43   9 

36... 

18  0 

21   0 

24   0 

27  0 

30  0 

33  0 

36  0 

39  0 

42  0 

45  0 

250 


THE    WE8TE11N    WORLD 


-£  si 

1  = 

16  in. 
VV. 

17  in. 
W. 

18  in. 
W. 

19  in. 
W. 

20  in 
W. 

21  in. 
W. 

22  in. 
W. 

23  in. 
W. 

24  in. 
W. 

25  in. 
W. 

*  i-? 

ft.  in. 

ft.  in. 

ft.  in. 

ft.  in. 

ft.  in. 

ft.  in. 

it.  in. 

ft.  in. 

ft.  in. 

ft.  in. 

8... 

10  8 

11   4 

12  0 

12  8 

13   4 

14  0 

14   8 

15   4 

16  0 

16   8 

9... 

12   0 

12   9 

13  6 

14  3 

15   0 

15  9 

16   6 

17  3 

18  0 

18  9 

10... 

13   4 

14  2 

15   0 

15  10 

16   8 

17   6 

18   4 

19  2 

20  0 

20  10 

11... 

14   8 

15   ', 

16   6 

17   5 

18   4 

19  3 

20   2 

21   1 

22  0 

22  11 

12... 

16   0 

17   0 

18   0 

19   0 

20   0 

21   0 

22   0 

23  0 

24   0 

25   0 

13... 

17   4 

18   5 

19   6 

20   7 

21   8 

22   9 

23  10 

24  11 

26  0 

27   1 

14... 

18   8 

19  10 

21   0 

22  2 

23   4 

24   6 

-'   * 

26  10 

28   0 

29   2 

16... 

20  0 

21  3 

22   6 

23   9 

25  0 

26   3 

%   6 

28   9 

30   0 

31   3 

16... 

Jil   4 

22   8 

24  0 

25  4 

26   8 

28.  0 

29   4 

30   8 

32  0 

33   4 

17... 

22   8 

24   1 

25   6 

26  11 

28   4-29   9 

31  2 

32   7 

34.  0 

35  5 

18... 

24  0 

25   6 

27   0 

28   6 

30  0 

31   6 

33  0 

34  6 

36  037   6 

19... 

25   4 

26  11 

28   6 

30   1 

31  8 

33  3 

34  10 

36   5 

38  039   7 

20... 

26  8 

28   4 

30  0 

31   8 

33  4 

35  0 

36  8 

38  4 

40   041   8 

21... 

28  0 

29   9 

31   6 

33  3 

35  0 

36  9 

38   6 

40  3 

42   0 

43  9 

22... 

29   4 

31   2 

33  0 

34  10 

36  8 

38   6 

40  4 

42  2 

44  0 

45  10 

23... 

30  8 

32   7 

34   6 

36  5 

38  4 

40  3 

42   2 

44   1 

46  0 

47  11 

24... 

33  0 

34   U 

36   0 

38  0 

40  0 

42  0 

44  0 

46   4 

48  0 

50   0 

25... 

34  4 

35   5 

37   6 

39   7 

41   8 

43  9 

45  10 

47  11 

50  0 

52   1 

26... 

35   8 

36  10 

39  0 

41   2 

43  4 

45  6 

47   8 

49  10 

52  0 

54  2 

27... 

36   0 

38   3 

40   6  42   9 

45   047   3 

49   6 

51   9 

54  0 

56  3 

28... 

37   4 

39   8 

42  0 

44   4 

46   849   0 

51   4 

53   8 

56  0 

58  4 

29... 

38   8 

41   1 

43   6 

45  i: 

48   4|50   9 

53  2 

?5   7 

58  0 

60  5 

30... 

40  0 

42   6 

45   0 

47   6 

50  051  6 

55  0 

57  6 

60  0 

62  6 

A.  COON  HUNT 


GUIDE  AND   HAND-BOOK.  251 


FACTS  FOB  BUILDERS.— One  thousand  shingles  laid 
four  inches  to  the  weather  will  cover  over  100  square  feet  of  sur- 
face, and  five  pounds  of  shingle  nails  will  fasten  them  on. 

One-fifth  more  siding  and  flooring  is  needed  than  the  number 
of  square  feet  of  surface  to  be  covered,  because  of  the  lap  in  the 
Biding  and  matching  of  the  floor. 

One  thousand  laths  will  cover  70  yards  of  surface,  and  11  pounds 
of  lath  nails  will  nail  them  on. 

Eight  bushels  of  good  lime,  16  bushels  of  sand  and  1  bushel  of 
hair  will  make  enough  mortar  to  plaster  100  square  yards. 

A  cord  of  stone,  3  bushels  of  lime  and  a  cubic  yard  of  sand 
will  lay  100  cubic  feet  of  wall. 

Five  courses  of  brick  will  lay  1  foot  in  height  on  a  chimney,  9 
bricks  in  a  course  will  make  a  flue  8  inches  wide  and  20  inches 
long,  and  8  bricks  in  a  course  will  make  a  flue  8  inches  wide  and 
16  inches  long. 

A  cask  of  lime  will  make  into  mortar  sufficient,  commonly, 
for  from  1,000  to  1,100  bricks;  1,000  may  be  considered  a  safe 
estimate. 

Sand  is  estimated  by  the  load,  a  load  containing  from  19  to  21 
bushels.  This  is  sufficient  for  about  2  casks  of  lime;  therefore  we 
may  estimate  1  cask  of  lime  to  10  bushels  of  sand. 


"WHITEWASH.— Make  the  whitewash  in  the  ordinary  man- 
ner, then  place  it  over  a  fire  and  bring  it  to  a  boil;  then  stir  into 
each  gallon  a  tablespoonful  of  powdered  alum,  a  half  pint  of 
good  flour  paste,  and  half  a  pound  of  glue  dissolved  in  water, 
while  it  is  boiling. 

RELATIVE  HARDNESS  OF  WOODS.— Taking  shell 
bark  as  the  highest  standard  of  our  forest  trees,  and  calling  that 
100,  other  trees  will  compare  with  it  as  follows: 

Shell  Bark  Hickory 100       Yellow  Oak 60 

Pignut  Hickory 96       White  Elm 58 

White  Oak 84       Hard  Maple 56 

White  Ash 77       Red  Cedar 56 

Dogwood 75       Wild  Cherry 55 

Scrub  Oak 73       Yellow  Pine 54 

White  Hazel 72       Chestnut, 52 

AppleTree 70       YellowPoplar 51 

KedOak 60       Butternut 43 

AVhite  Beech 65       White  Birch 43 

Black  Walnut... »«">       White  Pine 30 

itluck  Birch «2 


BIBLE  FACTS.— The  first  translation  of  the  Bible  was  the 
celebrated  Greek  version  of  the  Old  '.IVst-mmnt,  called  the  Sep- 
tiiiurint,  made  B.C.  285.  The  meaning-  of  the  title  is  seventy. 
and  was  bestowed  upon  the  word  because  of  the  approval  of  the 
version  by  the  Sanhedrim,  the  highest  Jewish  tribunal,  com- 
posed of  seventy-one  members.  The  first  English  translation 
was  John  Wycliffe's,  from  the  Latin,  about  1383.  The  first 
printed  English  version  of  the  New  Testament  was  William  Tyn- 
ilal's  translation  from  the  original  in  1525.  First  Bible  (complete) 
printed  in  English,  was  Miles  Coverdale's,  1535.  The  first  English 
version  printed  in  Roman  letters  was  the  "Geneva  Bible."  l>y  a 
company  of  English  exiles  in  1560,— in  general  use  about  60  jvars. 
The  common  translation  in  use  for  the  last  274  years,  is  "  King 
James"  version,  by  54divines,  issued  athla  command  in  1611,  after 
seven  years  labor  upon  it.  The  New  Revised  Edition  of  the 
Bible,  " 
was  pr 

1800,  the  English 'and' American  Societies  "have  printed  of  the 


252 


THE  WESTERN  WORLD 


Protestant  version  of  the  Bible  or  New  Testament,  over  125,000,- 
000  copies.  The  Bible  is  now  printed  in  226  different  languages 
and  dialects.  The  total  numberof  languagesand  dialects  spoken 
throughout  the  world  is  about  915.  The  Bible  contains  3,56t..4sO 
letters,  778,746  words,  31,173  verses,  1.189  chapters,  and  66  books. 
The  word  and  occurs  46,277  times.  The  word  Lord  occurs  1,855 
times.  The  word  reverend  occurs  but  once,  which  is  in  the  'Jth 
verse  of  the  lllth  Psalm.  The  middle  verse  is  the  8th  verse  of 
the  118th  Psalm.  The  21st  verse  of  the  7th  chapter  of  Ezra  con- 
tains all  the  letters  of  the  alphabet  except  the  letter  J  .  The  19th 
chapter  of  of  II  Kings  and  the  37th  chapter  of  Isaiah  are  alike. 
The  longest  verse  is  the  9th  verse  of  the  8th  chapter  of  Esther. 
The  shortest  verse  is  the  35th  verse  of  the  llth  chapter  of  St. 
John.  There  are  no  words  or  names  of  more  than  six  syllables. 


SHORT  RULES  FOR  CASTING  INTEREST. 

For  finding  the  interest  on  any  principal  for  any  number  of 
days,  the  answer  in  each  case  being  in  cents.  Separate  the  two 
right  hand  figures  to  express  it  in  dollars  and  cents. 

Four  Per  Cent.— Multiply  the  principal  by  the  number  of 
days  to  run;  separate  the  right  hand  figure  from  the  product,  and 
divide  by  9. 

Five  Per  Cent.— Multiply  by  number  of  days  and  divide 
by  72. 

Six  Per  Cent.— Multiply  by  number  of  days;  separate  right 
hand  figure,  and  divide  by  6. 

Seven  Per  Cent. — To  find  the  interest  on  any  sum  at  7  per 
cent,  take  the  interest  given  by  the  tablesat  6  per  cent.,  add  one- 
sixth  to  thnt  amount,  and  you  nave  the  interest  at  7  per  cent. 

Eight  Per  Cent.— Multiply  by  number  of  days  and  divide 
by  45. 

Nine  Per  Cent.— Multiply  by  number  of  days;  separate  right 
hand  figure  and  divide  by  4. 

Ten  Per  Cent.  —  Multiply  by  number  of  days  and  divide 
by  36. 

Twelve  Per  Cent.— Multiply  by  number  of  days;  separate 
right  hand  figure  and  divide  by  3. 

Fifteen  Per  Cent.— Multiply  by  number  of  days  and  divide 
by  24. 

Eighteen  Per  Cent.— Multiply  by  number  of  days;  separate 
right  nand  figure  and  divide  by  2. 

Twenty  Per  Cent.— Multiply  by  number  of  days  and  divide 
by  18. 

A  short  way  for  reckoning  interest  on  odd  days,  at  any  rate 
per  cent,  is  as  follows:  Multiply  the  principal  by  the  number  of 
days,  and  for  6  per  cent,  divide  by  60;  for  7  per  cent,  by  51;  for 
8  per  cent,  by  40;  for  10  per  cent,  by  36;  for  12  per  cent,  by  30. 


POWER  REQUIRED  TO  GRIND  GRAIN  WITH  PORT- 
ABLE KILLS. 


Horse 
power. 

Size  of 
stones. 

Revolutions 
per  minute. 

Bush.  Corn 
per  hour. 

Bush.  Wheat 
per  hour. 

2  to    5 
5  to    8 
8  to  11 
12  to  18 
20  to  90 

12  inch. 
20     " 

30     " 
36     " 
48     " 

800  to  900 
650  to  700 
550  to  600 
450  to  500 
350  to  400 

1  to    4 
5  to    8 
10  to  15 
18  to  25 
25  to  35 

1  lo    3 
4  to    6 
7  to  10 
12  to  15 
15  to  18 

TO  STOP  SQUEAKING  SHOES  drive  a  peg  in  the  center 
of  the  sole. 


GUIDE   AND  HAND-BOOK.  253 


OATMEAL.— It  takes  about  12  bushels  of  oats  to  make  a 
barrel  of  300  Ibs.  of  oatmeal;  another  rating  estimates  that  14  IDS. 
of  oats  produces  8  Ibs.  of  oat  meal. 

One  Bushel  of  buckwheat,  or  50  Ibs.,  will  produce  25  Ibs.  of 
buckwheat  meal;  more  may  be  obtained,  but  the  quality  will  be 
impaired. 

One  Bushel  of  good  wheat  (60  Ibs.)  is  estimated  to  make  40 
Ibs.  of  flour;  i.  e.,  %  bushels  of  wheat  for  100  Ibs.  of  flour. 


SUN  DIAL— HO"W  MADE.— Upon  a  level,  hard  surface, 
describe  with  compasses,  a  circle  eight  or  ten  inches  in  diameter. 
Drive  a  piece  of  heavy  wire,  six  or  eight  inches  long,  perpendicu- 
larly in  the  center,  leaving  it  just  high  enough  to  allow  the 
extreme  end  of  the  shadow  to  fall  upon  the  circle  about  9:30  or 
10  o'clock.  Mark  this  point  and  the  point  where  the  end  of  the 
shadow  touches  the  circle  in  the  afternoon.  Draw  a  line  from  a 
point  exactly  half-way  between  the  two  to  the  center  of  the 
circle.  This  line  will  be  the  meridian  line  or  noon  mark.  The 
dial  should  be  made  either  April  15,  June  15,  September  1,  or 
December  24,  as  on  these  four  days,  and  no  other,  the  noon-mark; 
or  sun-dial  will  coincide  with  13  o'clock. 


SQUARING  THE  CIRCLE.— One-half  of  the  diameter 
multipled  by  the  diameter  or  seven-elevenths  of  the  area  of  the 
circle,  will  give  the  area  of  an  inscribed  square.  To  find  the  side 
of  an  inscribed  square,  multiply  one-fourth  of  the  circumfer- 
ence by  nine.  When  the  circumference  is  given,  to  find  the 
diameter,  multiply  by  seven  and  divide  by  twenty-two.  Eleven- 
fourteenths  of  the  diameter  gives  exactly  one-fourth  of  the  cir- 
cumference. The  above  solution  is  mathematically  true. 


PROPORTIONATE  PROPERTIES  OF  FOOD : 

One  hundred                                   Water,  Muscle          and  Fat 

parts  of  each.  etc.  making.          making. 

Apples 84.0  5.0  10.0 

Barley    14.0  15.0  68.8 

Beans 14.8  24.0  57.7 

Beef 50.0  15.0  30.0 

Buckwheat 14.2  8.6  75.4 

Butter all. 

Cabbage 90.0  4.0  5.0 

Cheese 10.0  65.0  19.0 

Chicken 46.0  18.0  32.0 

Corn 14.0  12.0  73.0 

Cucumbers 97.0  1.5  1.0 

Eggs,  white  of ...     53.0  17.0  none. 

Eggs,yelkof 79.0  15.0  27.0 

Lamb   50.5  11.0  35.0 

Milk-cow's 86.0  5.0  SO 

Mutton. 44.0  12.5  40.0 

Oats 13.6  17.0  66.4 

Peas ...  140  23.4  60.0 

Pork 38.5  10.0  50.0 

Potatoes 752  1.4  22.5 

Rice 13.5  6.5  79.5 

Turnips 94.4  1.1  40 

Veal...                      68.5  10.1  16.5 

Wheat 14.0  14.6  69.4 


A  SUPERIOR  LINIMENT  for  man  or  beast  is  composed 
of  equal  parts  of  laudanum,  alcohol  and  oil  of  wormwood. 


254 


THE    WESTERN  WORLD 


ROPE.—  Table  showing  what  weights  hemp  rope  will  bear 
with  safety. 


Circumference  . 

Pounds. 

Circumference. 

Pounds. 

1  inch. 

200 

3  inch. 

1,800 

1^4 

312.5 

3J4 

2,112.5 

»z 

450 

IM 

2,450 

1% 

612.5 

m 

2,812.5 

2 

800 

4 

3,200 

2J4 

1,012.5 

5 

5,000 

IM 

1,250 

6 

7,200 

m  " 

1,512.5 

A  square  inch  of  hemp  fibers  will  support  a  weight  of  9,200 
pounds.  The  maximum  strength  of  a  good  hemp  rope  is  6,400 
pounds  to  the  square  inch.  Its  practical  value  is  not  more  than 
one-half  this  strain.  Before  breaking,  it  stretches  from  one- 
fifth  to  one-seventh,  and  its  diameter  diminishes  one-fourth  to 
one-seventh.  The  strength  of  manilla  is  about  one-half  that  of 
hemp.  White  ropes  are  one-third  more  durable.  Wire  rope  is 
about  two  and  one-eighth  times  as  strong  as  hemp  rope. 


INTEBESTINO  FACTS. 

There  are  2,750  languages. 

America  was  discovered  in  1492. 

A  square  mile  contains  640  acres. 

Envelopes  were  first  used  in  1839. 

Telescopes  were  invented  in  1590. 

A  barrel  of  rice  weighs  600  pounds. 

A  barrel  of  Hour  weighs  196  pounds. 

A  barrel  of  pork  weighs  200  pounds. 

A  firkin  of  butter  weighs  56  pounds. 

The  first  steel  pen  was  made  in  1830. 

A  span  is  ten  and  seven-eighths  inches. 

A  hand  (horse  measure)  is  four  inches. 

Watches  were  first  constructed  in  1476. 

A  storm  moves  thirty-six  miles  per  hour. 

A  hurricane  moves  eight}'  miles  per  hour. 

The  first  iron  steamship  was  built  in  1830. 

The  first  lucifer  match  was  made  in  1829. 

Gold  was  discovered  in  California  in  1848. 

The  first  horse  railroad  was  built  in  1826-7. 

The  average  human  life  is  thirty-three  years. 

Coaches  were  first  used  in  England  in  1569. 

Modern  needles  first  came  into  use  in  1545. 

Kerosene  was  first  used  for  lighting  purposes  in  1826. 

The  first  newspaper  was  published  in  England  in  1588. 

The  first  newspaper  advertisement  appeared  in  1652. 

G  lass  windows  were  first  introduced  into  Eng  land  in  the  eighth 
century. 

Albert  Durer  gave  the  world  a  prophecy  of  future  wood  en- 
graving in  1527. 

Measure  209  feet  on  each  side  and  you  will  have  a  square  acre 
within  an  inch. 

The  first  complete  sewing  machine  was  patented  by  Elias 
Howe,  Jr.,  in  1848. 

The  first  steam  engine  on  this  continent  was  brought  from 
England  in  1753. 

The  first  knives  were  used  in  England,  and  the  first  wheeled 
carriage  in  France  in  1559. 

The  present  national  colors  of  the  United  States  were  not 
adopted  by  congress  until  1777. 


GUIDE  AND  HAND  BOOK.  256 


BUSINESS  LAW. 

Ignorance  of  the  law  excuses  no  one. 

An  agreement  without  consideration  is  void. 

Signatures  made  with  a  lead  pencil  are  good  in  law. 

A  receipt  for  money  paid  is  not  legally  conclusive. 

The  acts  of  one  partner  bind  all  the  others. 

Contracts  made  on  Sunday  cannot  be  enforced. 

A  contract  made  with  a  minor  or  a  lunatic  is  void. 

Principals  are  responsible  for  the  acts  of  their  agents. 

Agents  are  responsible  to  their  principals  for  errors. 

Each  individual  in  a  partnership  is  responsible  for  the  whole 
amount  of  the  debt  of  the  firm. 

A  note  given  by  a  minor  is  void. 

Notes  bear  interest  only  when  so  stated. 

It  is  not  legally  necessary  to  say  on  a  note  "  for  value  received." 

A  note  drawn  on  Sunday  is  void. 

A  note  obtained  by  fraud,  or  from  a  person  in  a  state  of 
intoxication,  cannot  be  collected. 

If  a  note  be  lost  or  stolen,  it  does  not  release  the  maker ;  he 
must  pay  it. 

An  indorser  of  a  note  is  exempt  from  liability  if  not  served 
with  notice  of  its  dishonor  within  twenty-four  hours  of  its  non- 
payment 

It  is  a  fraud  to  conceal  a  fraud. 

The  law  compels  no  one  to  do  impossibilities. 

A  personal  right  of  action  dies  with  the  person. 

In  making  agreements,  consider  not  only  your  rights,  but  also 
what  are  your  remedies. 


THE  FASTEST  RAILROAD  TIME  yet  made  is  12  miles 
per  hour. 

SHRINKAGE  IN  DIMENSION  OF  TIMBER  BY  SEA- 
SONING. 


TTooete.  Inches. 

Pitch  pine,  South.  ..18?^  to  18J4 

Spruce 8Hi  to 

White  pine,  Amer..  12     to 
Yellow  pine 18     to  17 


Woods.  Inches. 

Cedar,  Canada 14  to  13M 

Elm 11  to  1091 

Oak,  English 12toll?| 

Pitch  pine  10x10  to  9Mx9& 


THE  TERM  PENNY  AS  APPLIED  TO  NAILS.-The 
term  penny  as  applied  to  nails  is  generally  supposed  to  have  been 
derived  from  pound.  It  originally  meant  so  many  pounds  to 
the  thousand ;  that  is.  six-penny  means  six  pounds  of  nails  to 
the  thousand.  The  thousand  was  always  understood,  and  six 
pound,  ten  pound,  etc.,  were  gradually  shortened  until  the 
present  term  penny  has  entirely  taken  the  place  of  pound. 


AREAS  OF  CIRCLES.— The  diameter  of  any  circle,  mul- 
tipled  by  3.1416  equals  the  circumference.  The  circumference 
multiplied  by  .31831  equals  the  diameter.  The  square  of  the 
diameter,  multiplied  by  .78">4  equals  the  area.  The  square  of  cir- 
cumference, multiplied  by  .0795.8  equals  the  area. 


TO  MEASURE  GRAIN  IN  THE  BIN.-By  the  United 
States  standard,  2,1.K0  cubic  inches  make  a  bushel:  a  cubic  foot 
contains  1,728  cubic  inches.  Rule— Multiply  the  number  of  feet 
wide  of  bin,  by  the  length,  the  result  by  the  depth,  then  divide 
the  product  by  5  and  multiply  the  quotient  by  4,  which  number 
will  give  the  quantity  in  bushels. 


256  THE  WESTERN   WORLD 


EMERGENCIES. 

Apoplexy.— Elevate  head  and  body,  apply  cold  to  head  ant» 
nape  of  neck,  and  heat  to  feet  and  stomach. 

Epileptic  Fit.— Lay  patient  on  the  back,  with  little  or  no 
elevation  of  head,  keep  off  the  sun,  prevent  from  self-injury, 
put  cloth  between  teeth  to  prevent  biting  tongue;  when  convul- 
sion subsides,  keep  patient  quiet. 

Fainting1. —Lay  patient  down,  head  as  low  as  possible,  loosen 
clothing,  keep  back  crowd,  admit  fresh  air,  sprinkle  water  on 
face,  apply  ammonia  to  nostrils  till  revived. 

If  an  artery  is  severed  (bright  red  blood,  in  spurts),  com- 
press Ix-tween  wound  and  heart.  If  a  vein  be  broken  (dark 
blood,  steady  flow),  compress  away  from  heart. 

Sore  Throat  or  Diphtheria.  Gargle  lemon  juice  and  swal- 
low a  portion;  or  salt  and  water,  or  tincture  of  iron  (mild). 

Bruises.— Bathe  with  cold  water  till  pain  is  allayed,  then  use 
warm  water  to  take  away  discoloration. 

Poisoning.— In  all  ordinary  cases,  especially  if  cause  is  un- 
known, give  an  emetic,  consisting  of  a  teaspoonful  each  of  salt 
and  mustard  in  a  glass  of  warm  (not  hot)  water,  and  send  for  a 
physician  or  druggist.  After  vomiting,  the  effect  may  bo  over- 
come by  swallowing  the  whites  of  two  or  three  eggs  and  drinking 
a  cup  or  two  of  strong  coffee.  Sweet  oil,  taken  freely,  is  excel- 
lent in  cases  of  poisoning.  Suck  poisoned  wounds,  unless  mouth 
is  sore,  and  for  snake  bites  give  whisky  till  its  influence  is  felt. 
For  bites  of  insects  apply  diluted  ammonia  to  wound. 


TABLE  showing:  the  altitudes  above  the  sea-level  of 
various  places  in  the  United  States. 

Feet.  Feet. 

Portland,  Me J87       Cleveland,  Ohio 643 

Concord,  N.  H 374       Detroit,Mich 597 

Mt.  Washington  6,293       Ann  Arbor,  Mich 891 

Rutland.  Vt 500       Indianapolis,  Ind 698 

Boston,  Mass 82       Chicago.  Ill 591 

Albany,N.Y 75        Elgin,  111 777 

New  York,  N.  Y 60       Wmnebago,  111 900 

Buffalo,  N.  Y 585       Milwaukee.  Wis 591 

Philadelphia,  Pa 60       Baraboo,  Wis 800 

Somerset,  Pa 2,195  St.  Anthony  Falls,  Minn. . .    820 

Pittsburgh,   Pa 937       New  Ulm.  Minn 1,500 

Baltimore,  Md 275       Dubuque,  la 666 

Washington,  D.  C 90       Kossville,  la 1,400 

Charleston,  S.  C 25       Sioux  City,  la 1,258 

Key  West,  Forida 10       St.  Louis,  Mo 481 

Hillsboro,  Ga 800       Omaha,  Neb 1.300 

Vicksburg.Miss 350       Ionia,  Neb 3,010 

New  Orleans,  La   10       Lawrence,  Kan 800 

Corpus  Christi,  Tex 20       Fort  Lamed.  Kan 1,932 

El  Paso,  Tex 3,830  Fort  Phil  Kearney,  Wy.  .  .6.000 

Knoxville,  Tenn 1,000       Cheyenne,  Wy 6.041 

Cumberland  Mt.,  Tenn  ...2,000       Yankton,  Dak        1.900 

Little  Rock,  Ark 660       Fort  Garland,  Col 8,365 

Louisville,  Ky 450       Helena,  Mont 4,150 

Cincinnati,  O. 480       Fort  Marcy.  N.  M 6,846 

Upper  Portion  of  . .  City   588       Salt  Lake  City,  Utah 4,320 

Ft.  Mohave,  Arizona 604       Hot  Springs,  Nev 4,098 

San  Francisco,  Cal 130       Sacramento,  Cal h2 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK.  257 


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Times-Union,  W 125 

PENSACOLA. 

Pensacolian,  W 250 

TAMPA. 

Tribune,  W 2  00 

MARIANA. 

Times,  W 1  50 

TALLAHASSEE. 

Floridan,  W 200 

PALATKA. 

Herald,  W 200 

Journal,  W    200 

SUMTERVILLE. 

Times,  W 200 

LIVE  OAK. 

Florida  Bulletin,  W 200 

DE  LAND. 

Florida  Agriculturist,  W.    2  00 
Orange  Ridge  Echo,  W....    1  50 

GEORGIA. 

MACON. 

Kind  Words,  W 150 

Telegraph    and     Messen- 
ger, W 1  75 

Christian  Advocate,  W . . . .  2  00 

SAVANNAH. 

Echo,  W  200 

News,  W 200 


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ATHENS. 

Chronicle,  W 1  50 

ALBANY. 

News  and  Advertiser,  W..    2  00 

ROME. 
Courier,  W 200 

ATLANTA. 

Christian  Index,  W  2  50 

Constitution,  W 160 

Southern    Cultivator  and 

Farmer.  M 1  50 

Southern  World,  S.-M 125 

Sunny  South,  W 200 

COLUMBUS. 

Enquirer,  W 1  ?5 

Times,  W 125 

AUGUSTA. 

Chronicle   and    Constitu- 
tion, W 1  50 

AMERICUS. 

Recorder,  W 2  00 

Republican,  W 200 

IDAHO. 

BOISE  CITY. 

Statesman,  W 300 

IDAHO   CITY. 

Idaho  World,  W 400 

LEWISTON. 

News,  W.  (Ger.) 400 

EAGLE  ROCK. 

Register,  W 300 

SILVER  CITY. 

Avalanche,  W 600 

ILLINOIS. 

JACKSONVILLE. 

Courier,  W 1  75 

PEORIA. 

Democrat  (Ger.),  W 2  00 

National  Democrat,  W 1  25 

Transcript,  W 1  75 

MOLINE. 

Western  Plowman,  M 120 

ROCK   ISLAND. 

Argus,  W 2  00 

Rock  Islander,  W 200 

Union,  W    200 

BELLEVILLE. 

Zeitungund  Stern  (Ger.),W  2  00 

SPRINGFIELD. 

State  Journal,  W 150 

State  Register,  W 1  75 


FREEPORT. 

Journal  and  Republican.W  1  75 

PEKIN. 

Times,  W. 2  00 

DANVILLE. 

News,  W 1  75 

BEECHER. 

Breeder's  Journal,  M 1  25 

STERLING. 

Gazette,  W 200 

JOLIET. 

Republic  and  Sun,  W 1  75 

ROCKFORD. 

Register,  W ..  1  75 

Gazette,  W 1  75 

QUINCY. 

Farmers'  Call,  W 1  10 

Western  Agriculturist,  M..  1  10 

CHAMPAIGN. 

Gazette,W. 200 

Times,  W 1  75 

CHICAGO. 

Advance,  W 2  50 

Express,  W  150 

Chicago  World,  W 2  50 

Drovers'  Journal,  W 1  75 

Herald,  W l  50 

1J  umane  Journal,  M 1  50 

Inter-Ocean,  W 1  25 

Interior,  W 250 

Journal,  W 1  50 

News,  W 1  25 

Prairie  Farmer,  W 200 

Skandinavian,  W 200 

Standard,  W .  .250 

Times,  W 1  50 

Tribune,  W 1  50 

Western  Rural,  W 2  00 

The  Dairy  World,  M 1  50 

The    Wool    Grower    and 

Sheep  Breeder,  M 150 

The  Hog,  S.  M 1  50 

GALENA. 

Gazette,  W 1  75 

ELGIN. 
Advocate,  W 1  75 

BLOOMINGTON. 

Pantagraph,  W 1  75 

INDIAN  TERRITORY. 

VINITA. 

Indian  Chieftain,  W 1  75 

ATOKA. 
Indian  Companion,  W...      1  75 

MUSCOGEE. 

Indian  Journal,  W 1  75 


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INDIANA. 

TERRE  HAUTE. 

Express,  W 1  40 

Gazette,  W 1  75 

Saturday  Mail,  W :i  00 

VABASH. 

Piaindealer,  W 200 

RICHMOND. 

Enquirer,  W  1  25 

Palladium,  \V 1  40 

Telegram,  W 1  25 

COLUMBIA  CITY. 

Post,  W 1  75 

FORT  WAYNE. 

American  Farmer,  M 125 

Gazette,  W  1  75 

Sentinel,  W 1  75 

LOGANSPORT. 

Chronicle,  W 1  75 

Journal,  W 1  75 

NEW  ALBANY. 

Ledger,  W 150 

INDIANAPOLIS. 

Indiana  Farmer,  W 200 

State  Sentinel,  W 1  25 

State  Journal,  W 175 

Times,  W 1  25 

CRAWFORDSVILLE. 

Journal,  W 1  75 

Review,  W 1  75 

SOUTH  BEND. 

Farmers' Friend,  S.-M 1  20 

Tribune,  W 175 

LA  FAYETTE. 

Courier,  W.. 200 

Farmers'  Home  Journal,W  1  50 

Journal,  W 150 

Times,  W 2  00 

EVANSVILLE . 

Argus,  W 200 

Courier,  W 1  50 

Journal,  W 1  50 

IOWA. 

M'GHEGOR, 

News,  W $1  75 

BURLINGTON. 

Hawkeye,W 150 

DUBUQUE. 

Herald,  W 1  50 

Telegraph,  W  1  50 

Times,  W 150 

IOWA  CITY. 

State  Press,  W :J  00 

Republican,  W 200 


KEOKUK. 

Constitution,  W  

150 

Gate  City,  W  

150 

CEDAR  RAPIDS. 

Farm    Journal  ami     Live 

Stock  Keview,  M  

1  25 

Iowa  Farmer,  M  

1  25 

MARSHALLTOWN. 

Times-Republican,  W  

1  50 

DBS  MOINES. 

Homestead,  W  

1  75 

State  Leader,  W  

1  50 

State  Register,  W  
Tribune,  W  

1  50 
1  75 

Western  Farm  Journal,  M. 

150 

DAVENPORT. 

Democrat,  W  

15C 

Gazette,  W  

160 

SIOUX   CITY. 

Journal,  W  

1  50 

Tribune,  W  

250 

KANSAS. 

ATCHISON. 

Champion,  W  

175 

Patriot,  W  

175 

FORT  SCOTT. 

Monitor,  W  

175 

HIAWATHA. 

World,  W  

1  75 

ELDORADO. 

Republican,  W  

175 

COLUMBUS. 

Advocate,  W  

150 

BURLINGTON. 

Patriot,  W  

200 

WINFIKLD. 

Courier,  W  

175 

LAWRENCE. 

Herald-Tribune,  W  

1  75 

Western  Home  Journal,W 

200 

OTTAWA. 

Republican,  W  

200 

NEWTON. 

Republican,  W  

200 

OLATHE. 

Mirror-Gazette,  W  

175 

LEAVENWORTH. 

Democratic  Standard,  W.  . 

140 

Press  (Ger.),  W  

200 

Times,  W  

1  25 

EMPORIA. 

News.  W  

1  75 

Republican,  W  

1  75 

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262 


Tim  WESTERN  WORLD 


MINNEAPOLIS. 

Solomon     Valley    Demo- 
crat, W 1  75 

MANHATTAN. 

Republic,  W 175 

WICHITA. 

Beacon,  W 2  00 

City  Eagle,  W 200 

TOPEKA. 

Capital,  W 1  50 

Commonwealth,  W 150 

Kansas  Farmer,  W" 1  75 

State  Journal,  W    200 

SMITH  CENTRE. 

Pioneer,  W 175 

WELLINGTON. 

Press,  W 200 

KENTUCKY. 

PARIS. 

True  Kentuckian,  W 2  00 

NEWPORT. 
Ky.  State  Journal,  W. . . .    1  75 

LEXINGTON. 

Live  Stock  Record,  W....  3  00 

Transcript,  W 150 

LOUISVILLE. 

Courier-Journal,  W 1  25 

Commercial,  W 125 

Home  and  Farm,  S.-M 120 

BOWLING  GREEN. 

Park  City  Times,  W 150 

LOUISIANA. 

NEW  ORLEANS. 

Picayune,  W 125 

Times-Democrat,  W 1  50 

SHREEVESPOHT. 

Times,  W 


BATOX  ROUGE. 

Capitolian  Advocate,  W. . . 
MAINE. 

LEWISTON. 

Journal,  W 

PORTLAND. 

Live  Stock  Monthly 

Transcript,  W 

AUGUSTA. 

Happy  Hours  Magazine,  M 

M«ine  Farmer,  W 

Vk-kery's  Illustrated  Mag- 
azine, M 


200 
200 


200 


1  50 

2  00 


1  25 

2  50 


125 


BATH.  BATTLE  CREEK. 

Eastern  Fireside,  M 1  10     Good  Health,  M 

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MARYLAND. 

CUMBERLAND. 

Queen  City  Courier,  W. . . .  1  50 

BALTIMORE. 

American,  W 1  50 

Maryland  Farmer,  M 1  50 

Sun,W 150 

FREDERICK. 

Examiner,  W 2  50 

Times,  W 150 

ANNAPOLIS. 

Maryland  Republican,  W.  1  50 
MASSACHUSETTS. 

GREENFIELD. 

American  Garden,  M 125 

Good  Cheer,  M 1  10 

Our  Country  Home,  M. ..  1  10 

HOLYOKE. 

Manufacturer  and  Indus- 
trial Gazette,  M 2  00 

SPRINGFIELD. 

Farm  and  Home,  M 110 

N.  England  Homestead.W  2  00 

Republican,  W 1  75 

MARLBORO. 

Farmers'  Companion  and 

Prize,  M 1  25 

BOSTON. 

American  Traveler,  W  . . .  1  75 

Atlantic  Monthly,  M 4  00 

Baby  Land,  M 125 

Ballou's  Magazine,  M 200 

Congregationalist,  W 3  00 

Cottage  Hearth, M 200 

Globe,  W 125 

Golden  Rule,  W 200 

Household  Companion, M.  .1  75 

Household  and  Farm 120 

Journal,  W 125 

Littell's  Living  Age,  W...  8  00 

Mass.  Ploughman.  W 3  00 

Missionary  Herald,  M 1  50 

New  England  Farmer,  W.  2  50 
Our  Little  Men  and  Wo- 
men, M 150 

Pansy,  M 1  50 

Watchman,  W       250 

Waverly  Magazine,  W 4  00 

Wide  Awake,  M 300 

Youth's  Companion,  W...  1  85 

Yankee  Blade,  W  200 

Zioii's  Herald,  W 250 

MICHIGAN. 

BAY  CITY. 

Tribune,  W ?1  75 


50 


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263 


TRAVERSE  CITV. 

Herald,  W  

1  75 

MISSISSIPPI. 

JACKSON. 

Clarion,  W  

1  75 

State  Ledger,  W  .         

1  75 

Journal,  W  

1  75 

Sentinel,  W  

1  75 

MERIDIAN. 

JACKSON. 

Mercury  and  Observer,  \V. 
Southern  Baptist,  W  

1  75 
2  00 

Saturday  Evening  Star,  W 
Citizen,  W  

200 
1  75 

STARKVILLB. 

KALAMAZOO. 

Southern  Live  Stock  Jour- 
nal, W           

2  00 

Gazette,  W  

1  75 

VICKSBURG. 

Telegraph,  W  

1  75 

SCHOOLCRAFT. 

Grange  Visitor,  S.-M  

1  25 

MISSOURI. 

ST.  JOSEPH. 

Gazette,  W    . 

81  50 

Herald,  W  

1  50 

Agricultural  World,  S.  M.  . 
Artizan,  M  

1  50 
1  50 

SPRINGFIELD. 

News,  W  

1  50 

ADRIAN. 

Times  and  Expositor,  W.  . 

ISHPEMING. 

175 

KANSAS  CITY. 

Tamp's  Emigrant  Guide,  M 
Centropolis   W  

150 
1  50 

27* 

Journal,  W  

1  25 

PONTIAC. 

Live-Stock  Indicator,  W.  . 
Times,  W  

1  75 
1  25 

Gazette,  W  

1  50 

MACON  CITY 

Times,  W  

1  75 

Herald,  W  

1  50 

SEDALIA. 

Bazoo,  W  

1  75 

Courier,  W  

1  50 

MARYVILLE. 

Democrat,  W  

1  75 

Ypsilantian,  W  

1  75 

LOUISIANA. 

Riverside  Press,  W  

1  45 

Free  Press,  W  

1  50 

ST.  LOUIS. 

Michigan  Farmer  W  .  ... 

1  75 

Am.    Journal    of   Educa- 

Post and  Tribune,  W  
Wayne  Co.  Courier,  W  

1  50 
1  50 

tion,  M  
Central    Christian    Advo- 
cate  W         

1  50 
2  50 

MINNESOTA. 

MINNEAPOLIS. 

Farmers'  Tribune,  W  

1  25 

Christian  Advocate,  W.  .  . 
Chistian  Evangelist,  W  — 
Coleman's  RuralWorld,  W 
Globe-Democrat    W 

2  .M) 
200 
1  25 
1  25 

Housekeeper,  M  

1  tf5 

1  25 

Minnesota  Farmer,  W  

FERGUS  FALLS. 

1  75 

1    <TK 

Missouri  Republican,  W.. 
St.  Louis  Illustrated  Mag- 
azine, M  

1  25 
1  50 

ST.    PAUL. 

Pioneer-Press,  W  

1  25 

South  and  West,  S.-M  
MONTANA. 

1  20 

The  Northwest,  M  

1  50 

FORT  BKNTON. 

Globe,  W      

1  50 

River  Press,  W  

5  00 

DULUTH. 

Tribune,  W         

2  00 

MILES  CITY. 

Yellowstone  Journal,  W. 

400 

ST.  CLOUD. 

Journal-Press  W 

2  00 

DEER  LODGE  CITY. 

New  Xorthwest,  W  

4  00 

WINOXA. 

Republican    W 

1  50 

BOZEMAN. 

Courier,  W  

3  50 

The  Western  World  and  one  of 

the  g 

reat  metropolitan  weeklies  for  $ 

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264 


THE  WESTERN  WORLD 


HELENA. 

Herald,  W 350 

Independent,  W 500 

WHITE  SULPHUR  SPRINGS. 

Husbandman,  W 400 

BUTTE  CITY. 

Miner, W ...    500 

NEBRASKA. 

PLATTSMOUTH. 

Herald,  W 200 

OMAHA. 

Bee,  W 2  00 

Herald,  W 200 

Post  and  Telegraph,  W . . .  2  00 

Republican,  W 125 

LINCOLN. 

Nebraska  Fanner,  S .  -M . . .  1  75 
Nebraska  State  Journal,  W  1  75 

NEBRASKA  CITY. 

Nebraska  Press.  W  2  00 

News,  W 200 

GHAND   ISLAND. 

Independent,  W 200 

NEVADA. 

EUREKA. 

Sentinel.  W 500 

VIRGINIA  CITY. 

Chronicle,  W 200 

Enterprise,  W 300 

RENO. 

Gazette,  W 250 

NEW  JERSEY. 

NEWARK. 

Advertiser,  W 1  75 

Journal,  W 1  50 

JERSEY  CITY. 

Dispatch,  W 1  50 

TRENTON. 

Herald,  W 1  50 

State  Gazette,  W 250 

RAHWAY. 

Leisure  Hours,  W  2  00 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 

MANCHESTER. 

Mirror  and  Farmer,  W  —  1  50 
Am.  Young  Folks,  S.-M. . .  1  25 
Union,  W 175 

CONCORD. 

Independent  Statesman.W  200 
People  and  Patriot,  W.  . .  1  50 


SHAKER  VILLAGE. 

Shaker  Manifesto,  M 1  25 

DOVER. 

Morning  Star,  W 2  50 

NEW  MEXICO. 

ALBUQUERQUE. 

Journal,  W 300 

SPRINGER. 

Stockman,  W 300 

SILVER  CITY. 

Enterprise,  W 300 

Southwest  Sentinel,  W...    300 
LAS  VEGAS. 

Gazette,  W 

Mining  World,  M 

SANTA  FE. 

New  Mexican  Keview.W. 
NEW  YORK. 

ALBANY. 

Argus,  W 

Country  Gentleman,  W... 
Journal,  W"    . .  


300 
150 


300 


ELMIRA. 

Husbandman,  W 

Telegram,  W 

ROCHESTER. 

American  Rural  Home,W. 

Fruit  Grower,  Q 

Vick's 111.  Magazine,  M.... 

N«W  YORK. 

Amer:can  Dairyman,  W.. 
American  Agriculturist.M 

Arm  Chair,  W 

Army  and  Navy  JrnaL.W. 

Boys  of  New  York,  W 

Century  Magazine,  M 

Christian  Advocate,  W.. . 

Christian  Union,  W 

Christian  at  Work,  W 

Churchman,  W 

Church  Union,  M  

Clipper,  W 

Cricket  on  the  Hearth,  M. 

Delineator,  M 

Demorest's  Magazine,  M.. 

Dispatch,  W 

Domestic  Monthly,  M 

Dramatic  News,  W 

Examiner,  W 

Fireside  Companion,  W. . . 

Fireside  at  Home,  M 

Frank  Leslie's  Budget  of 

Wit,  M 

Frank  Leslie's  Illustrated 

Newspaper,  W 

Frank  Leslie's  Chimney 

Corner,  W 

Frank  Leslie's  Illustrated 

Zeitung,  W 


1  50 
300 
150 

1  50 

200 

1  50 
1  25 

1  50 

1  75 

1  60 
300 
6  00 

2  50 
400 

2  50 
300 

3  00 

3  50 
1  25 

4  00 
120 

1  50 
200 

2  50 
1  50 
4  00 
300 
300 
120 

200 
400 
400 
400 


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Frank     Leslie's      Sunday 

Magazine,  M $2  50 

Frank     Leslie's    Pleasant 

Hours,  M 1  7o 

Golden  Argosy,  W 2  00 

Graphic,  W 275 

Harpers'  Bazar,  W. .     ...  4  00 

Harpers'  Magazine,  M  —  4  00 

Harpers'  Weekly,  W 4  00 

Harpers' Young  People,  W  200 

Herald,  W  125 

Home  Journal,  W 225 

Illus.  Christian  Weekly. . .  2  75 

Independent,  W 3  20 

Irish  American,  W 2  75 

Irish  World,  W 2  75 

Jewish  Messenger,  W...   .  500 

Judge,  W  ,  500 

Justice,  W 1  50 

Ladies'  Bazar,  M 2  75 

Ladies'  Floral  Cabinet,  M.  2  00 

Lad  i( •«'  Review,  M 1  20 

Ledger,  W 3  25 

Life,  W 5  00 

Literary  News,  M 1  50 

Mechanical  Xews,  S.-M...  1  50 

Sunday  Mercury,  W 2  00 

Mirror,  W 400 

News,  W 125 

N.  American  Heview,M..  5  00 

Police  Gazette,  W 4  00 

Puck,  Eng.  or  Ger.,  W 5  00 

Presbyterian  Home    Mis- 
sionary, M  1  50 

liural  N'ew  Yorker,  W....  2  25 

St.  Nicholas,  M 3  00 

Scientific  American,  W...  3  20 

School  Journal,  W 2  75 

Spirit  of  the  limes,  W 5  00 

New  York  Weekly,  W. . . .  3  25 

Sun,  W 125 

Sunday  School  Journal,M.  1  25 

Teachers'  Institute,  M 1  75 

Texas  Sittings,  W 21.0 

Times,  W 1  25 

Tribune,  W ItO 

Witness.  W 125 

World,  W    1  2  > 

Young  Men  of  America,  W  2  75 

TJTICA. 

Herald,  W 200 

Saturday  Globe,  W 2  50 

TROY. 

Times,  W 1  50 

Northern  Budget,  W 2  50 

NORTH  CAROLINA. 

NEW  I1ERNE. 

Journal,  W 200 

WINSTON. 

Western  Sentinel 1  75 

DURHAM. 

Recorder,  W 150 


TARBORO. 
Southern,  W $200 

GREENSBORO0GH  , 

Patriot,  W 1  75 

HIGH  POINT. 

Enterprise,  W 150 

STATES  VILLE. 

Landmark,  W 2  25 

CHARLOTTE. 

Observer,  W 200 

WILMINGTON. 

N.  C.  Presbyterian,  W. . . .    2  75 
Star,  W 1  76 

ELIZABETH  CITY. 

Economist,  W 200 

RALEIGH. 

Biblical  Record,  W 200 

Christian  Advocate,  W...  2  00 

Farmer  and  Mechanic,  W.  2  00 

News  and  Observer,  W. . .  2  00 

North  Carolina  Farmer,M.  1  50 

OOLDSBORO. 

Methodist  Advance,  W...    1  75 
Transcript  Messenger,  W.    2  00 

WILSON. 

Advance,  W 200 

Mirror,  W 1  75 

Zion's  Landmark.  S.-M. ...    2  00 

OHIO. 

LIMA. 

Democratic  Times,  W 1  75 

HAMILTON. 

Democrat,  W 175 

SPRINGFIELD. 

Farmers' Advance,  W —  125 

Farm  and  Fireside,  S.-M. .  1  25 

Globe  Republic,  W 1  50 

Farm  Companion,  S.-M...  J  10 

Farm  Economist,  S.-M...  1  10 

Young  Folks'  Circle,  M. . .  1  10 

CLEVELAND. 

Farmer      and    Manufact- 
urer, M 1  10 

Leader,  W 150 

Plaindealer,  W 1  65 

Ohio  Farmer,  W 1  75 

LANCASTER. 

Ohio  Eagle,  W 175 

COLUMBUS. 

City  and  Country,  M 125 

Ohio  State  Journal,  W . . . .    1  50 
Ohio  Weisenf reund,  W  —    1  75 

CINCINNATI. 

Agent's  Aid,  M 125 

Grange  Bulletin,  W 150 


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TI1E  WESTERN  WORLD 


Commercial  Gazette,  W  .  .  $ 
Christian  Standard,  W.  .  .  . 
Enquirer  

1  50 
2  50 
1  50 
1  25 
2  00 
1  10 
1  25 

2  25 

2  00 
1  75 
2  00 

1  50 
1  50 

150 

1  50 

]  25 
1  10 

1  75 

1  50 

200 
2  00 

1  75 
1  50 

200 

2  00 

3  00 

200 
1  50 
2  50 
2  50 
200 

300 

200 
e  price 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

PITTSBURGH. 

Christian  Advocate,  W..  .  .  $2  50 
Commercial  Gazette,  W..  .    2  00 
National    Stockman    and 
Farmer,  W  1  75 
Post    W                                      1  50 

Times-Star  

Our  Little  Granger,  M  
Sunday  School  Journal,  M. 
Western  Christian  Advo- 
cate, W  

PARKERSBURG. 

Farmers'  Magazine,  M  —    120 

MEADVILLE. 

Chautauquan,  M       200 

STEtTBENVILLE. 

Herald,  W  .'.  •.  

PAINESVTLLE. 

Northern  Ohio  Journal,  W 

NEWARK. 

Advocate,  W  

Penn.  Farmer,  W  150 

MECHANICSBURG  . 

TOLEDO  . 

Blade,  W  

HARRISBURG. 

Patriot  W                                 1  50 

Railroader,  M  

YOUNGSTOWN. 

News-Register,  W  

LANCASTER. 

New  Era  W                            9  50 

MEDINA  . 

Cleaning's  in  Bee  Culture, 
M  

Penn.  School  Journal,  M..    2  00 

WATSONTOWN. 

Agricultural  Epitomist,  M    1  20 

PHILADELPHIA. 

Agents'  Herald,  M  1  10 
Farm  and  Garden,  M  1  25 

DAYTON. 

Farmer's  Home,  M  
Children's  Friend,  S.-M... 

ZANESVILLE 

Courier,  W  

Farm  Journal,  M  1  25 

Godey's  Ladies'  Book,  M..    2  50 
Golden  Day*   W                     3  00 

CLYDE. 

Farmers'  Reporter,  W  — 

FREMONT. 

Democratic  Messenger,  W 
Journal,  W  

Guardian  Angel,  M  125 

Hearthstone,  W  300 

Labor  World,  W  1  50 

Lippincott's  Magazine,  M.    3  00 
Peterson's  Ladies'  Maga- 
zine, M        .                           2  50 

PORTSMOUTH. 

Blade  W 

Practical  Farmer,  W  2  00 
Press,  W...  1  25 

TIFFIN. 

News,  "W  

Record,  W  3  50 
Saturday  Evening  Post.W    2  00 
Saturday  Night  W                 3  00 

OREGON. 

SALEM. 

Oregon  Statesman.  W  
Willamette  Farmer,  W  

PORTLAND. 

New  Northwest,  W  

Sunday  School  Times,  W.    2  00 
Taggett's  Sunday  Times,  W   2  00 
Times,  W  150 

SHENANDOAH. 

Mining  Herald,  W  2  25 
RHODE  ISLAND. 

NEWPORT. 

Mercury,  W  200 

Northwestern  Farmer  and 
Dair  yman,  M  

Travelers'  Guide,  M  

Standard   W    

PROVIDENCE. 

Indicator,  W  .        .             .    1  50 

West  Shore,  M  

TTNION. 

Mountain  Sentinel,  W  

THE  DALLES. 

Sun  W           

Visitor,  W  200 

WOONSOCKET. 

Patriot,  W  .           ...       2  75 

You  get  two  papers  for  tt 

of  one  from  The  Western  Wo^d. 

GUIDE  AND 
SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

CHARLESTON. 

News  and  Courier,  W  $2  00 
Advocate,  W     .                 .    2  00 

HAND-BOOK. 
Farm  and  Ranch,  S.-M  — 

EL   PASO. 

Herald,  W  

267 

$1  25 

2  50 

1  50 

200 
3.00 

200 
175 

150 
200 

200 
150 

500 
3  50 

350 
2  00 
3  00 

3  00 
300 
350 

200 
200 

1  25 

200 

200 
200 

125 
150 

200 
200 

200 

GALVESTON. 

News,  W  

S.  C.  Sunday  Despatch,  W.    2  00 

GREENEVILLE. 

Baptist  Courier    W               2  00 

Christian  Advocate.  W.  .  . 
Texas  Post  (Ger.),  W  

Enterprise  and  Mountain- 
eer, W....  200 

SHERMAN. 

NEWBERRY. 

Lutheran  Visitor,  W  2  00 

WACO. 

Examiner  and  Patron,  W. 

FORT  WORTH. 

Gazette,  W  

ORANGEBURGH. 

Democratic  Times,  W  1  75 

COLUMBIA. 

Register  W                        ..    2  00 

Live-Stock  Journal,  W  — 

AUSTIN. 

Texas  Siftinjre,  W  

Southern  Presb  y  terian,  W.    3  50 

SPARTANSBURGH. 

Herald,  W  1  75 

Statesman,  W  

TIT  AH. 

FRISCO. 

Southern  Utah  Times,  W.  . 

LOGAN. 

Journal,  S.  W  

Spartan,  W  1  85 

YORKVILLE. 

Enquirer,  W  .  .  .            .     .  .    2  50 

TENNESSEE. 

NASHVILLE. 

American    W                          1  50 

SALT  LAKE  CITY. 

Christian  Advocate,  W  .  .  .  .    2  00 
Presbyterian,  W      ...        .    2  00 

Herald.  W                  ..        . 

Tribune   W 

Sunday  School  Magazine, 
M  1  25 

PARK    CITY. 

World,  W  150 
CHATTANOOGA. 

PROVO  CITY. 

Enquirer,  W  

American      Baptist      Re- 
flector, W  1  75 

OGDEN  CITY. 

Methodist  Advocate,  W.  .  .    1  75 
Rural  Record,  M     1  50 

VERMONT. 

MONTPELIER. 

Argus  and  Patriot,  W  — 
Watchman  and  State  Jour- 
nal, W  

Times,  W  .       .        .           .     1  75 

Tradesman,  S.-M  200 

ROGERSVILLE. 

Telephone,  W  150 

KNOXVILLE. 

Republican-Chronicle,  W.    1  50 
Tribune    W                             1  75 

BRATTLEBORO. 

Household,  M 

MEMPHIS. 

Appeal,  W  150 

Reformer,  M  
VIRGINIA. 

STAUNTON. 

Spectator   W 

Avalanche,  W  150 

Public  Ledjrer,  \V        ...    1  50 

Tennessee  Baptist,  W  1  75 
TEXAS. 

SAN    ANTONIO. 

Express    W                              1  50 

Valley  Virginian,  W  

LYNCHBURG. 

Virginian,  W  

Freie  Presse  fur  Texas,  W.    2  50 
Texas  Stockman,  W  2  00 

PETERSBURG. 

DALLAS. 

Herald,  W  1  75 

RICHMOND. 

Industrial  South,  W  
lere  and  is  read  by  everybody. 

Texas  Planter  and  Farmer, 
S.-M    1  50 

The  Western  World  goes  everyw 

268 


THE  WESTERN  WORLD 


Christian  Advocate,  W. . .  $2  20 

Earnest  Worker,  M 1  25 

Dispatch,  W 150 

Religious  Herald,  W 2  60 

Southern  Planter,  W 1  75 

Whig  and  Advertiser,  W.    1  50 

LEESBITRG. 

Washingtonian,  W 2  00 

LOUISA. 

Poultry  and    Live   Stock 
Journal,  M 125 

NORFOLK. 

Virjrinian,  W     150 

Landmark,  W '   1  50 

PORTSMOUTH. 

Baptist  Companion,  W 175 

Tide-Water  '!  i:nes,  W 1  50 

Virginia  Granger,  \V 1  75 

ROANOKE. 

Leader,  W 1  75 

LEXINGTON. 

Gazette,  W 200 

DAYTON. 

Musical  Million  and  Fire- 
side Friend,  M 125 

HARRISBUBG. 

Spirit  of  the  Valley,  W . . . .    2  00 
WASHINGTON. 

VANCOUVER* 

Independent,  W 250 

DAYTON. 

Columbia  Chronicle,  W...    2  25 

SEATTLE. 

Post  Intelligencer,  W 2  25 

TACOMA. 

Ledger,  W 300 

WALLA  WALLA. 

Statesman, W 300 

Union,  W 3  00 

COLFAX. 

Gazette,  W 300 

YAKIMA. 

Signal,  W 3  00 

WEST  VIRGINIA. 

MARTINSBURO. 

Independent,  W 200 


WHEELING. 

Intelligencer,  W 81  50 

Register,  W 200 

PARKERSBURG. 

Sentinel,  W 200 

State  Journal,  W 150 

West  Virginia  Freeman,  W  1  75 

WISCONSIN. 

GREEN  BAY. 

Advocate,  W. 300 

CHIPPEWA  FALLS. 

Independent,  W 

MADISON. 

Democrat,  W 

Western  Farmer,  W 

Wis.  State  Journal,  W.. 


EAU  CLAIRE. 

Free  Press,  W 

FOND  DU  LAC. 

Commonwealth,  W 

FORT  ATKINSON. 

Union,  W 


LA  CROSS. 

Republican  and  Leader,  W 

MILWAUKEE. 

Germania,  W 

Peck's  Sun.  W 

Sentinel,  W 

Wisconsin,  W 

RACINE. 

Manufacturer  and  Agricul- 
turist, M 

JANESVTLLE. 

Gazette,  W 

OCONOMOWOC. 

Wis.  Free  Press,  W 

WAUKESHA. 

Democrat,  W 

Freeman,  W, 


200 

1  75 

1  75 

1  75 

200 

2  00 
200 


200 
2  00 
1  50 
150 


1  10 
1  75 

200 

200 
1  75 


OSHKOSH. 

Northwestern,  W 200 

WYOMING. 

LARAMIE  CITY. 

Boomerang,  W 2  25 

KA  WL1NS. 

Journal,  W 300 

CHEYENNE  CITY. 

Leader,  W 250 

Sun,W 250 


The  Western  World  is  the  only  paper  giving  Information  on  government  lands. 


GUIDE   AND   HAND-BOOK.  269 


LARGE   SCALE    POCKET    MAPS, 


IN  CLOTH-BOUND  CASES,  OF 


STATES   AND    TERRITORIES. 

Alabama  and  "West   Florida,  township,  30x38  inches, 
showing  congressional  townships,  counties,  wagon  roads, 

etc $1  50 

Arizona  Territory,  28x37  inches.    Scale,  13  miles  to  the 

inch      150 

Arkansas,  sectional,  30x36,  showing  congressional  town- 

slii   s                  1  50 

California,  34x39,  county  and  township 1  25 

Colorado,  sectional,  26x36 1  25 

Connecticut,  township.  19x28 1  25 

Dakota,  sectional,  36x48 125 

Delaware,  16x26,  showing  organized  townships 1  50 

Florida,  sectional  and  township,  36x48,  showing  congres- 
sional townships 125 

Georgia,  county,  31x38,  showing  wagon  roads 1  50 

Idaho  Territory,  23x31.    Scale,  10  miles  to  the  inch 2  50 

Illinois,  sectional,  32x40,  showing  organized  townships 1  25 

Indiana,  sectional,  31x40,  showing  organized  lownships. ...  1  25 

Indian  Territory,  34x26 125 

Iowa,  sectional,  36x48,  showing  organized  townships 1  25 

Kansas,  sectional,  42x58,  showing  organized  townships  ...  1  25 

Louisiana,  sectional.  32x36 300 

Maine,  township,  31x38 150 

Michigan,  sectional,  25x38 125 

Minnesota,  sectional,  40x56 1  25 

Mississippi,  sectional,  41x58 125 

Missouri,  sectional,  40x48 1  25 

Montana,  large  county,  28x44 125 

Nebraska,  sectional,  26x46 1  25 

New  Hampshire,  township,  22x38 150 

New  Jersey,  14x21    125 


New  Mexico,  26x30,  showing  military  reservations,  etc 

New  York,  township,  31x34 

North  Carolina,  30x63,  showing  counties,  etc 

Oregon,  township,  25x29  

Ohio,  sectional,  25x2*5 

Pennsylvania,  township 

Rhode  Island,  township,  28x42 

South  Carolina,  county,  31x34 50 

Tennessee,  24x58       25 

Texas,  county,  28x30 

Utah,  sectional,  36x47 500 

Vermont,  county,  town  and  railroad,  27x38 1  50 

Virginia  and  West  Virginia,  county,  32x46 1  5D 

Washington  Territory,  sectional,  21x29 1  25 

West  Virginia,  large  county,  38x44 1  25 

Wisconsin,  sectional,  41x58  1  25 

United  States 

These  maps  will  be  found  very  convenient  for  travelers, 
settlers  or  land  hunters.  Any  one  Sending  the  price  of  either 
map  will  receive  in  addition  a  copy  of  THE  WESTERN  WORLD  one 
year  free. 

Address  THE  WESTERN  WORLD,  Chicago,  111. 


270 


THE  WESTERN  WORLD 


SOUVENIR  ALBUMS ! 


OIF1 


American  Scenery,  Cities  and  Resorts, 


These  souvenirs  possess  none  of  the  type  of  fanciful,  so-called 
artistic  pictures,  but  prove  true  to  memory  and  nature. 

They  are  bound  in  strong  Russia-cloth  covers  of  various  pat- 
terns, with  leaf-gold  or  black  titles.  The  ruling  sizes  are  the  visite 
3^6x5  in.;  the  cabinet  4x6  in.;  extra  cabinet4?4x7  in.;  America 
6x9  in. 

CITIES. 


Albany.N.  Y $0  25 

Capitol  at.. 25 

Atlanta,  Ga 25 

Baltimore 50 

Bethlehem,  Pa 25 

Boston 50 

"      Mt.  Auburn  Ceme- 
tery, Cambridge,  Mass. . .  50 
Brooklyn,  N.Y.,and  Brook- 
lyn Bridge  (extra  cabinet)  1  00 
Brooklyn,Greenwood  Cem- 
etery   50 

Brooklyn      and    Prospect 

Park 25 

Buffalo,  New  Series 50 

"        Views  of 25 

Canada,  Souvenir  of 50 

Charleston,  S.  C 50 

Chattanooga,  Tenn 50 

Chicago      Album,      New 

(America  size) 1  50 

"       Souvenir  of 50 

"       Views  of 25 

"       Birds-eye  view  of, 

in  mat 50 

Cincinnati,  Souvenir  of —  50 
Cincinnati,     Souvenir     of 

Second  Series 50 

Cincinnati,  Views  of 25 

Zoological  Gar- 
den    26 

Cleveland,  O 50 

Dayton,  O.,  National  Sol- 
diers' Home 50 

Denver,  Col 50 

Detroit,  Souvenir  of 50 

Viewsof 25 

Duluth,  Minn "50 

Erie,  Pa 25 

Evansville,  Ind 50 

Fargo,  Dakota 50 

Halifax,  N.  S 30 


Indianapolis $0  50 

Jacksonville,  Fla.  (cabinet)     50 

Kansas  City,  Mo 50 

Los  Angeles  and  Vicin- 
ity, Cal 50 

Louisville 50 

Madison,  Wis 50 

Milwaukee 50 

"          National  Soldiers' 

Home 50 

Minneapolis  50 

Second  Series     50 

Montreal,  Canada 50 

Newburgh,  N.  Y.,  and 
Washington's  Headquar- 
ters   25 

Newark,  N.  J 25 

New  Orleans  &  the  World's 

Exposition    25 

New  Orleans  in  1885 50 

New  Orleans  &the^  World's 
Exposition,  Souvenir  of 

(8vo.  fancy  binding) 1  00 

Newport,  R   1 60 

New  York  Album 

(extra  cabinet)  1  50 
New  York,  Brooklyn  and 
Vicinity,  Panorama  of . . 

(extra  cabinet)  1  00 
New       York,       Brooklyn 
Bridge  and  grooklyn  City 

(extra  cabinet)  1  00 
New  York,  Souvenir  of ...  25 
New  York  and  Vicinity,  in 

mat 50 

New    York     East     River 

Bridge 25 

New  York  Harbor,  Instan- 
taneous Views  of 50 

New  York  Statue  of  Lib- 
erty   25 

Norfolk,  Va 50 


GUIDE   AND   HAND-BOOK. 


271 


Norfolk  Nat.  Soldiers'  Home 

near  Hampton,  Va §0  50 

Omaha,  Neb     50 

Ottawa,  Canada 50 

Philadelphia 50 

Pittsburgh  and  Allegheny.  50 

Plymouth,  Mass 50 

Portland,  Maine 50 

Oregon 7;j 

Providence,  K.  1 50 

Richmond,  Va 50 

Rochester,  N.  Y 50 

Salt  Lake  City,  Utah 50 

San  Antonio,  Texas 50 

San  Francisco,  Souvenir  of  50 

Savannah,  Ga 50 

St.Augustine,  Florida  (cab.)  50 


St.  John,  N.  B «030 

St.  Louis  Album 100 

St.  Louis  Fair  Grounds  and 

Zoological  Garden. 25 

St.  Paul,  Minn 50 

Syracuse,  N.  Y 25 

Toronto,  Canada 50 

Troy,N.Y 25 

Washington  Album 50 

Washington,  Capitol  at  ..  .  23 
Washington,  The  Capitol  .  50 
Washington,  White  House  at  25 
Washington.  Paintings  in 

the  U.  S.  Capitol 25 

Wheeling,  W.  Va '25 

Wilmington,  Del 25 

Winnipeg,  Manitoba 50 


SCENERY  AND  RESORTS. 


Adirondacks SO  50 

Ausable  Chasm,  Souvenir  of  50 

B.  &  O.  Railroad  Scenery ....  25 

California,  Souvenir  of 50 

Cape  May,  N.  J 25 

Catskill  Mountains  25 

Chesapeake  &  Ohio  Railroad 

Scenery 25 

Colorado  Views 50 

Colorado — Over  the  South 

Park  to  Leadville 50 

Colorado— Gems  of  North- 
western Colorado 50 

Coney  Island 25 

Delaware  Water  Gap. 25 

Dells  of  the  Wisconsin  and 

Devil's  Lake,  Wis  50 

Erie  Railway  Scenery 25 

Views  alon  g  the  Erie  R.  R. . . .  50 

Fall  River  Line 25 

Florida,  Palatka,  St.  Johns  & 

Ocklawaha  riversi  cabinet)  50 

Hot  Springs.  Ark 60 

Hudson  river 50 

Lake  Chautauqua,  Souvenir  25 

Lake  Chautauqua,  Album  of  25 

Lake  George,  Souvenir  of..  50 

Long  Branch,  N.  J 25 

Maine  Central  R.  R.  Scenery  50 

Manitoba  and  the  N.  W 75 

Martha's  Vineyard,  Mass —  25 
Mauch  Chunk,  Switchback 

and  Glen  Onoko 25 

Minnesota  Views 50 

Minnetonka,  Lake 50 

Mount  Vernon,  Va 25 

Nantucket,  Mass 25 

Narragansett  Pier,  R.I...  50 
New  Mexico,  Spanish  and 

Indian 50 


Niagara  Falls,  Souvenir  of  .$0  50 

Northern  Pacific  Railroad..  75' 
Ocean  Grove    and    Asbury 

Park 25 

Old  Orchard  Be.ach,  Me 25 

Pacific  Northwest  (Colum- 
bia river) 75 

Pennsylvania  R.  R.  Scenery  25 

Queen  and  Crescent  Route.  25 

Richfield  Springs,  N.  Y  ..   .  25 

Rockaway  and  Long  Beach  25 

Saguenay  river  (Canada)  —  30 

Saratoga 25 

Saratoga  Album 50 

Sea  Isle  City,  N.  J 25 

Slienandoan  Valley  Views. .  25 

St.  Lawrence  river 50 

Thousand  Islands 50 

Union  Pacific  Railway  (cabi- 
net   1  00 

WatkinsGlen,  N.  Y 25 

Waukesha,  Wis 25 

West  Point  Milita'yAcad'my  25 
West  Point  Military  Acad- 
emy at  West  Point  on  the 

Hudson 50 

Western  Maryland  Railroad 

Scenery 25 

Western     North     Carolina 

R    R.—" Land  of  the  Sky"  25 

West  Shore  Route 25 

White  Mountains 25 

White  Mountains 50 

White  Mountains  (cabinet).  75 
Yellowstone  National  Park.  75 
Indian  Types  of  the  North- 
west    25 


GarfieldAlbum 25 

London,  England 25 

Paris,  France  (cabinet) 75 


These  beautiful  souvenirs  will  be  sent  by  mail  to  any  address 
upon  receipt  of  price. 

THE  WESTERN  WORLD, 

Chicago,  111. 


272 


THE  WESTERN  WORLD 


A  SPLENDID  SEWING   MACHINE 


$10. 


TO  THE  SUBSCRIBERS  OF 


THE  WESTERN  WORLD. 


This  offer  is  made  in  order  to  secure  a  subscriber  in  every 
house  in  the  country.  We  have  contracted  for  100,000  machines, 
the  order  to  be  duplicated  as  soon  as  these  are  disposed  of. 
We  furnioh  them  to  subscribers  at  the  bare  cost  of  manufacture, 
so  they  afford  no  profit,  and  we  will  sell  them  onl}'  to  those  who 
have  subscribed  for  THE  WKSTKKN  WOULD,  and  only  one  machine 
to  a  subscriber.  If  two  or  more  machines  are  wanted  a  new 
subscriber  and  §10  must  be  sent  for  each  machine.  Any  new  suii- 
scriber  by  sending  $11  cau  have  the  machine  and  the  paper  one 
year. 


The  above  represents  the  head  of  the  machine.  It  is 
the  same  as  is  now  sold  in  all  parts  of  the  country  from 
$35  to  $50.  We  will  include  a  Stand,  Black  Walnut 
Table,  Small  Drawer  for  Tools,  and  a  full  set  of  Attach- 
ments. Each  machine  is  perfectly  made ;  a  shuttle 
machine,  thoroughly  tested,  and  not  permitted  to  leave 
until  it  does  perfect  work. 

A  sample  of  the  work  is  left  on  each  machine.  All  machines 
are  crated  and  delivered  free  to  railroad  depots  or  express 
offices  in  Chicag-o  upon  receipt  of  the  money.  No  machines 
sent  C.  O.  D.,  and  none  shipped  until  paid  for. 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK. 


273 


tyORE  EXPENSIVE  FURNITURE 


We  can  accommodate  those  who  want  more  expensive  furni- 
ture, and  still  save  them  half  or  two-thirds  of  their  money. 

We  will  furnish  the  machine  with  a  nice  cover  box,  with  lock 
and  key,  like  the  cut  below  for  §12,  or  with  a  drop-leaf  table  and 
two  end  drawers  additional  for  §14.50.  For  convenience  in 
ordering,  we  will  call  the  lowest  price  machine  No.  1,  the  next 
No.  2,  and  the  highest  No.  3. 


OTJI3, 


Every  machine  is  warranted  as  represented,  if  not,  write  us 
plainly  the  trouble,  or  what  is  lacking,  giving  the  date  of  your 
order,  and  the  manufacturers  will  make  good  any  deficiency.  If 
you  are  not  fully  satisfied  with  the  machine,  you  can  return  it  to 
us  by  paying  the  transportation,  and  your  money  will  be 
promptly  refunded. 

Send  money  by  draft  on  Chicago  or  New  York  (no  private 
checks),  P.  O.  Money  Order,  Registered  Letter  or  Express,  charges 
prepaid.  Address,  W£STERN  WORLD> 

Chicago,  111. 


274 


THE  WESTERN  WORLD 


THE    BEST  WATCH 

FOR  THE  MONEY, 
FOR  EITHER  MAN  OR,  BOY,  IS 

"The  Waterbury," 


This  is  a  Stem  Winder,  Nickel  Plated  Case,  and  a  good  time- 
keeper. Each  watch  is  carefully  packed  in  a  satin-lined  case, 
and  sent  by  mail. 

PRICE,  $3.50. 

We  will  send  the  watch  FREE  to  any  person  who  will  send  us 
4  subscribers  to  THE  WESTERN  WORLD,  at  81-00  each.  All  the 
subscriptions  and  money  to  be  sent  at  one  time.  Send  10  cents 
extra  if  you  want  the  watch  registered.  Address, 

THE  WESTERN  WORLD, 

CHICAGO,  ILL. 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK. 


275 


SMITH'S    NEW    REVOLVER, 

FOR  SELF-DEFENSE  FROM 

TRAMPS  AND  BURGLARS. 


o 

CO 
CO 

w 


s 

CO 


w 

tf 


o 

o 

H 

t— i 

s 

•— • 

« 


Address,  THE  WESTERN  WORLD, 

Chicago,  111. 


276 


THE  WESTERN  WORLD 


The  Western  World 

SEWING  MACHINE. 

Newest,   Neatest,    Latest,    Best. 

All  the  good  qualities  of  older  Machines  combined  with  later 
and  more  Valuable  Improvements— Beautiful  in  Design,  Perfect 
in  Construction,  Simple  in  Operation,  High  Arm,  Self-threading 
Needle,  Light-running,  does  Fine  or  Coarse  Work  equally  well. 

Every  Machine  Warranted. 


Price,  Packed  for  Shipping,  $25. 

As  soon  as  seen  or  used  this  machine  becomes  the  favorite,  and 
is  quickly  followed  by  others.  It  has  no  superior  in  any  respect. 
The  Furniture  is  as  represented  in  the  cut,  and  highly  finished,  a 
full  set  of  nickel-plated  Attachments  and  a  velvet-lined  case 
included.  The  superior  work  it  does  and  its  elegant  finish  will 
please  the  more  extravagant,  while  the  low  price  will  bring  it 
•within  the  reach  of  the  most  economical.  All  orders  promptly 
filled.  Address, 

THE  WESTERN  WORLD, 

CHICAGO,  ILL. 


GUIDE  AND   IIAJSD-BOoS:. 


277 


HAND  CORN  SHELLER. 


The  above  is  the  lowest  price   for  which  this  Sheller  is  sold. 
To   any  person  sending  us  5   subscribers    to    The    Western 
"World,  at  81. 00  each,  we  will  send  one  of  these  Shelters  Free. 
Address,  THE  WESTERN  WORLD, 

Chicago,  111. 


amp  I  as 

SY  MAX    lOB  WOX AX! 


FREE  TO  AXY 


Quick  Bales  and  large  profits  guaranteed  eithersex  with  our  great  labor-saving 
invention.  A  lady  cleared  $70  in  one  week.  An  agent  writes:" Your  plan  brings 
money  quickest  of  any  I  ever  tried."  Any  man  or  woman  making  less  than 
$10  per  week  should  try  our  easy  money-making  business.  Guaranteed  to  be 
the  best  paying  in  the  land.  $1  samples  quick  selling  goods  free  to  any  lady 
or  gent  who  will  devote  a  few  hours  daily.  Experience  unnecessary;  no  talk- 
ing. Write  and  secure  your  county.  Address,  Y.  It.  Merrill  4  Co.,  Chicago. 


278 


THE   WESTERN   WORLD 


Down  With  High  Prices 


CHICAGO  SCALE  CO., 

147  TO  151  SOUTH  JEFFERSON  STREET, 

CHICAGO,  ILL. 

HAVE     REDUCED     PRICES   ON   ALL    KINDS   OF 
SCALES,  from  30  to  00  per  cent.    They  manufacture  over 


3OO  VARIETIES 

Including 


THE  PREMIUM  WAGON  SCALE  OF  THE  WORLD. 


2  Ton  Wagon  Scale  Platform,  6x12  feet, 

3  "  "          "  "  7x13     " 

4  "  "          "  "  8x14     " 
6      "            "          "              "            8x16     " 


-  $40 

50 

-  60 
90 


BEAM,    BOX    AND    BRASS    BEAM    WITH 
EACH  SCALE. 

Also,  at  Lowest  Prices,  hundreds  of  specialties,  including 
Portable  Forges,  Blacksmiths'  Tools,  Safes,  Buggies,  Carriages, 
Sewing  Machines,  Clothes  \Vringers,  Copy  Presses,  Money 
Drawers,  Etc.  SAVE  MONEY  AND  SEND  FOB  PRICE  LIST. 

Address, 

CHICAGO  SCALE  CO., 

CHICAGO,   ILL. 


GUIDE  AND  HAND-BOOK  279 


PUBLISHED  WEEKLY 
AT 

Austin,  Texas,  and  New  York,  N.Y., 
BY 

THE  TEXAS  SIFTINGS  PUBLISHING  COMPANY. 

An  Illustrated  Humorous  and  Literary  Journal, 

CONDUCTED  BY 

ALEX.  E.  SWEET  AND  ABMOY  J.  KNOX. 
PRESS  OPINIONS: 

The  humorous  departments  of  TEXAS  SIFTINGS  are  simply  un- 
equaled  in  this  or  any  other  country.— Herald. 

SIFTINGS  is  one  of  the  most  original  papers  ever  published, 
and  enjoys  a  monster  circulation.— Bradford  (Pa.)  Star. 


If  you  pick  up  a  paper  from  New  Zealand,  you  will  find  some- 
thing to  laugh  at  taken  from  TEXAS  SIFTINGS.— The  Age. 

TEXAS  SIFTINGS  is  literally  a  household  necessity,  and  is  taking 
the  lead  in  the  list  of  humorous  papers.— Rochester  (N.  Y.)  Express. 

Aleck  Sweet  and  Armoy  Knox  have  run  the  TEXAS  SIFT- 
INGS up  to  an  immense  circulation.  It  beats  the  world,  and  ought 
to. — Stcubenville  (O.)  Herald. 

TEXAS  SIFTINGS  has  achieved  a  phenomenal  success  in  the  his- 
tory of  modern  journalism.  Its  career  to  fame  has  not  been 
equaled.— Vanity  Fair. 

SIFTINGS  is  one  of  the  best  humorous  papers  in  the  United 
States,  and  is  robbing  the  Free  Press,  Hawheye,  and  others  of  the 
glory  they  have  so  long  enjoyed.— Sentinel. 

TEXAS  SIFTINGS,  which  is  quoted  all  over  the  land,  is  not  only 
a  very  funny  paper,  but  is  an  earnest,  progressive  paper,  just  as 
well  up  in  the  news  of  the  day  and  in  solid  opinion  as  any  paper 
in  the  country.— Register,  New  Haven,  Conn. 

Probably  no  paper  has  ever  met  with  such  a  quick  and  gener- 
ous recognition  as  has  been  accorded  to  TEXAS  SIFTINOS.  It  is 
to-day  one  of  the  best  quoted  newspapers  in  the  country,  and  has 
a  largo,  well  deserved  and  fast  increasing  circulation.— Forrest 
and  Farm. 

TEXAS  SIFTINGS  is  sold  by  over  3,000  newsdealers,  and  goes  by 
mail  to  subscribers  at  7,300  postoffices.  If  your  newsdealer  has 
not  got  it,  instruct  him  to  order  it  for  you,  and  if  you  prefer  to 
have  it  mailed  to  your  residence  send  §2  for  a  year's  subscription, 
or  $1  for  six  months'  subscription,  to  the  publishers,  either  at 
Austin,  Texas,  or  Xew  York,  N.Y. 


280  THE  WESTERN  WORLD 

BUGGIES,  CARRIAGES,  ETC. 

PRICES  REDUCED  50  PER  CENT. 


Ii 
•ss 


-^.« 

—  It 

$•3 
IS 


11 


PIANO  BOX,  TOP  BUGGY, 

Other  styles  in  same  proportion.    Address, 

JOHN  C.  NUTTING,  Sec'y, 

Jefferson  and  Jackson  Sts.,         -          CHICAGO,  ILL. 

THE  BEST  FARMER'S  PAPER. 


FARMER'S   REVIEW, 


PUBLISHED  WEEKLY  AT 


WHY? 

Because  it    helps   the   Farmer  to  make   money 

OFF    HIS    FARM. 

For  this  reason,  also,  it  is  one  of  the  best  advertising 
mediums.  The  Farmers  who  read  it  make  money  and 
are  good  buyers. 

FARMER'S  REVIEW, 

214  and  216  Clark  street, 

CHICAGO,   ILL. 


GUIDE   A>D    HAND-BOOK. 


281 


Racine,  Wisconsin, 
THE    RACINE"    FARM    AND   WAREHOUSE   FANNING    MILLS, 

DUSTLESS  GRAIN  SEPARATORS  AND  LAND  ROLLERS. 


Used  by  the  Farmers,  Millers,  Grain  and  Seed  Dealers  who 
highly  recommend  them  as  being  the  Best  Machines  ever  made 
for  cleaning  and  grading  Wheat,  Barley,  Oats,  Corn,  and  Seeds. 
The  BEST  and  CHEAPEST  Land  Rollers  In  the  market  for  the 
money.  Send  for  illustrated  circulars. 


:• 


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